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Sinha S, Giri S. In Silico Investigation of the Mechanism of Disulfide Bond Dissociation by New Frustrated Lewis Pairs. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:97-106. [PMID: 38149919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of disulfide bond cleavage is important in various scientific disciplines including organic synthesis, catalysis, and biochemistry. In this study, an in silico investigation has been carried out for the dissociation of disulfide bonds using newly designed frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). The study revealed that the cleavage of the disulfide bond by the FLP P(tBu)3/B(C2NBSHF2)3 can also be used like the conventional FLP (tBu)3P/B(C6F5)3. It has been observed that the reaction is almost thermoneutral in the gas phase but exothermic in nonpolar solvents, such as toluene, heptane, and hexane. Furthermore, the natural bond orbital (NBO) describes insights into the role of FLPs in facilitating this reaction. Additionally, reaction force and force constant studies shed light on the energy requirements for completing the reaction and the synchronous nature of the dissociation process, respectively. Reaction electronic flux (REF) and its separations give the pattern of electronic activity during the chemical reaction. Extended transition state-natural orbitals for chemical valence (ETS-NOCV) and principal interacting orbital (PIO) analysis provide valuable information about the orbital interactions during the chemical reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan Sinha
- School of Applied Science and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia 721657, India
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Haringhata 741249, India
| | - Santanab Giri
- School of Applied Science and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia 721657, India
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2
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Gómez S, Rojas-Valencia N, Toro-Labbé A, Restrepo A. The transition state region in nonsynchronous concerted reactions. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:084109. [PMID: 36859077 DOI: 10.1063/5.0133487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The critical and vanishing points of the reaction force F(ξ) = -dV(ξ)/dξ yield five important coordinates (ξR, ξR* , ξTS, ξP* , ξP) along the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) for a given concerted reaction or reaction step. These points partition the IRC into three well-defined regions, reactants (ξR→ξR* ), transition state (ξR* →ξP* ), and products (ξP* →ξP), with traditional roles of mostly structural changes associated with the reactants and products regions and mostly electronic activity associated with the transition state (TS) region. Following the evolution of chemical bonding along the IRC using formal descriptors of synchronicity, reaction electron flux, Wiberg bond orders, and their derivatives (or, more precisely, the intensity of the electron activity) unambiguously indicates that for nonsynchronous reactions, electron activity transcends the TS region and takes place well into the reactants and products regions. Under these circumstances, an extension of the TS region toward the reactants and products regions may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gómez
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Classe di Scienze, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Natalia Rojas-Valencia
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago de Chile 7820436, Chile
| | - Albeiro Restrepo
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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3
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NHC-catalyzed [3 + 4] annulation between 2-dromoenal and aryl 1,2-diamine: Insights into mechanisms, chemo and stereoselectivities. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Barrales-Martínez C, Jaque P. A deeper analysis of the role of synchronicity on the Bell-Evans-Polanyi plot in multibond chemical reactions: a path-dependent reaction force constant. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14772-14779. [PMID: 35686531 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01460b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of the degree of synchronicity in the formation of the new single-bonds in a large set of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions and its relation in the fulfilment of the classical Bell-Evans-Polanyi principle and Hammond-Leffler postulate are deeply investigated. Our results confirm that asynchronicity is an important path-dependent factor to be taken into account: (i) the Bell-Evans-Polanyi is fulfilled as the degree of (a)synchronicity is quite the same, and a linear relationship between reorganisation energy and asynchronicity is found; (ii) the asynchronicity is the origin of deviations of this classical principle of chemical reactivity since any decrease of the energy barrier is due to an increase of asynchronicity at the same exothermicity; and (iii) the less exothermic the reaction is, the more asynchronous the mechanism is, at the same energy barrier. Thus, this implies that TS imbalance decreases the reorganisation energy, consequently affecting the reaction exothermicity as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Barrales-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile. .,Centro de Modelamiento Molecular, Biofísica y Bioinformática, CM2B2, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Jaque
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile. .,Centro de Modelamiento Molecular, Biofísica y Bioinformática, CM2B2, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
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5
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NHC Catalyzed β-Carbon functionalization of carboxylic esters towards formation of δ-Lactams: A mechanistic study. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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New Insights into the (A)Synchronicity of Diels–Alder Reactions: A Theoretical Study Based on the Reaction Force Analysis and Atomic Resolution of Energy Derivatives. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051546. [PMID: 35268648 PMCID: PMC8911883 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present manuscript, we report new insights into the concept of (a)synchronicity in Diels–Alder (DA) reactions in the framework of the reaction force analysis in conjunction with natural population calculations and the atomic resolution of energy derivatives along the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) path. Our findings suggest that the DA reaction transitions from a preferentially concerted mechanism to a stepwise one in a 0.10 Å window of synchronicity indices ranging from 0.90 to 1.00 Å. We have also shown that the relative position of the global minimum of the reaction force constant with respect to the TS is an alternative and quantifiable indicator of the (a)synchronicity in DA reactions. Moreover, the atomic resolution of energy derivatives reveals that the mechanism of the DA reaction involves two inner elementary processes associated with the formation of each of the two C-C bonds. This resolution goes on to indicate that, in asynchronous reactions, the driving and retarding components of the reaction force are mostly due to the fast and slow-forming C-C bonds (elementary processes) respectively, while in synchronous reactions, both elementary processes retard and drive the process concomitantly and equivalently.
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7
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Li Y, Geng L, Song Z, Zhang Z. A DFT study of NHC-catalyzed reactions between 2-bromo-2-enals and acylhydrazones: mechanisms, and chemo- and stereoselectivities. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01078j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The reaction mechanisms and origins of the chemo- and stereoselectivities of NHC-catalyzed [4 + 2] annulation of 2-bromo-2-enals and acylhydrazones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, P. R. China
| | - Lina Geng
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyi Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, P. R. China
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Zhang J, Luo J, Li X, Zhang Q, Wu Z, Lan Y, Wei D. Insights into Organoamine-Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Axially Chiral Allenoates Using Morita-Baylis-Hillman Carbonates and Trisubstituted Allenoates: Mechanism and Origin of Stereoselectivity. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15276-15283. [PMID: 34605241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A computational study was performed to explore the possible mechanisms of β-isocinchonine-catalyzed asymmetric C(sp2)-H allylation of trisubstituted allenoates using Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) carbonates for synthesis of axially chiral tetrasubstituted allenoates. The calculated results indicate that the most energetically favorable pathway includes (1) nucleophilic attack on MBH carbonate by β-isocinchonine, (2) BocO- dissociation, (3) stereoselective formation of the C-C bond, and (4) regeneration of the catalyst. By tracking the orbital overlap/interaction changes, the half shoulder-to-head orbital overlap mode can be smoothly switched to a head-to-head orbital overlap mode for the key C-C σ bond formation, which is also identified as the stereoselectivity-determining process. Further distortion/interaction, noncovalent interaction (NCI), and atom-in-molecule (AIM) analyses demonstrate that C-H···O and C-H···π interactions should be key for controlling the axial and central chirality. This work would be useful for rational design of organocatalytic allylic alkylation reactions for synthesis of axially chiral compounds in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Zhang
- The College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Luo
- The College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Xue Li
- The College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Qiaoyu Zhang
- The College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Zhoujie Wu
- The College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- The College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- The College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
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9
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Vermeeren P, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. Origin of asynchronicity in Diels-Alder reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20095-20106. [PMID: 34499069 PMCID: PMC8457343 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02456f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Asynchronicity in Diels-Alder reactions plays a crucial role in determining the height of the reaction barrier. Currently, the origin of asynchronicity is ascribed to the stronger orbital interaction between the diene and the terminal carbon of an asymmetric dienophile, which shortens the corresponding newly formed C-C bond and hence induces asynchronicity in the reaction. Here, we show, using the activation strain model and Kohn-Sham molecular orbital theory at ZORA-BP86/TZ2P, that this rationale behind asynchronicity is incorrect. We, in fact, found that following a more asynchronous reaction mode costs favorable HOMO-LUMO orbital overlap and, therefore, weakens (not strengthens) these orbital interactions. Instead, it is the Pauli repulsion that induces asynchronicity in Diels-Alder reactions. An asynchronous reaction pathway also lowers repulsive occupied-occupied orbital overlap which, therefore, reduces the unfavorable Pauli repulsion. As soon as this mechanism of reducing Pauli repulsion dominates, the reaction begins to deviate from synchronicity and adopts an asynchronous mode. The eventual degree of asynchronicity, as observed in the transition state of a Diels-Alder reaction, is ultimately achieved when the gain in stability, as a response to the reduced Pauli repulsion, balances with the loss of favorable orbital interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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10
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Li Y, Li Z, Zhang Z. Mechanism and regio- and stereoselectivity in NHC-catalyzed reaction of 2-bromoenals with β-ketoamides. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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11
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Sahrane M, Marakchi K, Ghailane R. Theoretical study of the Diels–Alder reaction of 3-bromo-1-phenylprop-2-ynone with furan and 2-methylfuran. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-021-02812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Theoretical study of the [3 + 4] annulation reaction of 2-bromoenals with malonates catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbene. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Li Y, Li Z, Zhang Z. Mechanism and regio- and stereoselectivity in an NHC-catalyzed Mannich/lactamization domino reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:6204-6212. [PMID: 33687420 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00369k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations (M06-2X) have been employed to disclose the mechanisms and regio- and stereo-selectivities of the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed reaction of 2-benzothiazolimines and α-chloroaldehydes. The preferred mechanism is initiated by the nucleophilic attack of NHC on α-chloroaldehyde (first step), followed by 1,2-proton transfer which was assisted by the Brønsted acid DABCO·H+ to generate the Breslow intermediate (second step). The cleavage of the C-Cl bond (third step) and deprotonation (fourth step) form the enolate intermediate. This further reacts with 2-benzothiazolimine which leads to the formation of a new C-C bond (fifth step). Subsequent cyclization takes place via the formation of a new C-N bond (sixth step). Catalyst regeneration completes the whole catalytic cycle and affords the final product (seventh step). The DFT results indicate that the fifth step determines the stereochemistry of the reaction and leads to benzothiazolopyrimidinone with the SS configuration, which agrees well with experimental observations. Intramolecular cyclization is found to be the regioselectivity-determining step, for which the [4+2] annulation pathway is more preferred than that via [2+2] annulation, which again agrees well with experimental observations. Based on the mechanism proposed, the origins of regio- and stereoselectivities have also been investigated by performing distortion/interaction, natural bond orbital (NBO) and non-covalent interaction (NCI) analyses. The mechanistic insights gained in this work should be helpful in the rational design of potential catalysts for analogous reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, P. R. China.
| | - Zhilin Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, P. R. China.
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14
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Barrales-Martínez C, Martínez-Araya JI, Jaque P. 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions by a Unified Perspective Based on Conceptual and Thermodynamics Models of Chemical Reactivity. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:801-815. [PMID: 33448854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c10013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The main aim in the present report is to gain a deeper understanding of typical 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions by means of three chemical reactivity models in a unified perspective: conceptual density functional theory, distortion/interaction, and reaction force analysis. The focus is to explore the information provided by each reactivity model and how they complement or reinforce each other. Our results showed that the Bell-Evans-Polanyi (BEP) relationship is fulfilled, which is consistent with the Hammond-Leffler postulate. The electronic chemical potential based analysis classifies the reactions as HOMO-, HOMO/LUMO-, and LUMO-controlled reactions as the activation energy increases. It seems likely that HOMO-controlled reaction shifts into LUMO-controlled one as the transition state (TS) position does from early into late. Therefore, the transition from HOMO- (and early TS) into LUMO-controlled (and late TS) is paid by shifting the overall energy change into an endothermic direction, thus supporting the fulfillment of the BEP principle. While thermodynamic models unveil that the distortion or structural rearrangements mainly drive the activation barriers rather than interaction or electronic rearrangements in accord with the distortion/interaction and reaction force analysis, respectively. It is also found that both models are consistent when energy associated with structural and electronic reordering from reaction force analysis is respectively confronted with destabilizing (distortion and Pauli repulsion) and stabilizing (electrostatic and orbital interactions) contributions from the distortion/interaction model, which, on the other hand, increases as low activation barrier and high exothermicity are converted into the high barrier and low exothermicity along with the BEP relation. Finally, the reaction force constant reveals that all 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions proceed by a synchronous single-step mechanism, unveiling that the degree of synchronicity is quite the same in all reactions, confirming the statement that BEP is fulfilled for similar reactions proceeding by a quite alike degree of synchronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Barrales-Martínez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago 8370146, Chile.,Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Jorge I Martínez-Araya
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Pablo Jaque
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, Chile
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15
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Gómez S, Ramírez-Malule H, Cardona-G W, Osorio E, Restrepo A. Double-Ring Epimerization in the Biosynthesis of Clavulanic Acid. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9413-9426. [PMID: 33135896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
All reaction steps during the biosynthesis of suicidal clavulanic acid (coformulated with β-lactam antibiotics and used to fight bacterial infections) are known, except for the crucial 3S,5S → 3R,5R double epimerization needed to produce a biologically active stereoisomer, for which mechanistic hypothesis is subject to debate. In this work, we provide evidence for a reaction channel for the double inversion of configuration that involves a total of six reaction steps. When mediated by an enzyme with a terminal S-H bond, this highly complex reaction is spontaneous in the absence of solvents. Polarizable continuum models introduce reaction barriers in aqueous environments because of the strong destabilization of the first transition state. Molecular geometries and electronic structures in both cases indicate that solvent-free spontaneity and aqueous medium barriers are both firmly rooted in a substantial reorganization of the electron density right at the onset of the reaction, mostly involving a cyclic evolution/involution of large regions of π delocalization used to stabilize the excess charge left after the initial proton abstraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gómez
- Instituto de Quı́mica, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, 50010 Medellı́n, Colombia.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Classe di Scienze, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Howard Ramírez-Malule
- Escuela de Ingenierı́a Quı́mica, Universidad del Valle, A.A. 25360, 76001 Cali, Colombia
| | - Wilson Cardona-G
- Instituto de Quı́mica, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, 50010 Medellı́n, Colombia
| | - Edison Osorio
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad de Ibagué, Carrera 22 Calle 67, 73001 Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Albeiro Restrepo
- Instituto de Quı́mica, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, 50010 Medellı́n, Colombia
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16
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Parida R, Ganguly S, Das G, Giri S. Density Functional Treatment on Alkylation of a Functionalized Deltahedral Zintl Cluster. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7248-7258. [PMID: 32786962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) is one of the popular methods to understand the electronic structure of molecular systems based on electronic density. On the basis of this theory, several conceptual DFT descriptors have been developed which can deal with the stability, reactivity, and several other physicochemical properties of molecules. Here, we have taken a nine-atom-functionalized deltahedral Zintl cluster of germanium (Ge) to examine the alkylation reaction mechanism. The study showed that the Zintl cluster having a methyl group as a ligand, [Ge9(CH3)3-], acts as a better nucleophile than the cyanide (-CN)-substituted cluster [Ge9(CN)3-] in terms of different thermodynamic parameters like free energy, enthalpy of activation, reaction energy, etc. A detailed reaction electronic flux analysis reveals the nature of the electronic activity throughout the reaction pathway. The reaction force, Wiberg bond indices, and dual descriptor lend additional support to the reaction mechanism. It has been found that the alkylation reaction between the Zintl ion and the alkyl halide follows a SN2-like mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Parida
- School of Applied Sciences and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia 721657, India.,Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, India
| | - Sudipta Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, India
| | - Gora Das
- School of Applied Sciences and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia 721657, India
| | - Santanab Giri
- School of Applied Sciences and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia 721657, India
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17
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Acharjee N. Theoretical analysis of the regio- and stereoselective synthesis of spiroisoxazolines. J Mol Model 2020; 26:117. [PMID: 32382954 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reaction of benzonitrile oxide to α-methylene cyclopentanone and propionitrile oxide to γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone, yielding regio- and stereochemically defined spiroisoxazolines, has been studied at the MPWB1K/6-311G(d,p) computational level. These processes proceed by a one-step mechanism through asynchronous transition states. Ortho regioselectivity and anti diastereofacial selectivity are predicted in complete agreement with the experimental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Acharjee
- Department of Chemistry, Durgapur Government College, Durgapur, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, 713214, India.
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18
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Yepes D, Munarriz J, Daniel l'Anson, Contreras-Garcia J, Jaque P. Real-Space Approach to the Reaction Force: Understanding the Origin of Synchronicity/Nonsynchronicity in Multibond Chemical Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1959-1972. [PMID: 32058718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b10508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we present a complementary analysis based on the reaction force F(ξ)/reaction force constant κ(ξ) and noncovalent interactions (NCI) index to characterize the energetics (kinetic and thermodynamics) and mechanistic pathways of two sets of multibond chemical reactions, namely, two double-proton transfer and two Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions. This approach offers a very straightforward and useful way to delve into a deeper understanding of this type of process. While F(ξ) allows the partition of the whole pathway into three regions or phases, κ(ξ) describes how orchestrated are the bond-breaking and bond-formation events. In turn, NCI indicates how the inter- and intramolecular bonds evolve. The most innovative aspect is the inclusion of the formation of the reactant complex along the pathway, which, by means of NCI, unveils the early molecular recognition and the comprehension of its role in determining the degree of the synchronicity/nonsynchronicity of one-step processes. This approach should be a useful and alternative tool to characterize the energetics and the mechanism of general chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Yepes
- Departamento de Ciencias Quı́micas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julen Munarriz
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, CC 137-4, place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Daniel l'Anson
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, CC 137-4, place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Julia Contreras-Garcia
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, CC 137-4, place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Pablo Jaque
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica y Fisicoquı́mica, Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Olivos, 1007 Santiago, Chile
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19
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He N, Zhu Z, Li F, Zhu Y, Qu L, Chen H. Theoretical understanding mechanisms and stereoselectivities of [2+2] cycloaddition of ketenes with ketimines catalyzed by bifunctional N-heterocyclic carbene. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Wang C, Li SJ, Zhang M, Wei D, Ding L. Origin of stereoselectivity in an isothiourea catalyzed Michael addition reaction of aryl ester with vinyl disulfone. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03540h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The origin of stereoselectivity in an isothiourea-catalyzed addition reaction of aryl ester with vinyl disulfone was explored for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province
- Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University)
- Ministry of Education of China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhengzhou University
| | - Shi-Jun Li
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Lina Ding
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province
- Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University)
- Ministry of Education of China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhengzhou University
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21
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Deng Q, Li SJ, Wei D, Lan Y. Insights into Lewis base-catalyzed chemoselective [3 + 2] and [3 + 4] annulation reactions of MBH carbonates. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00457j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemoselectivity of Lewis base-catalyzed [3 + 2] and [3 + 4] annulation reactions of MBH carbonates can be predicted using FMO overlap analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Deng
- College of Chemistry
- and Institute of Green Catalysis
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Shi-Jun Li
- College of Chemistry
- and Institute of Green Catalysis
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry
- and Institute of Green Catalysis
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- College of Chemistry
- and Institute of Green Catalysis
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
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22
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Wang C, Li SJ, Zhang QC, Wei D, Ding L. Insights into isothiourea-catalyzed asymmetric [3 + 3] annulation of α,β-unsaturated aryl esters with 2-acylbenzazoles: mechanism, origin of stereoselectivity and switchable chemoselectivity. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00295j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The switchable chemoselectivity of isothiourea-catalyzed asymmetric [3 + 3] annulation of α,β-unsaturated aryl esters with 2-acylbenzazoles has been predicted successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province
- Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University)
- Ministry of Education of China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Shi-Jun Li
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Chu Zhang
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Lina Ding
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province
- Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University)
- Ministry of Education of China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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23
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Parida R, Giri S. Insights into the activation process of CO 2 through Dihydrogenation reaction. J Mol Model 2019; 25:334. [PMID: 31705316 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Based on first principle calculation, activation of CO2 has been analyzed thoroughly by using different conceptual density functional theory based descriptors like reaction force, reaction force constant, reaction electronic flux, dual descriptor, etc. via dihydrogenation reaction of B3N3, H2 and CO2. The total reaction is a two-step reaction where initially B3N3H2 is formed from the reaction between B3N3 and H2 and in the second step HCOOH is form due to the reaction of CO2 by B3N3H2. It has been found that the di-hydrogen reaction for the CO2 activation is endothermic in nature, which can be changed to exothermic reaction by applying proper external electric field. Movement of H2 plays an important role in the CO2 activation process. The reaction force constant, Wiberg bond index and its derivative reveal that the reaction is slightly asynchronous and concerted in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Parida
- School of Applied Sciences and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Kolkata, 721657, India.,Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Santanab Giri
- School of Applied Sciences and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Kolkata, 721657, India.
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24
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Paredes-Gil K, Mendizábal F, Jaque P. Further understanding of the Ru-centered [2+2] cycloreversion/cycloaddition involved into the interconversion of ruthenacyclobutane using the Grubbs catalysts from a reaction force analysis. J Mol Model 2019; 25:305. [PMID: 31494753 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The chemical reactivity of the first- and second-generation Grubbs catalysts has always been a significant issue in olefin metathesis. In the present work, we study the [2+2] cycloreversion/cycloaddition and the alkylidene rotation involved into the interconversion of the ruthenacyclobutane intermediate, through the reaction force and reaction force constant analysis. It has been found that the structural contribution controls the barrier energy in the interconversion of ruthenacyclobutane via [2+2] cycloreversion/cycloaddition, which is slightly lower in the second generation of Grubbs catalysts while its electronic contribution is slightly higher, which unveils a major rigidity and donor/acceptor properties of the NHC. This finding explains a greater structural contribution in the rate constant. Moreover, on the basis of the reaction force constant, the process can be classified as "two-stage"-concerted reactions, noting a more asynchronous process when the first generation is used as a catalyst.Finally, a similar analysis into the alkylidene rotation was performed. It was determined that [2+2] cycloreversion and alkylidene rotations take place in a sequential manner, the energy barrier is again controlled by structural reorganization, and the pathway is less asynchronous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Paredes-Gil
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, P.O. Box 8940577, San Joaquín, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Fernando Mendizábal
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Jaque
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago, Chile
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25
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Derricotte WD. Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory Decomposition of the Reaction Force: Insights into Substituent Effects Involved in Hemiacetal Formation Mechanisms. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7881-7891. [PMID: 31429558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b06865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The decomposition of the reaction force based on symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) has been proposed. This approach was used to investigate the substituent effects along the reaction coordinate pathway for the hemiacetal formation mechanism between methanol and substituted aldehydes of the form CX3CHO (X = H, F, Cl, and Br), providing a quantitative evaluation of the reaction-driving and reaction-retarding force components. Our results highlight the importance of more favorable electrostatic and induction effects in the reactions involving halogenated aldehydes that leads to lower activation energy barriers. These substituent effects are further elucidated by applying the functional-group partition of symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (F-SAPT). The results show that the reaction is largely driven by favorable direct noncovalent interactions between the CX3 group on the aldehyde and the OH group on methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace D Derricotte
- Department of Chemistry , Morehouse College , Atlanta , Georgia 30314 , United States
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26
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Competition between [2 + 1]- and [4 + 1]-cycloaddition mechanisms in reactions of conjugated nitroalkenes with dichlorocarbene in the light of a DFT computational study. J Mol Model 2019; 25:157. [PMID: 31079231 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Yepes D, Valenzuela J, Martínez-Araya JI, Pérez P, Jaque P. Effect of the exchange–correlation functional on the synchronicity/nonsynchronicity in bond formation in Diels–Alder reactions: a reaction force constant analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:7412-7428. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02284d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The performance of 24 KS-DFT-based methods (GGA, MGGA, HGGA, HMGGA, and DHGGA) was assessed, finding that M11 and M06-2X (HMGGA) predicting reliable TS geometries, energetics, and (a)synchronicities in Diels–Alder reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Yepes
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Joel Valenzuela
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Jorge I. Martínez-Araya
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Pablo Jaque
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
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28
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Zhang QC, Li X, Wang X, Li SJ, Qu LB, Lan Y, Wei D. Insights into highly selective ring expansion of oxaziridines under Lewis base catalysis: a DFT study. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo01370e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The possible mechanism and stereoselectivity of the NHC-catalyzed ring expansion reaction of oxaziridines have been theoretically studied for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Chu Zhang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Xue Li
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Xinghua Wang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Shi-Jun Li
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Ling-Bo Qu
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Donghui Wei
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
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29
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Domingo LR, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Chamorro E, Pérez P. Are one-step aromatic nucleophilic substitutions of non-activated benzenes concerted processes? Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8185-8193. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01589b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the mechanism of one-step SNAr reactions of non-activated benzenes shows the presence of structures similar to those of Meisenheimer intermediates, thus accounting for the non-concerted nature of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Research Building Jeroni Muñoz
- University of Valencia
- Valencia
- Spain
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Research Building Jeroni Muñoz
- University of Valencia
- Valencia
- Spain
| | - Eduardo Chamorro
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group
- 8370146 Santiago
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group
- 8370146 Santiago
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30
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Yepes D, Jaque P, Martínez-Araya JI. Scrutinizing the substituent effect on Mo-based electrocatalysts for molecular hydrogen release through axial–equatorial decomposition: a DFT study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:16601-16614. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00670b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of electron-donating and -withdrawing groups is studied in terms of axial and equatorial locations at the p-pyridine rings in the [(PY5Me2)MoO]2+ for the H2 release in aqueous media. It opens a way to modify its kinetics and thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Yepes
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Andres Bello (UNAB)
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Pablo Jaque
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas yFarmacéuticas
- Universidad de Chile (U. de Chile)
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Jorge I. Martínez-Araya
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Andres Bello (UNAB)
- Santiago
- Chile
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31
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Revealing carbocations in highly asynchronous concerted reactions: The ene-type reaction between dithiocarboxylic acids and alkenes. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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32
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Domingo LR, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Pérez P. A Molecular Electron Density Theory Study of the Role of the Copper Metalation of Azomethine Ylides in [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions. J Org Chem 2018; 83:10959-10973. [PMID: 30052439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The copper metalation of azomethine ylides (AYs) in [3 + 2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions with electron-deficient ethylenes has been studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) at the MPWB1K/6-311G(d,p) level, in order to shed light on the electronic effect of the metalation in the course of the reaction. Analysis of the Conceptual Density Functional Theory reactivity indices indicates that the metalation of AYs markedly enhances the nucleophilicity of these species given the anionic character of the AY framework. These 32CA reactions take place through stepwise mechanisms characterized by the formation of a molecular complex. Both nonmetalated and metalated 32CA reactions present similar activation energies. While metalated 32CA reactions are completely regioselective, their stereoselectivity depends on the bulk of the ligand as well as the nature of the ethylene derivative. The metalation of the AY slightly increases the asynchronicity of the C-C single bond formation. Electron Localization Function topological analysis of the C-C bond formation processes makes it possible to characterize the mechanism of these 32CA reactions as a two-stage one-step mechanism. The present MEDT study rules out any catalytic role of the Cu(I) cation in the kinetics of the 32CA reactions of metalated AYs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Valencia , Dr. Moliner 50 , 46100 Burjassot , Valencia , Spain
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Valencia , Dr. Moliner 50 , 46100 Burjassot , Valencia , Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Universidad Andres Bello , Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas , Av. República 498 , 8370146 , Santiago , Chile
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33
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Li X, Tang M, Wang Y, Wang Y, Li Z, Qu LB, Wei D. Insights into the N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC)-Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization of Aldimines: General Mechanism and Role of Catalyst. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1710-1718. [PMID: 29667337 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One of the most challenging questions in the Lewis base organocatalyst field is how to predict the most electrophilic carbon for the complexation of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and reactant. This study provides a valuable case for this issue. Multiple mechanisms (A, B, C, D, and E) for the intramolecular cyclization of aldimine catalyzed by NHC were investigated by using density functional theory (DFT). The computed results reveal that the NHC energetically prefers attacking the iminyl carbon (AIC mode, which is associated with mechanisms A and C) rather than attacking the olefin carbon (AOC mode, which is associated with mechanisms B and D) or attacking the carbonyl carbon (ACC mode, which is associated with mechanism E) of aldimine. The calculated results based on the different reaction models indicate that mechanism A (AIC mode), which is associated with the formation of the aza-Breslow intermediate, is the most favorable pathway. For mechanism A, there are five steps: (1) nucleophilic addition of NHC to the iminyl carbon of aldimine; (2) [1,2]-proton transfer to form an aza-Breslow intermediate; (3) intramolecular cyclization; (4) the other [1,2]-proton transfer; and (5) regeneration of NHC. The analyses of reactivity indexes have been applied to explain the chemoselectivity, and the general principles regarding the possible mechanisms would be useful for the rational design of NHC-catalyzed chemoselective reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Mingsheng Tang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 100 Kexue Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Zhongjun Li
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Bo Qu
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
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34
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Shi Q, Wang Y, Wang Y, Qu LB, Qiao Y, Wei D. Insights into N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed [3 + 4] annulation reactions of 2-bromoenals with N-Ts hydrazones. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00716k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A DFT study toward N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed [3 + 4] annulation reactions of 2-bromoenals has been performed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Shi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Ling-Bo Qu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Yan Qiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
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35
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Yepes D, Martínez-Araya JI, Jaque P. Solvent effect on the degree of (a)synchronicity in polar Diels-Alder reactions from the perspective of the reaction force constant analysis. J Mol Model 2017; 24:33. [PMID: 29288466 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we computationally evaluated the influence of six different molecular solvents, described as a polarizable continuum model at the M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) level, on the activation barrier/reaction rate, overall energy change, TS geometry, and degree of (a)synchronicity of two concerted Diels-Alder cycloadditions of acrolein (R1) and its complex with Lewis acid acrolein···BH3 (R2) to cyclopentadiene. In gas-phase, we found that both exothermicity and activation barrier are only reduced by about 2.0 kcal mol-1, and the asynchronicity character of the mechanism is accentuated when BH3 is included. An increment in the solvent's polarity lowers the activation energy of R1 by 1.3 kcal mol-1, while for R2 the reaction rate is enhanced by more than 2000 times at room temperature (i.e., the activation energy decreases by 4.5 kcal mol-1) if the highest polar media is employed. Therefore, a synergistic effect is achieved when both external agents, i.e., Lewis acid catalyst and polar solvent, are included together. This effect was ascribed to the ability of the solvent to favor the encounter between cyclopentadiene and acrolein···BH3. This was validated by the asymmetry of the TS which becomes highly pronounced when either both or just BH3 is considered or the solvent's polarity is increased. Finally, the reaction force constant κ(ξ) reveals that an increment in the solvent's polarity is able to turn a moderate asynchronous mechanism of the formation of the new C-C σ-bonds into a highly asynchronous one. Graphical abstract A synergistic effect is achieved when both external agents, i.e., Lewis acid catalyst and polar solvent, are included together: lowered energy barriers and increased asynchronicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Yepes
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 498, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge I Martínez-Araya
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 498, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Jaque
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 498, Santiago, Chile.
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36
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Díaz MA, Parra JG, Coll DS. Computational study of one-step polar Diels–Alder reactions using the NEB method for the minimum energy paths search. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2017.1287910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Díaz
- Laboratorio de Química Computacional, Departamento de Química, Universidad de Carabobo, Bárbula, Venezuela
| | - José G. Parra
- Laboratorio de Química Computacional, Departamento de Química, Universidad de Carabobo, Bárbula, Venezuela
| | - David S. Coll
- Laboratorio de Físico-Química Teórica de Materiales, Centro de Química Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Altos de Pipe, Venezuela
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Yepes D, Pérez P, Jaque P, Fernández I. Effect of Lewis acid bulkiness on the stereoselectivity of Diels–Alder reactions between acyclic dienes and α,β-enals. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00154a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The influence of Lewis acid bulkiness on the stereoselectivity of Diels–Alder reactions is analysed computationally in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Yepes
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Pablo Jaque
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040-Madrid
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38
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Zheng L, Wang Y, Wei D, Qiao Y. Insights into N
-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed [4+2] Annulation Reaction of Enals with Nitroalkenes: Mechanisms, Origin of Chemo- and Stereoselectivity, and Role of Catalyst. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:3046-3054. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Zheng
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; No. 100 Kexue Street Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; No. 100 Kexue Street Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; No. 100 Kexue Street Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Yan Qiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences; Zhengzhou University; No. 100 Kexue Street Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
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39
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Soto-Delgado J, Tapia RA, Torras J. Multiscale Treatment for the Molecular Mechanism of a Diels-Alder Reaction in Solution: A QM/MM-MD Study. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:4735-4742. [PMID: 27640742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermodynamics and the solvent role in the acceleration of the Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene (CPD) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) have been revisited. In this work we use an ab initio hybrid QM/MM-MD scheme combined with multiple steered molecular dynamics to extract the free energy pofile in water and methanol using the bidirectional Minh-Adib estimator. We obtain 18.7 kcal mol-1 and 20.8 kcal mol-1 free energy barrier for the reaction in water and methanol, respectively. This methodology reproduces experimental values with an absolute error of about 0.8 kcal mol-1. The experimental difference between the activation free-energy barriers of water and methanol is also reproduced with an absolute error of about 0.1 kcal mol-1. We explore the charge transfer evolution along reaction coordinates to characterize the electronic behavior for this reaction. It is shown that the solvent molecules around the reaction system produce a global polarization along the reaction coordinate which is consistent with the solvent polarity. The results highlight the role of hydrogen bonding formed in the transition state to stabilize the system charge reorganization in the reaction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Soto-Delgado
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello , Quillota 980, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ricardo A Tapia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Vicuña Mackenna, 4860 Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Torras
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , C. Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
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40
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Ghadari R. In silico study to evaluate the governing criteria in the BF3 catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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41
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Kudi: A free open-source python library for the analysis of properties along reaction paths. J Mol Model 2016; 22:110. [PMID: 27107577 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-2983-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
With increasing computational capabilities, an ever growing amount of data is generated in computational chemistry that contains a vast amount of chemically relevant information. It is therefore imperative to create new computational tools in order to process and extract this data in a sensible way. Kudi is an open source library that aids in the extraction of chemical properties from reaction paths. The straightforward structure of Kudi makes it easy to use for users and allows for effortless implementation of new capabilities, and extension to any quantum chemistry package. A use case for Kudi is shown for the tautomerization reaction of formic acid. Kudi is available free of charge at www.github.com/stvogt/kudi.
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42
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Ortega DE, Gutiérrez-Oliva S, Tantillo DJ, Toro-Labbé A. A detailed analysis of the mechanism of a carbocationic triple shift rearrangement. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:9771-9. [PMID: 25772495 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03819c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of a carbocationic triple shift rearrangement is analyzed within the conceptual framework of the reaction force. All the systems were characterized computationally using DFT through B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) methodology. A complete description of the electronic activity taking place during the reaction emerged through the use of the reaction electronic flux that, together with an NBO Wiberg bond order, produces a detailed picture of the reaction mechanism in terms of chemical events that drive the reaction during the different stages of the process. It is found that a carbocation triple shift occurs asynchronously although in a concerted way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela E Ortega
- Nucleus Millennium Chemical Processes and Catalysis (CPC), Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile.
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43
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Zheng L, Tang M, Wang Y, Guo X, Wei D, Qiao Y. A DFT study on PBu3-catalyzed intramolecular cyclizations of N-allylic substituted α-amino nitriles for the formation of functionalized pyrrolidines: mechanisms, selectivities, and the role of catalysts. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3130-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00150e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The detailed mechanisms and stereoselectivities of PBu3-catalyzed intramolecular cyclizations for the formation of functionalized pyrrolidines have been investigated using a DFT method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
| | - Mingsheng Tang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Center of Computational Chemistry
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Center of Computational Chemistry
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Xiaokang Guo
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Center of Computational Chemistry
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Center of Computational Chemistry
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Yan Qiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
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44
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Wang Y, Wei D, Wang Y, Zhang W, Tang M. N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC)-Catalyzed sp3 β-C–H Activation of Saturated Carbonyl Compounds: Mechanism, Role of NHC, and Origin of Stereoselectivity. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, Center of Computational Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, Center of Computational Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, Center of Computational Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, Center of Computational Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Mingsheng Tang
- College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, Center of Computational Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
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45
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Cias P, Gescheidt G. Environmental effects on Cu(II)-catalyzed hetero-Diels–Alder reactions: computational approach. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-015-1510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Bondarchuk SV, Smalius VV, Minaev BF. A combined experimental and density functional study of 1-(arylsulfonyl)-2- R-4-chloro-2-butenes reactivity towards the allylic chlorine. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Bondarchuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Bogdan Khmelnitsky Cherkasy National University; blvd. Shevchenko 81 18031 Cherkasy Ukraine
| | - Victor V. Smalius
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Bogdan Khmelnitsky Cherkasy National University; blvd. Shevchenko 81 18031 Cherkasy Ukraine
| | - Boris F. Minaev
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Bogdan Khmelnitsky Cherkasy National University; blvd. Shevchenko 81 18031 Cherkasy Ukraine
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biochemistry; Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova; S-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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47
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Levandowski BJ, Houk KN. Theoretical analysis of reactivity patterns in Diels-Alder reactions of cyclopentadiene, cyclohexadiene, and cycloheptadiene with symmetrical and unsymmetrical dienophiles. J Org Chem 2015; 80:3530-7. [PMID: 25741891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder reactions of cyclopentadiene, cyclohexadiene, and cycloheptadiene with a series of dienophiles were studied with quantum mechanical calculations (M06-2X density functional theory) and analyzed with the distortion/interaction model. The poor reactivities of cyclohexadiene and cycloheptadiene with dienophiles that give relatively synchronous transition states result from the substantial distortion required to achieve a transition state involving the formation of two bonds of the diene simultaneously. However, highly asynchronous or stepwise reactions result in less distortion of the diene and less differences in reactivities of different dienes. The transition state geometry of cyclopentadiene is less distorted in the asynchronous reaction with 1,1-dicyanoethylene compared to that with cis- and trans-1,2-dicyanoethylenes, which react through synchronous transition states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Levandowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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48
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Cao J, Wang ZX, Gao LJ, Fu F. Water-assisted isomerization of the [H, C, N, O] system. J Mol Model 2015; 21:66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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49
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Murray JS, Yepes D, Jaque P, Politzer P. Insights into some Diels–Alder cycloadditions via the electrostatic potential and the reaction force constant. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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López L, Ruiz P, Castro M, Quijano J, Duque-Noreña M, Pérez P, Chamorro E. Understanding the thermal dehydrochlorination reaction of 1-chlorohexane. Revealing the driving bonding pattern at the planar catalytic reaction center. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10152b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gas-phase thermal decomposition of 1-chlorohexane is rationalized in terms of a two stage one step reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina López
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Medellín
- Colombia
| | - Pablo Ruiz
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Medellín
- Colombia
| | - Manuela Castro
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Medellín
- Colombia
| | - Jairo Quijano
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Medellín
- Colombia
| | - Mario Duque-Noreña
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas
- Millennium Nucleus Chemical Processes and Catalysis
- 8370146 Santiago
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas
- Millennium Nucleus Chemical Processes and Catalysis
- 8370146 Santiago
| | - Eduardo Chamorro
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas
- Millennium Nucleus Chemical Processes and Catalysis
- 8370146 Santiago
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