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Olufemi Oluwole A, Khoza P, Olatunji OS. Synthesis and characterization of g‐C
3
N
4
doped with activated carbon (AC) prepared from grape leaf litters for the photocatalytic degradation of enrofloxacin in aqueous systems. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adewumi Olufemi Oluwole
- School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Phindile Khoza
- School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Olatunde Stephen Olatunji
- School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
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2
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Berhanu S, Gebremariam H, Chufamo S. The g-C3N4@CdO/ZnO ternary composite: photocatalysis, thermodynamics and acute toxicity studies. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11612. [PMID: 36411912 PMCID: PMC9674551 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary and ternary nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized by precipitation and through facile one-pot ultrasonic assisted methods to serve as photocatalysts for treatment of wastewater as well as their toxicity toward aquatic organism (Nile tilapia). The crystalline structure, band gap energy and functional groups of these materials were characterized by XRD, UV-Vis, and FT-IR instrumental techniques. Based on the UV-Vis study, the band gap of ZnO/CdO (ZC) to hybrid g-C3N4@ZnO/CdO (GZC) nanocomposite was reduced from 3.41 eV to 3.21 eV, suggesting good charge carrier mobility. Photocatalytic degradation performances of ZC and GZC were further assessed by conducting methyl red (MR) photodegradation reaction using UV light. The highest degradation efficiency was achieved for GZC NCs (97.78%) than ZC (89.41%) in 2 h. The values of free energy, and enthalpy were negative; showing spontaneous photodegradation of MR. The kinetics of photodegradation follows pseudo-first-order reaction with rate order of 0.0713 min−1. The HO∗ and O2∗ were main active species for the photodegradation of MR. The toxicity of NCs calculated and the lethal concentration (LC50) was 113 ppm after 12 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintayehu Berhanu
- Department of Chemistry, Bonga University, P.O. Box 334, Bonga, Ethiopia
- Corresponding author.
| | | | - Samuel Chufamo
- Department of Chemistry, Wolaita Sodo University, P.O. Box 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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3
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Shi Z, Rao L, Wang P, Zhang L. The photocatalytic activity and purification performance of g-C 3N 4/carbon nanotubes composite photocatalyst in underwater environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:83981-83992. [PMID: 35776310 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21535-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a promising photocatalyst for its high catalytic activity, low-cost and high-biosafety characteristics. Due to the complexity of underwater photochemical reaction conditions and the disadvantages of g-C3N4 itself such as low specific surface area, easy recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and insufficient light absorption capacity, the application of g-C3N4 in the field of water purification is limited. For improving underwater photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4, a g-C3N4/carbon nanotubes (CNT-CN) composite photocatalyst with high specific surface area and enhanced light absorption capacity were prepared by in situ solvothermal method. Its photodegradation efficiency at different underwater transmission light was further studied. The results show that CNT has good compatibility with g-C3N4. g-C3N4 can grow in situ on the surface of CNT and form a stable composite structure. Moreover, its degradation efficiency under long-wavelength irradiation is improved significantly. The degradation rate of CNT-CN at 550-700 nm was about 3 times than that of g-C3N4. Furthermore, CNT-CN can maintain higher photocatalytic activity under water. At 40 cm depth where light intensity and ultraviolet spectra were attenuated 63.8% and 80.1%, respectively, the degradation rate of CNT-CN3 can still reach 3.49 times than that of g-C3N4. Based on this study, the introduction of CNT effectively promotes the electron-hole separation efficiency of g-C3N4, widens its spectral response range, and thus improves its underwater degradation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Lei Rao
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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4
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Triptycene incorporated carbon nitride based donor-acceptor conjugated polymers with superior visible-light photocatalytic activities. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 622:675-689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Kumar Singh A, Das C, Indra A. Scope and prospect of transition metal-based cocatalysts for visible light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen evolution with graphitic carbon nitride. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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6
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Singh PP, Srivastava V. Recent advances in visible-light graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3N 4) photocatalysts for chemical transformations. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18245-18265. [PMID: 35800311 PMCID: PMC9210974 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01797k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has emerged as a new research hotspot, attracting broad interdisciplinary attention in the form of metal-free and visible-light-responsive photocatalysts in the field of solar energy conversion and environmental remediation. These photocatalysts have evolved as attractive candidates due to their non-toxicity, chemical stability, efficient light absorption capacity in the visible and near-infrared regions, and adaptability as a platform for the fabrication of hybrid materials. This review mainly describes the latest advances in g-C3N4 photocatalysts for chemical transformations. In addition, the typical applications of g-C3N4-based photocatalysts involving organic transformation reactions are discussed (synthesis of heterocycles, hydrosulfonylation, hydration, oxygenation, arylation, coupling reactions, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, United College of Engineering & Research Naini Prayagraj 211010 India
| | - Vishal Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad Prayagraj 211002 India
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7
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Enhancement of Phenol degradation, using of novel Z-scheme Bi2WO6/C3N4/TiO2 composite: Catalyst and operational parameters optimization. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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8
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Yang Y, Liu B, Xu J, Wang Q, Wang X, Lv G, Zhou J. The Synthesis of h-BN-Modified Z-Scheme WO 3/g-C 3N 4 Heterojunctions for Enhancing Visible Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Pollutants. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:6035-6045. [PMID: 35224364 PMCID: PMC8867565 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic performance of common photocatalysts is limited by their low surface area, insufficient absorption of light energy, and fast photogenerated electron-hole recombination rate. The introduction of Z-scheme photocatalysts decorated with hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has already been confirmed to be an effective way to extend the surface area and increase the charge separation, thereby enhancing the photocatalytic performance. In this study, a hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN)-decorated WO3/g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalyst was successfully synthesized via an in situ method using tungstic acid, melamine, and hexagonal boron nitride as the precursors. The physical and chemical properties of the resulting samples were thoroughly characterized. The surface, morphological, and optical properties of the resulting materials were thoroughly characterized by XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, UV-vis DRS, BET surface areas, PL, and ESR analysis. The WO3/g-C3N4/BN composite exhibited a much higher photocatalytic activity for tetracycline degradation under visible light irradiation than pure g-C3N4, WO3, and BN. The favorable photocatalytic activity of WO3/g-C3N4/BN composites can be ascribed to the increased surface area and enhanced separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs by adding h-BN nanosheets and forming the WO3/g-C3N4 heterojunction. This work indicates that the WO3/g-C3N4/BN photocatalyst is a promising material in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of
Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
- Liaoning
Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative
Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light
Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian
Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Bingyang Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jingyu Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of
Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
- Liaoning
Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative
Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light
Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian
Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- Institute
for Catalysis (ICAT) and Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and
Engineering, Hokkaido University, N21W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Xing Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of
Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
- Liaoning
Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative
Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light
Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian
Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gaojin Lv
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of
Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jinghui Zhou
- Liaoning
Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative
Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light
Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian
Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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Amino acid-assisted ferrite/MOF composite formation for visible-light induced photocatalytic cascade C=C aerobic oxidative cleavage functionalization. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Mahmoud SA, Mohamed FE, El-Sadek BM, Elsawy MM, Bendary SH. Specific capacitance of CoS encapsulated g-C3N4 core shell nanocomposite as extremely efficient counter electrode in quantum dots solar cells. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-04992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Yang Z, Li L, Yu H, Liu M, Chi Y, Sha J, Xu S. Facile synthesis of highly crystalline g-C 3N 4 nanosheets with remarkable visible light photocatalytic activity for antibiotics removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 271:129503. [PMID: 33450426 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
g-C3N4 has attracted much attention in photocatalysis field because of its good visible light response. However, its photocatalytic activity is still greatly limited by fast carriers recombination and small specific surface. In order to promote carriers separation and pollutants adsorption, a facile synthesis scheme combining hydrothermal method with secondary calcination process under N2 gas protection was developed, and highly crystalline g-C3N4 nanosheets (HCCNNS) were successfully prepared. During ciprofloxacin (CIP) and sulfamethazine (SMZ) degradation, it showed excellent visible light photocatalytic activity, wherein CIP and SMZ with 10 mg/L could achieve degradation efficiency of 98.4% and 96.9% in 60 min under visible light irradiation. Compared with conventional g-C3N4, the degradation rate constants were enhanced by 6.9 and 5.8 times, respectively. From the perspectives of morphology, optical property and surface chemistry, the ultra-high activity of HCCNNS is mainly attributed to its highly crystalline structure and nanosheet morphology, which not only reduce the carriers transfer resistance, promote the pollutants adsorption capability, but also expand the light absorption range, and promote the carriers separation. Furthermore, the synthesis procedure of HCCNNS possesses the nature of high yield and excellent cost performance, thus, HCCNNS possesses great potential for mass production and practical application for antibiotics removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Yang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Lulu Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Microbial Technology Institute and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Meina Liu
- Textile Department, Engineering College, Yantai Nanshan University, Yantai, 265713, China.
| | - Yinghua Chi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Jianhua Sha
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Shiping Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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12
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Metal-free in situ carbon-nanotube-modified mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite with enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-021-04460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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13
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Tian S, Ren H, Peng J, Miao Z. Construction of a 2D/2D heterojunction via integrating MoS2 on Co-doped g-C3N4 to improve photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light irradiation. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01973b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schematic of the photocatalytic mechanism of the MoS2/CoCN-3 composite with enhanced photocatalytic properties for hydrogen evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Tian
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Advanced Photo-electronics Materials and Energy Conversion Device
- School of Science
- Xijing University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Huaping Ren
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Advanced Photo-electronics Materials and Energy Conversion Device
- School of Science
- Xijing University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Jianhong Peng
- School of Physics and Information Technology
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi’an 710062
- P. R. China
- College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering
| | - Zongcheng Miao
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Advanced Photo-electronics Materials and Energy Conversion Device
- School of Science
- Xijing University
- Xi'an
- China
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Karimia M, Sadeghia S, Gavinehroudi RG, Mohebali H, Mahjoub A, Heydari A. g-C 3N 4@Ce-MOF Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyzed cascade aerobic oxidative functionalization of styrene. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00120e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A unique composite of the cerium-based metal–organic framework (Ce-UiO-66) modified with graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C3N4) has been synthesized. The g-C3N4@Ce-MOF as a photocatalyst was employed in photocatalytic aerobic oxidative Hantzsch pyridine synthesis of styrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghdad Karimia
- Chemistry Department
- Tarbiat Modare University
- Iran P.O. Box 14155-4838 Tehran
- Iran
| | - Samira Sadeghia
- Chemistry Department
- Tarbiat Modare University
- Iran P.O. Box 14155-4838 Tehran
- Iran
| | | | - Haleh Mohebali
- Chemistry Department
- Tarbiat Modare University
- Iran P.O. Box 14155-4838 Tehran
- Iran
| | - Alireza Mahjoub
- Chemistry Department
- Tarbiat Modare University
- Iran P.O. Box 14155-4838 Tehran
- Iran
| | - Akbar Heydari
- Chemistry Department
- Tarbiat Modare University
- Iran P.O. Box 14155-4838 Tehran
- Iran
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Construction of carbon nanotube-g-C3N4 nanocomposite photoanode for the enhanced photoelectrochemical activity in water splitting. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Kundu S, Bramhaiah K, Bhattacharyya S. Carbon-based nanomaterials: in the quest of alternative metal-free photocatalysts for solar water splitting. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:5130-5151. [PMID: 36132049 PMCID: PMC9417472 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00569j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
One of the alarming problems of modern civilization is global warming due to the inevitable rise of CO2 in the environment, mainly because of the excessive use of traditional fossil fuels. The gradual depletion of fossil fuels is another challenge regarding the future energy demand; therefore, alternative renewable energy research is necessary. One of the alternative approaches is the solar fuel generation by means of photocatalytic water splitting and more specifically, hydrogen evolution from water through the reductive half-reaction. Hydrogen is the cleanest fuel and does not produce any greenhouse gas upon direct combustion, or even while acting as a chemical feedstock for other transportable fuel generation. Therefore, it is desirable to produce efficient photocatalysts for solar water splitting. After the discovery of the first photocatalytic water splitting reaction by Fujisima and Honda, several advancements have been made with metal-based inorganic semiconductor photo-catalysts. However, their practical applicability is still under debate considering the environmental sustainability, stability and economical expenses. As a result, it is essential to develop alternate photocatalysts that are environmentally sustainable, cost-effective, stable and highly efficient. The metal-free approach is one of the most promising approaches in this regard. Herein, we discuss the recent developments in carbon-based materials and their hybrids as alternative metal free photocatalysts for solar water splitting. The present discussion includes g-C3N4, two-dimensional graphene/graphene oxides, one-dimensional carbon nanotubes/carbon nanofibers and zero-dimensional graphene QDs/carbon dots. We have focused on the rectification of exciton generation, charge separation and interfacial photochemical processes for photocatalysis, followed by possible optimization pathways of these typical all carbon-based materials. Finally, we have highlighted several fundamental challenges and their possible solutions, as well as the future direction on this particular aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simanta Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Shibpur Dinobundhoo Institution (College) 412/1, G. T. Road (South), Shibpur Howrah West Bengal 711102 India
| | - Kommula Bramhaiah
- Department of Chemical Sciences, IISER Berhampur, Transit Campus (Govt. ITI) Eng. School Road Berhampur Odisha 760010 India
| | - Santanu Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, IISER Berhampur, Transit Campus (Govt. ITI) Eng. School Road Berhampur Odisha 760010 India
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17
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Shi X, Karachi A, Hosseini M, Yazd MS, Kamyab H, Ebrahimi M, Parsaee Z. Ultrasound wave assisted removal of Ceftriaxone sodium in aqueous media with novel nano composite g-C 3N 4/MWCNT/Bi 2WO 6 based on CCD-RSM model. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 68:104460. [PMID: 30712851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was ultrasound assisted removal of Ceftriaxone sodium (CS) based on CCD model. Using sonochemical synthesized Bi2WO6 implanted on graphitic carbon nitride/Multiwall carbon nanotube (g-C3N4/MWCNT/Bi2WO6). For this purpose g-C3N4/MWCNT/Bi2WO6 was synthesized and characterized using diverse approaches including XRD, FE-SEM, XPS, EDS, HRTEM, FT-IR. Then, the contribution of conventional variables including pH, CS concentration, adsorbent dosage and ultrasound contact time were studied by central composite design (CCD) under response surface methodology (RSM). ANOVA was employed to the variable factors, and the most desirable operational conditions mass provided. Drug adsorption yield of 98.85% obtained under these defined conditions. Through conducting five experiments, the proper prediction of the optimum point were examined. The respective results showed that RSD% was lower than 5% while the t-test confirmed the high quality of fitting. Langmuir isotherm equation fits the experimental data best and the removal followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The estimation of the experimentally obtained maximum adsorption capacities was 19.57 mg.g- of g-C3N4/MWCNT/Bi2WO6 for CS. Boundary layer diffusion explained the mechanism of removal via intraparticle diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Shi
- Institute of Computing Science and Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Aida Karachi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mojgan Hosseini
- Department of Science, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sayad Shirazi St., Islamshahr, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoud Safari Yazd
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hesam Kamyab
- Engineering Department, Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia, Jln Sultan Yahya Petra, 56100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Mohsen Ebrahimi
- Neonatal and Children's Health Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Zohreh Parsaee
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran.
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18
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Majdoub M, Anfar Z, Amedlous A. Emerging Chemical Functionalization of g-C 3N 4: Covalent/Noncovalent Modifications and Applications. ACS NANO 2020; 14:12390-12469. [PMID: 33052050 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atomically 2D thin-layered structures, such as graphene nanosheets, graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C3N4), hexagonal boron nitride, and transition metal dichalcogenides are emerging as fascinating materials for a good array of domains owing to their rare physicochemical characteristics. In particular, graphitic carbon nitride has turned into a hot subject in the scientific community due to numerous qualities such as simple preparation, electrochemical properties, high adsorption capacity, good photochemical properties, thermal stability, and acid-alkali chemical resistance, etc. Basically, g-C3N4 is considered as a polymeric material consisting of N and C atoms forming a tri-s-triazine network connected by planar amino groups. In comparison with most C-based materials, g-C3N4 possesses electron-rich characteristics, basic moieties, and hydrogen-bonding groups owing to the presence of hydrogen and nitrogen atoms; therefore, it is taken into account as an interesting nominee to further complement carbon in applications of functional materials. Nevertheless, g-C3N4 has some intrinsic limitations and drawbacks mainly related to a relatively poor specific surface area, rapid charge recombination, a limited light absorption range, and a poor dispersibility in both aqueous and organic mediums. To overcome these shortcomings, numerous chemical modification approaches have been conducted with the aim of expanding the range of application of g-C3N4 and enhancing its properties. In the current review, the comprehensive survey is conducted on g-C3N4 chemical functionalization strategies including covalent and noncovalent approaches. Covalent approaches consist of establishing covalent linkage between the g-C3N4 structure and the chemical modifier such as oxidation/carboxylation, amidation, polymer grafting, etc., whereas the noncovalent approaches mainly consist of physical bonding and intermolecular interaction such as van der Waals interactions, electrostatic interactions, π-π interactions, and so on. Furthermore, the preparation, characterization, and diverse applications of functionalized g-C3N4 in various domains are described and recapped. We believe that this work will inspire scientists and readers to conduct research with the aim of exploring other functionalization strategies for this material in numerous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Majdoub
- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis & Valorization of Natural Resources, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20000, Morocco
| | - Zakaria Anfar
- Laboratory of Materials & Environment, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco
- Institute of Materials Science of Mulhouse, Haute Alsace University, Mulhouse 68100, France
- Strasbourg University, Strasbourg 67081, France
| | - Abdallah Amedlous
- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis & Valorization of Natural Resources, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20000, Morocco
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19
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Peroxymonosulphate-mediated metal-free pesticide photodegradation and bacterial disinfection using well-dispersed graphene oxide supported phosphorus-doped graphitic carbon nitride. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Enhanced photodegradation performance of Rhodamine B with g-C3N4 modified by carbon nanotubes. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Sudhaik A, Raizada P, Thakur S, Saini RV, Saini AK, Singh P, Kumar Thakur V, Nguyen VH, Khan AAP, Asiri AM. Synergistic photocatalytic mitigation of imidacloprid pesticide and antibacterial activity using carbon nanotube decorated phosphorus doped graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Tameu Djoko SY, Bashiri H, Njoyim ET, Arabameri M, Djepang S, Tamo AK, Laminsi S, Tasbihi M, Schwarze M, Schomäcker R. Urea and green tea like precursors for the preparation of g-C3N4 based carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) composites as photocatalysts for photodegradation of pollutants under UV light irradiation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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23
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Zheng Y, Chen Y, Wang L, Tan M, Xiao Y, Gao B, Lin B. Integrating CuInSe 2 nanocrystals with polymeric carbon nitride nanorods for photocatalytic water splitting. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:7598-7604. [PMID: 32459234 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00865f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Developing photocatalysts with improved photoactivity and efficiency has remained an enduring theme both fundamentally and technologically in the field of photocatalysis. Polymeric carbon nitride (CN) has been widely exploited as an earth-abundant photocatalyst for water redox reactions. Nevertheless, the limited visible-light utilization rate and the high recombination rate of photoinduced charge carriers give rise to the moderate photocatalytic reactivity of CN in water splitting. Herein, p-type CuInSe2 nanocrystals are prepared by a solvothermal approach and then immobilized with n-type CN nanorods through self-assembly and thermal treatment process, forming a CuInSe2/CN hybrid photocatalyst. Benefiting from the p-n heterojunction, a 3% CuInSe2/CN nanocomposite photocatalyst exhibits a three-fold increase in the hydrogen evolution rate (HER) compared to that of bare CN nanorods owing to the strengthened visible-light capturing capability and improved separation rate of photoexcited charge carriers. This work paves new avenues for the construction of p-n heterojunction photocatalysts for solar fuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China. and Institute of Luminescent Materials and Information Display, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China and State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China.
| | - Lvting Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China.
| | - Mingyue Tan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China.
| | - Yingying Xiao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China.
| | - Bifen Gao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China.
| | - Bizhou Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China.
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24
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Xiao N, Li S, Li X, Ge L, Gao Y, Li N. The roles and mechanism of cocatalysts in photocatalytic water splitting to produce hydrogen. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(19)63469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Rahman MZ, Kibria MG, Mullins CB. Metal-free photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:1887-1931. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00313d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive review of the latest progress, challenges and recommended future research related to metal-free photocatalysts for hydrogen productionviawater-splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ziaur Rahman
- John J. Mcketta Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
| | - Md Golam Kibria
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- University of Calgary
- 2500 University Drive
- NW Calgary
- Canada
| | - Charles Buddie Mullins
- John J. Mcketta Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
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26
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Zhou X, Zhu Y, Gao Q, Zhang S, Ge C, Yang S, Zhong X, Fang Y. Modified Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:4996-5006. [PMID: 31529775 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201901960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Considerable research efforts have been devoted to develop noble-metal-free cocatalysts coupled with semiconductors for highly efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution as part of the challenge toward solar-to-fuel conversion. Herein, a new cocatalyst with excellent activity in the electrocatalytic H2 evolution reaction (HER) that is based on Co sheathed in N-doped graphitic carbon nanosheets (Co@NC) was fabricated by a surfactant-assisted pyrolysis approach and then coupled with g-C3 N4 nanosheets to construct a 2 D-2 D g-C3 N4 /Co@NC composite photocatalyst by a simple grinding method. As a result of advantages in effective electrocatalytic HER activity, suitable electronic band structure, and rapid interfacial charge transfer brought about by the 2 D-2 D spatial configuration, the g-C3 N4 /Co@NC photocatalyst that contained 4 wt % Co@NC presented a high photocatalytic H2 generation rate of 15.67 μmol h-1 under visible-light irradiation (λ≥400 nm), which was 104.5 times higher than that of pristine g-C3 N4 . The optimum g-C3 N4 /Co@NC photocatalyst showed a high apparent quantum efficiency of 10.82 % at λ=400 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunfu Zhou
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Yating Zhu
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Qiongzhi Gao
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Shengsen Zhang
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Chunyu Ge
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Yang
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Zhong
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Yueping Fang
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
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27
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Xiao M, Li Y, Zhang B, Sun G, Zhang Z. Synthesis of g-C 3N 4-Decorated ZnO Porous Hollow Microspheres for Room-Temperature Detection of CH 4 under UV-Light Illumination. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1507. [PMID: 31652772 PMCID: PMC6915392 DOI: 10.3390/nano9111507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UV light-assisted gas sensors based on metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) have attracted much attention in detecting flammable and explosive gases at room temperature. In this paper, graphite-based carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets-decorated ZnO porous hollow microspheres (PHMSs) with the size about 3~5 μm in diameter were successfully synthesized by annealing the solvothermally-synthesized Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 PHMSs together with g-C3N4. The synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, FT-IR and XPS. The results indicated that the prepared g-C3N4/ZnO PHMSs were constructed by numerous loosely stacked ZnO nanoparticles of 20~30 nm in diameter. Gas sensing tests indicated that under UV light (365~385 nm) illumination, the sensors fabricated with g-C3N4/ZnO HPMSs showed an enhanced response and faster response speed than the pure ZnO counterpart at room temperature. In addition, the g-C3N4/ZnO sensor also exhibited good repeatability and long-term stability for CH4 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Cultivating Base for Key laboratory of Environment-Friendly Inorganic Materials in University of Henan Province, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China.
| | - Yanwei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Cultivating Base for Key laboratory of Environment-Friendly Inorganic Materials in University of Henan Province, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Cultivating Base for Key laboratory of Environment-Friendly Inorganic Materials in University of Henan Province, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China.
| | - Guang Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Cultivating Base for Key laboratory of Environment-Friendly Inorganic Materials in University of Henan Province, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China.
| | - Zhanying Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Cultivating Base for Key laboratory of Environment-Friendly Inorganic Materials in University of Henan Province, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China.
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28
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Ge J, Zhang Y, Park SJ. Recent Advances in Carbonaceous Photocatalysts with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performances: A Mini Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E1916. [PMID: 31200594 PMCID: PMC6631926 DOI: 10.3390/ma12121916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalytic processes based on various semiconductors have been widely utilized in different applications, with great potential for use in environmental pollution remediation and sustainable energy generation. However, critical issues, including low light adsorption capability, wide energy bandgap, and unsatisfactory physicochemical stability still seriously limit the practical applications of photocatalysts. As a solution, the introduction of carbonaceous materials with different structures and properties into a photocatalyst system to further increase the activity has attracted much research attention. This mini review surveys the related literatures and highlights recent progress in the development of carbonaceous photocatalysts, which include various metal semiconductors with activated carbon, carbon dots, carbon nanotubes/nanofibers, graphene, fullerene, and carbon sponges/aerogels. Moreover, graphitic carbon nitride is also discussed as a carbon-rich and metal-free photocatalyst. The recently developed synthesis strategies and proposed mechanisms underlying the photocatalytic activity enhancement for different applications are summarized and discussed. Finally, ongoing challenges and the developmental direction for carbonaceous photocatalysts are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon 22212, Korea.
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon 22212, Korea.
| | - Soo-Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon 22212, Korea.
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29
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Mori K, Osaka R, Naka K, Tatsumi D, Yamashita H. Ultra‐Low Loading of Ru Clusters over Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A Drastic Enhancement in Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Activity. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Mori
- Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka University. 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan) E-mail
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB)Kyoto University Katsura Kyoto 615-8520 Japan
- JSTPRESTO 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Ryo Osaka
- Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka University. 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan) E-mail
| | - Kohei Naka
- Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka University. 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan) E-mail
| | - Daisuke Tatsumi
- Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka University. 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan) E-mail
| | - Hiromi Yamashita
- Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka University. 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan) E-mail
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB)Kyoto University Katsura Kyoto 615-8520 Japan
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30
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Ding F, Zhao Z, Yang D, Zhao X, Chen Y, Jiang Z. One-Pot Fabrication of g-C3N4/MWCNTs Nanocomposites with Superior Visible-Light Photocatalytic Performance. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ding
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhanfeng Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | | | - Xuyang Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
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31
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Fei Q, Zhang N, Sun C, Zhang P, Yang X, Hua Y, Li L. A novel non-enzymatic sensing platform for determination of 5'-guanosine monophosphate in meat. Food Chem 2019; 286:515-521. [PMID: 30827641 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) doped carboxylated MWCNTs nanocomposite was synthesized using a simple method. The composite films containing 45 wt%, 50 wt%, 56 wt%, 67 wt% fraction of the carboxylated MWCNTs doped into g-C3N4 were fabricated and characterized. An electrochemical non-enzymatic sensor for determination of 5'-guanosine monophosphate (GMP) based on the nanocomposite was developed. The results indicate that the g-C3N4-carboxylated MWCNTs nanocomposite has highly electrocatalytic activity, good conductivity and biocompatibility, which plays an essential role in the determination of GMP. Under the optimum conditions, the linear fitting equation was I (µA) = -0.0022c (μg·mL-1) + 0.3560 (R2 = 0.9982). The linear range was from 0.5 to 100 μg·mL-1 and the detection limit (LOD, S/N = 3) was 0.109 μg·mL-1. This non-enzymatic sensor can offer a better alternative to other methods for the analysis of GMP because of cheap cost, low detection limit and good anti-jamming capability in meat quality evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Fei
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Nana Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chong Sun
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Yunhui Hua
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, PR China.
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Nanjing, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, PR China
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32
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Karimi Estahbanati MR, Feilizadeh M, Shokrollahi Yancheshmeh M, Iliuta MC. Effects of Carbon Nanotube and Carbon Sphere Templates in TiO2 Composites for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Karimi Estahbanati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, 1065 Av. De la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mehrzad Feilizadeh
- School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Maria C. Iliuta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, 1065 Av. De la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1 V 0A6, Canada
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33
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Bhunia K, Chandra M, Khilari S, Pradhan D. Bimetallic PtAu Alloy Nanoparticles-Integrated g-C 3N 4 Hybrid as an Efficient Photocatalyst for Water-to-Hydrogen Conversion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:478-488. [PMID: 30525406 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of metal (Pt and Au) and metal alloy (PtAu) nanoparticles (NPs)-integrated graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) hybrids using a facile solvothermal route for water-splitting application. The metal and metal alloy NPs with varying percentages of Pt and Au are found to be in the size range of 3-5 nm and uniformly distributed on the g-C3N4 sheets. The metal and metal alloy NPs act as cocatalyst for g-C3N4 to enhance the photocatalytic activity for hydrogen (H2) generation through higher light absorption and efficient charge separation. The alloy composition plays an important role to maximize the photoactivity, with an optimized PtAu/g-C3N4 sample delivered 1009 μmol g-1 h-1 of H2. The visible light assisted photocatalytic H2 evolution is further investigated with the optimized PtAu alloy NPs-integrated g-C3N4. This study presents a robust, stable, and easily synthesizable PtAu/g-C3N4 hybrid material as a promising photocatalyst for H2 generation through water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousik Bhunia
- Materials Science Centre , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur 721 302 , W. B. , India
| | - Moumita Chandra
- Materials Science Centre , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur 721 302 , W. B. , India
| | - Santimoy Khilari
- Materials Science Centre , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur 721 302 , W. B. , India
| | - Debabrata Pradhan
- Materials Science Centre , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur 721 302 , W. B. , India
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34
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Zhao X, Wang X, Zhang J, Yi X. A Z-Scheme Polyimide/AgBr@Ag Aerogel with Excellent Photocatalytic Performance for the Degradation of Oxytetracycline. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:422-430. [PMID: 30537210 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel Z-scheme polyimide (PI)/AgBr@Ag aerogel photocatalyst has been successfully synthesized by combining an in situ precipitation method and a supercritical drying method. The as-prepared PI/AgBr@Ag-50 (50 wt % AgBr@Ag in PI/AgBr@Ag) aerogel photocatalyst exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity for oxytetracycline degradation with a rate constant of 0.025 min-1 , which was 6.9 and 2.6 times higher than that of the PI aerogel or the AgBr@Ag nanoparticles, respectively. More significantly, the PI/AgBr@Ag-50 aerogel photocatalyst showed stable cycling, which could be attributed to the high mechanical strength and 3D network of the PI aerogel. The introduction of AgBr@Ag on PI with a heterojunction structure efficiently promoted the separation of electron-hole pairs by a Z-scheme mechanism. The reduced metallic Ag nanoparticles were found to function as centers for the transfer of electrons from AgBr to PI. This work has revealed a new application for the aerogel PI/AgBr@Ag photocatalyst in environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfu Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Silicone-Containing Materials, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Xinqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jining University, Qufu, 273100, P. R. China
| | - Xibin Yi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Silicone-Containing Materials, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
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35
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Zhang LX, Huang WQ, Li YY, Huang GF. Porous graphitic carbon nitride with lamellar structure: Facile synthesis via in-site supramolecular self-assembly in alkaline solutions and superior photocatalytic activity. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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Ma S, Xu P, Li X, Ye Z, Xue J. Facile Synthesis of Carbon/g-C3
N4
Nanocomposites as Metal-Free Photocatalyst with Enhanced Visible-Light-Responsive Photocatalytic Properties. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Jiangsu University of Technology; Changzhou 213001 PR China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, Southeast University; Nanjing 211189 PR China
| | - Peng Xu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Jiangsu University of Technology; Changzhou 213001 PR China
| | - Xinyao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, Southeast University; Nanjing 211189 PR China
| | - Zhaolian Ye
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Jiangsu University of Technology; Changzhou 213001 PR China
| | - Jinjuan Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, Southeast University; Nanjing 211189 PR China
- School of environmental and safety engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou 213164, PR China
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37
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Sudhaik A, Raizada P, Shandilya P, Jeong DY, Lim JH, Singh P. Review on fabrication of graphitic carbon nitride based efficient nanocomposites for photodegradation of aqueous phase organic pollutants. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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38
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Carbon nanotubes-modified graphitic carbon nitride photocatalysts with synergistic effect of nickel(II) sulfide and molybdenum(II) disulfide co-catalysts for more efficient H2 evolution. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 526:374-383. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Lima MJ, Pastrana-Martínez LM, Sampaio MJ, Dražić G, Silva AMT, Faria JL, Silva CG. Selective Production of Benzaldehyde Using Metal-Free Reduced Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nitride Hybrid Photocatalysts. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Lima
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM); Faculdade de Engenharia; Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n; 4200-465 Porto Portugal
| | - Luisa M. Pastrana-Martínez
- Carbon Materials Research Group; Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n; 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Maria J. Sampaio
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM); Faculdade de Engenharia; Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n; 4200-465 Porto Portugal
| | - Goran Dražić
- Department of Materials Chemistry; National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana; Slovenia
| | - Adrián M. T. Silva
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM); Faculdade de Engenharia; Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n; 4200-465 Porto Portugal
| | - Joaquim L. Faria
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM); Faculdade de Engenharia; Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n; 4200-465 Porto Portugal
| | - Cláudia G. Silva
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM); Faculdade de Engenharia; Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n; 4200-465 Porto Portugal
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Wang M, Guo P, Zhang Y, Lv C, Liu T, Chai T, Xie Y, Wang Y, Zhu T. Synthesis of hollow lantern-like Eu(III)-doped g-C 3N 4 with enhanced visible light photocatalytic perfomance for organic degradation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 349:224-233. [PMID: 29427973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of hollow structure lantern-like Eu(III)-doped g-C3N4 (xEu-CN, x = 1, 2, 3) was firstly synthesized by heating a mixture of melamine, HNO3 and Eu2O3 at 500 °C for 2 h. The phase, morphology and optical properties of the serial xEu-CN samples were characterized by different techniques, including TEM, XRD, FT-IR, SEM, XPS, BET, UV-vis, PL, photocurrent, and EIS. The results indicated that Eu doping extraordinarily enhanced the photocatalytic activity of pure g-C3N4, and the 2Eu-CN exhibited the highest photocatalytic performance with a 98% (82%) degradation rate for RhB (TC), 6.03 (1.71)-fold of pure g-C3N4(CN). The higher photocatalytic efficiency is ascribed to the synergy effect of Eu(III) and the hollow structures, which led to a larger surface specific area, bandgap narrowing, enhanced light harvesting ability and efficient charge separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110011, China.
| | - Pengyao Guo
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110011, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110011, China
| | - Chunmei Lv
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110011, China
| | - Tingyu Liu
- Shenyang Second Senior High School, Shenyang, 110014, China
| | - Tianyu Chai
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110011, China
| | - Yuanhua Xie
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110011, China
| | - Youzhao Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110011, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110011, China
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41
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Visible-light-enhanced catalytic activity of Ru nanoparticles over carbon modified g-C3N4. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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42
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Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Under Visible Light Illumination in Systems Based on Graphitic Carbon Nitride. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11237-018-9541-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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43
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Zhang Z, Huang WQ, Xie Z, Hu W, Peng P, Huang GF. Simultaneous covalent and noncovalent carbon nanotube/Ag 3PO 4 hybrids: new insights into the origin of enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:7955-7963. [PMID: 28262896 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08853h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interfacial interaction is of paramount importance for rationally designing carbon nanomaterial-based hybrids with optimal performance for electronics, optoelectronics, sensing, advanced energy conversion and storage. Here, we firstly reveal that both covalent and noncovalent interactions simultaneously exist in carbon nanotube (CNT)/Ag3PO4 hybrids by studying systematically the electronic and optical properties to elucidate the mechanism of their enhanced photocatalytic performance. Metallic CNT(9,0) may chemically or physically interact with the Ag3PO4(100) surface depending on its relative orientations, whereas semiconducting CNT(10,0) can only noncovalently functionalize Ag3PO4. The C-Ag bond in the covalently bonded hybrid and type-II, staggered, band alignment in noncovalent hybrids lead to a robust separation of photoexcited charge carriers between two constituents, thus enhancing the photocatalytic activity. The small band gap makes the CNT/Ag3PO4 hybrids absorb sunlight from the ultraviolet to infrared region. Moreover, CNTs are not only effective sensitizers, but also highly active co-catalysts in hybrids. The results can be rationalized by the available experiments, thereby partly resolving a debate on the interpretation of the experimental results, and paving the way for developing highly efficient carbon-based nanophotocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogang Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China. and College of Physics Science and Engineering Technology, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi 336000, China
| | - Wei-Qing Huang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Zhong Xie
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Wangyu Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Ping Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Gui-Fang Huang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
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Ran M, Li J, Cui W, Li Y, Li P, Dong F. Efficient and stable photocatalytic NO removal on C self-doped g-C3N4: electronic structure and reaction mechanism. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00887f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The unique electronic structure of C self-doped g-C3N4 enables highly enhanced photocatalytic NO removal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxi Ran
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials
- College of Environment and Resources
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
- China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials
- College of Environment and Resources
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
- China
| | - Wen Cui
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials
- College of Environment and Resources
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
- China
| | - Yuhan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials
- College of Environment and Resources
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
- China
| | - Peidong Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials
- College of Environment and Resources
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
- China
| | - Fan Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials
- College of Environment and Resources
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
- China
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45
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Zhao Z, Ge G, Zhang D. Heteroatom-Doped Carbonaceous Photocatalysts for Solar Fuel Production and Environmental Remediation. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongkui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Department of Catalysis Chemistry and Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 P.R. China
| | - Guifang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Department of Catalysis Chemistry and Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 P.R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Department of Catalysis Chemistry and Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 P.R. China
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Zhang Q, Wang H, Li Z, Geng C, Leng J. Metal-Free Photocatalyst with Visible-Light-Driven Post-Illumination Catalytic Memory. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:21738-21746. [PMID: 28613811 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel metal-free photocatalyst with post-illumination catalytic memory was fabricated by the graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene (Gr), in which g-C3N4 acts as an efficient photocatalyst and the CNTs and Gr act as supercapacitors. The removal of phenol was achieved in the dark by post-illumination catalytic memory because the photocatalyst could store a portion of its photoactivity via photogenerated electrons in the CNTs and Gr under visible-light illumination and then release the electrons again in the dark. Therefore, this metal-free photocatalyst is capable of operation in the dark for a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University , Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hua Wang
- School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University , Dalian 116023, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecology-Toxicological Effects and Control for Emerging Contaminants , Putian 351100, China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture , Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhangliang Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecology-Toxicological Effects and Control for Emerging Contaminants , Putian 351100, China
| | - Cong Geng
- School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University , Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jinhui Leng
- School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University , Dalian 116023, China
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47
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Enhancement of visible-light photocatalytic activity of Cu3B2O6 hybridized with g-C3N4. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Zhou L, Zhang H, Guo X, Sun H, Liu S, Tade MO, Wang S. Metal-free hybrids of graphitic carbon nitride and nanodiamonds for photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 493:275-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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49
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Su FY, Zhang WD. Creating distortion in g-C 3 N 4 framework by incorporation of ethylenediaminetetramethylene for enhancing photocatalytic generation of hydrogen. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Christoforidis KC, Fornasiero P. Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production: A Rift into the Future Energy Supply. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201601659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos C. Christoforidis
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, ICCOM-CNR and INSTMUniversity of Trieste viaL.Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, ICCOM-CNR and INSTMUniversity of Trieste viaL.Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
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