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Byerly-Duke J, O'Brien EA, Wall BJ, VanVeller B. Thioimidates provide general access to thioamide, amidine, and imidazolone peptide-bond isosteres. Methods Enzymol 2024; 698:27-55. [PMID: 38886036 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Thioamides, amidines, and heterocycles are three classes of modifications that can act as peptide-bond isosteres to alter the peptide backbone. Thioimidate protecting groups can address many of the problematic synthetic issues surrounding installation of these groups. Historically, amidines have received little attention in peptides due to limitations in methods to access them. The first robust and general procedure for the introduction of amidines into peptide backbones exploits the utility of thioimidate protecting groups as a means to side-step reactivity that ultimately renders existing methods unsuitable for the installation of amidines along the main-chain of peptides. Further, amidines formed on-resin can be reacted to form (4H)-imidazolone heteorcycles which have recently been shown to act as cis-amide isosteres. General methods for heterocyclic installation capable of geometrically restricting peptide conformation are also under-developed. This work is significant because it describes a generally applicable and divergent approach to access unexplored peptide designs and architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Byerly-Duke
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Emily A O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Brendan J Wall
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Brett VanVeller
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.
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2
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Byerly-Duke J, VanVeller B. Thioimidate Solutions to Thioamide Problems during Thionopeptide Deprotection. Org Lett 2024; 26:1452-1457. [PMID: 38341867 PMCID: PMC11031844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Thioamides have structural and chemical similarity to peptide bonds, offering valuable insights when probing peptide backbone interactions, but are prone to side reactions during solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Thioimidates have been demonstrated to be effective protecting groups for thioamides during peptide elongation. We further demonstrate how thioimidates can assist thioamides through the most yield-crippling step of thionopeptide deprotection, allowing for the first isolation of an important benchmark α-helical peptide that had previously eluded synthesis and isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Byerly-Duke
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Brett VanVeller
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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3
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Jena S, Tulsiyan KD, Sahoo RR, Rout S, Sahu AK, Biswal HS. Critical assessment of selenourea as an efficient small molecule fluorescence quenching probe to monitor protein dynamics. Chem Sci 2023; 14:14200-14210. [PMID: 38098725 PMCID: PMC10718066 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04287a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoselenium compounds have recently been the experimentalists' delight due to their broad applications in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and materials science. Selenium atom replacement of the carbonyl oxygen of the urea moiety dramatically reduces the HOMO-LUMO gap and oxidation potential, which completely changes the physicochemical properties of selenocarbonyl compounds. To our surprise, the photophysics and utility of a simple molecule such as selenourea (SeU) have not been explored in detail, which persuaded us to investigate its role in excited state processes. The steady-state emission, temperature-dependent time-correlated single photon counting, and femtosecond fluorescence upconversion experimental results confirmed that SeU significantly enhances the fluorescence quenching through a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism with an ∼10 ps ultrafast intrinsic PET lifetime component which is mostly absent in thiourea (TU). A wide range of fluorophores, based on their different redox abilities and fluorescence lifetimes covering a broad spectral window (λex: 390-590 nm and λem: 490-690 nm), were chosen to validate the proof of the concept. It was extended to tetramethylrhodamine (TMR)-5-maleimide labeled lysozyme protein, where we observed significant fluorescence quenching in the presence of SeU. The present work emphasizes that the high quenching efficiency with an ultrafast PET process, reduced orbital energy gap, and higher negative free energy change of the electron transfer reaction are the representative characteristics of selenourea or selenoamides to enable them as potential surrogates of thioamides or oxoamides quenching probes to monitor protein conformational changes and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrakant Jena
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District-Khurda, PIN-752050 Bhubaneswar India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex Anushakti Nagar Mumbai 400094 India
| | - Kiran Devi Tulsiyan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District-Khurda, PIN-752050 Bhubaneswar India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex Anushakti Nagar Mumbai 400094 India
| | - Rudhi Ranjan Sahoo
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District-Khurda, PIN-752050 Bhubaneswar India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex Anushakti Nagar Mumbai 400094 India
| | - Saiprakash Rout
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District-Khurda, PIN-752050 Bhubaneswar India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex Anushakti Nagar Mumbai 400094 India
| | - Akshay Kumar Sahu
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District-Khurda, PIN-752050 Bhubaneswar India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex Anushakti Nagar Mumbai 400094 India
| | - Himansu S Biswal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District-Khurda, PIN-752050 Bhubaneswar India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex Anushakti Nagar Mumbai 400094 India
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4
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Zessin M, Meleshin M, Hilscher S, Schiene-Fischer C, Barinka C, Jung M, Schutkowski M. Continuous Fluorescent Sirtuin Activity Assay Based on Fatty Acylated Lysines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087416. [PMID: 37108579 PMCID: PMC10138348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine deacetylases, like histone deacetylases (HDACs) and sirtuins (SIRTs), are involved in many regulatory processes such as control of metabolic pathways, DNA repair, and stress responses. Besides robust deacetylase activity, sirtuin isoforms SIRT2 and SIRT3 also show demyristoylase activity. Interestingly, most of the inhibitors described so far for SIRT2 are not active if myristoylated substrates are used. Activity assays with myristoylated substrates are either complex because of coupling to enzymatic reactions or time-consuming because of discontinuous assay formats. Here we describe sirtuin substrates enabling direct recording of fluorescence changes in a continuous format. Fluorescence of the fatty acylated substrate is different when compared to the deacylated peptide product. Additionally, the dynamic range of the assay could be improved by the addition of bovine serum albumin, which binds the fatty acylated substrate and quenches its fluorescence. The main advantage of the developed activity assay is the native myristoyl residue at the lysine side chain avoiding artifacts resulting from the modified fatty acyl residues used so far for direct fluorescence-based assays. Due to the extraordinary kinetic constants of the new substrates (KM values in the low nM range, specificity constants between 175,000 and 697,000 M-1s-1) it was possible to reliably determine the IC50 and Ki values for different inhibitors in the presence of only 50 pM of SIRT2 using different microtiter plate formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthes Zessin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Marat Meleshin
- Department of Enzymology, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hilscher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Cordelia Schiene-Fischer
- Department of Enzymology, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Cyril Barinka
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mike Schutkowski
- Department of Enzymology, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
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5
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Zessin M, Meleshin M, Sippl W, Schutkowski M. Continuous Histone Deacylase Activity Assays. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2589:411-428. [PMID: 36255640 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2788-4_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein lysine acylation represents one of the most common post-translational modifications. Obviously, highly reactive metabolic intermediates, like thioesters and mixed anhydrides between phosphoric acid and organic acids, modify lysine residues spontaneously. Additionally, enzymes using acyl-CoAs as co-substrates transfer the acyl residue specifically to defined sequences within proteins. The counteracting enzymes are called histone deacetylases (HDACs), releasing the free lysine side chain. Such enzymatic activities are involved in different cellular processes like tumor progression, immune response, regulation of metabolism, and aging. Modulators of such enzymatic activities represent valuable tools in drug discovery. Therefore, direct and continuous assays to monitor enzymatic activity of HDACs are needed. Here we describe different assay formats allowing both monitoring of Zn2+-dependent HDACs via UV-Vis-spectroscopy and NAD+-dependent HDACs (sirtuins) by fluorescence-based assay formats. Additionally, we describe methods enabling efficient screening of HDAC-inhibitors via fluorescence displacement assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthes Zessin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Marat Meleshin
- Department of Enzymology, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Mike Schutkowski
- Department of Enzymology, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Saale, Germany.
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6
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Kale AD, Dalal DS. Catalyst‐ and Solvent‐Free Thioamidation of Aromatic Aldehydes through a Willgerodt‐Kindler Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun D. Kale
- Department of Organic Chemistry School of Chemical Sciences Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University Jalgaon 425 001, MS India
| | - Dipak S. Dalal
- Department of Organic Chemistry School of Chemical Sciences Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University Jalgaon 425 001, MS India
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7
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Fiore KE, Patist MJ, Giannakoulias S, Huang CH, Verma H, Khatri B, Cheng RP, Chatterjee J, Petersson EJ. Structural impact of thioamide incorporation into a β-hairpin. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:582-591. [PMID: 35656485 PMCID: PMC9092430 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00229e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The thioamide is a naturally-occurring single atom substitution of the canonical amide bond. The exchange of oxygen to sulfur alters the amide's physical and chemical characteristics, thereby expanding its functionality. Incorporation of thioamides in prevalent secondary structures has demonstrated that they can either have stabilizing, destabilizing, or neutral effects. We performed a systematic investigation of the structural impact of thioamide incorporation in a β-hairpin scaffold with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Thioamides as hydrogen bond donors did not increase the foldedness of the more stable "YKL" variant of this scaffold. In the less stable "HPT" variant of the scaffold, the thioamide could be stabilizing as a hydrogen bond donor and destabilizing as a hydrogen bond acceptor, but the extent of the perturbation depended upon the position of incorporation. To better understand these effects we performed structural modelling of the macrocyclic folded HPT variants. Finally, we compare the thioamide effects that we observe to previous studies of both side-chain and backbone perturbations to this β-hairpin scaffold to provide context for our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Fiore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th Street Philadelphia 19104 USA
| | - Martijn J Patist
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th Street Philadelphia 19104 USA
| | - Sam Giannakoulias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th Street Philadelphia 19104 USA
| | - Cheng-Hsin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Hitesh Verma
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Bhavesh Khatri
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Richard P Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Jayanta Chatterjee
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th Street Philadelphia 19104 USA
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8
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Casier R, Duhamel J. Pyrene Excimer Formation (PEF) and Its Application to the Study of Polypeptide Dynamics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3623-3629. [PMID: 35291766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective describes how the fluorescence blob model (FBM) has been developed and applied over the past 30 years to characterize the long-range backbone dynamics (LRBD) of polymers in solution. In these experiments, the polymers are randomly labeled with the dye pyrene, which forms an excimer upon the encounter between an excited and a ground-state pyrenyl label inside a finite subvolume of the polymer coil referred to as a blob representing the volume probed by the excited pyrene. By compartmentalizing the polymer coil into a cluster of identical blobs, FBM analysis of the fluorescence decays acquired with the polymers yields the number Nblob of structural units inside a blob. Since a flexible or rigid backbone will result in an Nblob that is either large or small, Nblob can be used as a measure of the flexibility of a given polymer. After having established that these experiments based on pyrene excimer formation (PEF) yielded quantitative information about the LRBD of a variety of polymers in solution, control experiments were carried out to characterize the effects that different molecular variables, such as the side-chain size (SCS) of a structural unit or the length of the linker connecting pyrene to the polymeric backbone, had on the parameters retrieved with the FBM. At this point, the FBM was applied to study the LRBD of polypeptides prepared from racemic mixtures of amino acids (aa's). These studies led to the establishment of simple rules that could be developed into mathematical equations to describe the LRBD of polypeptides. The Nblob values retrieved from the FBM analysis of the fluorescence decays acquired with the pyrene-labeled polypeptides could then be employed to predict the total conformational search time (τtcs) of any polypeptide based on their sequence. Strong correlations were found between the predicted τtcs and the experimental folding times of 145 proteins. The good quality of these correlations suggests that the blob-based approach described in this report might represent an interesting mathematical means for studying protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Casier
- Institute for Polymer Research, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jean Duhamel
- Institute for Polymer Research, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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9
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Lampkin BJ, VanVeller B. Hydrogen Bond and Geometry Effects of Thioamide Backbone Modifications. J Org Chem 2021; 86:18287-18291. [PMID: 34851645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thioamide substitution of backbone peptide bonds can probe interactions along the main chain of proteins. Despite theoretical predictions of the enhanced hydrogen bonding propensities of thioamides, previous studies often do not consider the geometric constraints imposed by folded peptide secondary structure. This work addresses drawbacks in previous studies that ignored the geometry dependence and local dielectric properties of thioamide hydrogen bonding and identifies cases where thioamides may be either stronger or weaker hydrogen-bonding partners than amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Lampkin
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Brett VanVeller
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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10
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Zessin M, Meleshin M, Simic Z, Kalbas D, Arbach M, Gebhardt P, Melesina J, Liebscher S, Bordusa F, Sippl W, Barinka C, Schutkowski M. Continuous Sirtuin/HDAC (histone deacetylase) activity assay using thioamides as PET (Photoinduced Electron Transfer)-based fluorescence quencher. Bioorg Chem 2021; 117:105425. [PMID: 34695733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacylase 11 and human sirtuins are able to remove fatty acid-derived acyl moieties from the ε-amino group of lysine residues. Specific substrates are needed for investigating the biological functions of these enzymes. Additionally, appropriate screening systems are required for identification of modulators of enzymatic activities of HDAC11 and sirtuins. We designed and synthesized a set of activity probes by incorporation of a thioamide quencher unit into the fatty acid-derived acyl chain and a fluorophore in the peptide sequence. Systematic variation of both fluorophore and quencher position resulted "super-substrates" with catalytic constants of up to 15,000,000 M-1s-1 for human sirtuin 2 (Sirt2) enabling measurements using enzyme concentrations down to 100 pM in microtiter plate-based screening formats. It could be demonstrated that the stalled intermediate formed by the reaction of Sirt2-bound thiomyristoylated peptide and NAD+ has IC50 values below 200 pM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthes Zessin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Marat Meleshin
- Department of Enzymology, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Zeljko Simic
- Department of Enzymology, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Diana Kalbas
- Department of Enzymology, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Miriam Arbach
- Department of Enzymology, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Philip Gebhardt
- Department of Enzymology, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Jelena Melesina
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Sandra Liebscher
- Department of Natural Product Biochemistry, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Frank Bordusa
- Department of Natural Product Biochemistry, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Cyril Barinka
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Mike Schutkowski
- Department of Enzymology, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany.
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11
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Khatri B, Raj N, Chatterjee J. Opportunities and challenges in the synthesis of thioamidated peptides. Methods Enzymol 2021; 656:27-57. [PMID: 34325789 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modifications of peptides hold great promise for modulating their pharmacological properties. In the last few decades amide to thioamide substitution has been widely explored to modulate the conformation, non-covalent interactions, and proteolytic stability of peptides. Despite widespread utilization, there are some potential limitations including epimerization and degradation under basic and acidic conditions, respectively. In this chapter, we present the synthetic method to build thio-precursors, their site-specific incorporation onto a growing peptide chain, and troubleshooting during the elongation of thioamidated peptides. This highly efficient, rapid, and robust method can be used for positional scanning of the thioamide bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavesh Khatri
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Nishant Raj
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Jayanta Chatterjee
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
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12
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Fiore KE, Phan HAT, Robkis DM, Walters CR, Petersson EJ. Incorporating thioamides into proteins by native chemical ligation. Methods Enzymol 2021; 656:295-339. [PMID: 34325791 PMCID: PMC8617429 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The thioamide is a versatile replacement of the peptide backbone with altered hydrogen bonding and conformational preferences, as well the ability participate in energy and electron transfer processes. Semi-synthetic incorporation of a thioamide into a protein can be used to study protein folding or protein/protein interactions using these properties. Semi-synthesis also provides the opportunity to study the role of thioamides in natural proteins. Here we outline the semi-synthesis of a model protein, the B1 domain of protein G (GB1) with a thioamide at the N-terminus or the C-terminus. The thioamide is synthetically incorporated into a fragment by solid-phase peptide synthesis, whereas the remainder of the protein is recombinantly expressed. Then, the two fragments are joined by native chemical ligation. The explicit protocol for GB1 synthesis is accompanied by examples of applications with GB1 and other proteins in structural biology and protein misfolding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Fiore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hoang Anh T Phan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - D Miklos Robkis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christopher R Walters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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13
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Jena S, Tulsiyan KD, Kar RK, Kisan HK, Biswal HS. Doubling Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Efficiency in Proteins with Extrinsic Thioamide Probes: Implications for Thiomodified Nucleobases. Chemistry 2021; 27:4373-4383. [PMID: 33210381 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Designing a potential protein-ligand pair is pivotal, not only to track the protein structure dynamics, but also to assist in an atomistic understanding of drug delivery. Herein, the potential of a small model thioamide probe being used to study albumin proteins is reported. By monitoring the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) dynamics with the help of fluorescence spectroscopic techniques, a twofold enhancement in the FRET efficiency of 2-thiopyridone (2TPY), relative to that of its amide analogue, is observed. Molecular dynamics simulations depict the relative position of the free energy minimum to be quite stable in the case of 2TPY through noncovalent interactions with sulfur, which help to enhance the FRET efficiency. Finally, its application is shown by pairing thiouracils with protein. It is found that the site-selective sulfur atom substitution approach and noncovalent interactions with sulfur can substantially enhance the FRET efficiency, which could be a potential avenue to explore in the design of FRET probes to study the structure and dynamics of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrakant Jena
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar, 752050, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Kiran Devi Tulsiyan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar, 752050, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Rajiv K Kar
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hemanta K Kisan
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Chemistry, Utkal University, 751004, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Himansu S Biswal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar, 752050, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
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14
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Robkis DM, Hoang EM, Po P, Deutsch CJ, Petersson EJ. Side-chain thioamides as fluorescence quenching probes. Biopolymers 2021; 112:e23384. [PMID: 32740927 PMCID: PMC7744324 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thioamides, single atom oxygen-to-sulfur substitutions of canonical amide bonds, can be valuable probes for protein folding and protease studies. Here, we investigate the fluorescence quenching properties of thioamides incorporated into the side-chains of amino acids. We synthesize and incorporate Fmoc-protected, solid-phase peptide synthesis building blocks for introducing Nε -thioacetyl-lysine and γ-thioasparagine. Using rigid model peptides, we demonstrate the distance-dependent fluorescence quenching of these thioamides. Furthermore, we describe attempts to incorporate of Nε -thioacetyl-lysine into proteins expressed in Escherichia coli using amber codon suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Miklos Robkis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eileen M Hoang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pengse Po
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carol J Deutsch
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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John SE, Gulati S, Shankaraiah N. Recent advances in multi-component reactions and their mechanistic insights: a triennium review. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01480j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent developments in MCRs, incorporating different strategies along with their mechanistic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephy Elza John
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)
- Hyderabad – 500 037
- India
| | - Shivani Gulati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)
- Hyderabad – 500 037
- India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)
- Hyderabad – 500 037
- India
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16
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Casier R, Duhamel J. The Effect of Amino Acid Size on the Internal Dynamics and Conformational Freedom of Polypeptides. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Remi Casier
- Institute for Polymer Research, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Jean Duhamel
- Institute for Polymer Research, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
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17
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Hu BL, Song YK, Zhang G, Yao Z, Zhang XG. Copper-catalyzed three component C S/C N coupling for the synthesis of trifluorothioacetamides. J Fluor Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2020.109640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Khatri B, Bhat P, Chatterjee J. Convenient synthesis of thioamidated peptides and proteins. J Pept Sci 2020; 26:e3248. [PMID: 32202029 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unique physicochemical properties of a thioamide bond, which is an ideal isostere of an amide bond, have not been fully exploited because of the tedious synthesis of thionated amino acid building blocks. Here, we report a purification-free and highly efficient synthesis of thiobenzotriazolides of Fmoc-protected and orthogonally protected 20 naturally occurring amino acids including asparagine, glutamine, and histidine. The near-quantitative conversion to the respective thioamidated peptides on solid support demonstrates the robustness of the synthetic route. Furthermore, the unaltered incorporation efficiency of thiobenzotriazolides from their stock solution till 48 h suggests their compatibility toward automated peptide synthesis. Finally, utilizing an optimized cocktail of 2% DBU + 5% piperazine for fast Fmoc-deprotection, we report the synthesis of a thioamidated Pin1 WW domain and thioamidated GB1 directly on solid support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavesh Khatri
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Prabhat Bhat
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Jayanta Chatterjee
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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19
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Camacho LA, Nguyen YH, Turner J, VanVeller B. Deprotection Strategies for Thioimidates during Fmoc Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis: A Safe Route to Thioamides. J Org Chem 2019; 84:15309-15314. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Camacho
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Yen H. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - John Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Brett VanVeller
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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20
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Zessin M, Kutil Z, Meleshin M, Nováková Z, Ghazy E, Kalbas D, Marek M, Romier C, Sippl W, Bařinka C, Schutkowski M. One-Atom Substitution Enables Direct and Continuous Monitoring of Histone Deacylase Activity. Biochemistry 2019; 58:4777-4789. [PMID: 31682411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We developed a one-step direct assay for the determination of histone deacylase (HDAC) activity by substituting the carbonyl oxygen of the acyl moiety with sulfur, resulting in thioacylated lysine side chains. This modification is recognized by class I HDACs with different efficiencies ranging from not accepted for HDAC1 to kinetic constants similar to that of the parent oxo substrate for HDAC8. Class II HDACs can hydrolyze thioacylated substrates with approximately 5-10-fold reduced kcat values, which resembles the effect of thioamide substitution in metallo-protease substrates. Class IV HDAC11 accepts thiomyristoyl modification less efficiently with an ∼5-fold reduced specificity constant. On the basis of the unique spectroscopic properties of thioamide bonds (strong absorption in spectral range of 260-280 nm and efficient fluorescence quenching), HDAC-mediated cleavage of thioamides could be followed by ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy in a continuous manner. The HDAC activity assay is compatible with microtiter plate-based screening formats up to 1536-well plates with Z' factors of >0.75 and signal-to-noise ratios of >50. Using thioacylated lysine residues in p53-derived peptides, we optimized substrates for HDAC8 with a catalytic efficiency of >250000 M-1 s-1, which are more than 100-fold more effective than most of the known substrates. We determined inhibition constants of several inhibitors for human HDACs using thioacylated peptidic substrates and found good correlation with the values from the literature. On the other hand, we could introduce N-methylated, N-acylated lysine residues as inhibitors for HDACs with an IC50 value of 1 μM for an N-methylated, N-myristoylated peptide derivative and human HDAC11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthes Zessin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , 06120 Halle/Saale , Germany
| | - Zsófia Kutil
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic
| | - Marat Meleshin
- Department of Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Charles-Tanford-Protein Center , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , 06120 Halle/Saale , Germany
| | - Zora Nováková
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic
| | - Ehab Ghazy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , 06120 Halle/Saale , Germany
| | - Diana Kalbas
- Department of Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Charles-Tanford-Protein Center , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , 06120 Halle/Saale , Germany
| | - Martin Marek
- Departement de Biologie Structurale Integrative, Institut de Genetique et Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) , Universite de Strasbourg (UDS), CNRS, INSERM , 1 rue Laurent Fries, B.P. 10142 , 67404 Illkirch Cedex IGBMC, France
| | - Christophe Romier
- Departement de Biologie Structurale Integrative, Institut de Genetique et Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) , Universite de Strasbourg (UDS), CNRS, INSERM , 1 rue Laurent Fries, B.P. 10142 , 67404 Illkirch Cedex IGBMC, France
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , 06120 Halle/Saale , Germany
| | - Cyril Bařinka
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic
| | - Mike Schutkowski
- Department of Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Charles-Tanford-Protein Center , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , 06120 Halle/Saale , Germany
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21
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Dunbar KL, Dell M, Molloy EM, Kloss F, Hertweck C. Reconstitution of Iterative Thioamidation in Closthioamide Biosynthesis Reveals Tailoring Strategy for Nonribosomal Peptide Backbones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L. Dunbar
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Maria Dell
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Evelyn M. Molloy
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Florian Kloss
- Transfer Group Antiinfectives Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
- Chair of Natural Product Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
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22
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Dunbar KL, Dell M, Molloy EM, Kloss F, Hertweck C. Reconstitution of Iterative Thioamidation in Closthioamide Biosynthesis Reveals Tailoring Strategy for Nonribosomal Peptide Backbones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13014-13018. [PMID: 31276268 PMCID: PMC6772006 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thioamide-containing nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) are exceedingly rare. Recently the biosynthetic gene cluster for the thioamidated NRP antibiotic closthioamide (CTA) was reported, however, the enzyme responsible for and the timing of thioamide formation remained enigmatic. Here, genome editing, biochemical assays, and mutational studies are used to demonstrate that an Fe-S cluster containing member of the adenine nucleotide α-hydrolase protein superfamily (CtaC) is responsible for sulfur incorporation during CTA biosynthesis. However, unlike all previously characterized members, CtaC functions in a thiotemplated manner. In addition to prompting a revision of the CTA biosynthetic pathway, the reconstitution of CtaC provides the first example of a NRP thioamide synthetase. Finally, CtaC is used as a bioinformatic handle to demonstrate that thioamidated NRP biosynthetic gene clusters are more widespread than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L. Dunbar
- Dept. of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Maria Dell
- Dept. of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Evelyn M. Molloy
- Dept. of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Florian Kloss
- Transfer Group AntiinfectivesLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Dept. of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
- Chair of Natural Product ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University Jena07743JenaGermany
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23
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Liu C, Barrett TM, Chen X, Ferrie JJ, Petersson EJ. Fluorescent Probes for Studying Thioamide Positional Effects on Proteolysis Reveal Insight into Resistance to Cysteine Proteases. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2059-2062. [PMID: 30950552 PMCID: PMC7021225 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thioamide substitutions of the peptide backbone have been shown to reduce proteolytic degradation, and this property can be used to generate competitive protease inhibitors and to stabilize peptides toward degradation in vivo. Here, we present a straightforward sensor design that allows a systematic study of the positional effects of thioamide substitution by using real-time fluorescence. Thioamide scanning in peptide substrates of five papain family cysteine proteases demonstrates that a thioamide at or near the scissile bond can slow proteolysis in all cases, but that the magnitude of the effects varies with position and protease in spite of high sequence homology. Mechanistic investigation of papain proteolysis reveals that the thioamide effects derive from reductions in both affinity (KM ) and turnover number (kcat ). Computational modeling allows these effects to be understood based on disruption of key enzyme-substrate hydrogen bonds, providing a model for future rational use of thioamides to confer cysteine protease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Taylor M Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John J Ferrie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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24
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Camacho LA, Lampkin BJ, VanVeller B. A Bottom-Up Approach To Preserve Thioamide Residue Stereochemistry during Fmoc Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. Org Lett 2019; 21:7015-7018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Camacho
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Bryan J. Lampkin
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Brett VanVeller
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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25
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Zaorska E, Hutsch T, Gawryś-Kopczyńska M, Ostaszewski R, Ufnal M, Koszelewski D. Evaluation of thioamides, thiolactams and thioureas as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donors for lowering blood pressure. Bioorg Chem 2019; 88:102941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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26
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Mitra B, Pariyar GC, Ghosh P. Glycerol: A Benign Solvent‐Assisted Metal‐Free One‐Pot Multi‐Component Synthesis of 4
H
‐Thiopyran and Thioamides from Easily Accessible Precursors. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bijeta Mitra
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Bengal, Dist. Darjeeling, West Bengal India
| | - Gyan Chandra Pariyar
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Bengal, Dist. Darjeeling, West Bengal India
| | - Pranab Ghosh
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Bengal, Dist. Darjeeling, West Bengal India
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27
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Mahanta N, Szantai-Kis DM, Petersson EJ, Mitchell DA. Biosynthesis and Chemical Applications of Thioamides. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:142-163. [PMID: 30698414 PMCID: PMC6404778 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thioamidation as a posttranslational modification is exceptionally rare, with only a few reported natural products and exactly one known protein example (methyl-coenzyme M reductase from methane-metabolizing archaea). Recently, there has been significant progress in elucidating the biosynthesis and function of several thioamide-containing natural compounds. Separate developments in the chemical installation of thioamides into peptides and proteins have enabled cell biology and biophysical studies to advance the current understanding of natural thioamides. This review highlights the various strategies used by Nature to install thioamides in peptidic scaffolds and the potential functions of this rare but important modification. We also discuss synthetic methods used for the site-selective incorporation of thioamides into polypeptides with a brief discussion of the physicochemical implications. This account will serve as a foundation for the further study of thioamides in natural products and their various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Miklos Szantai-Kis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , 3700 Hamilton Walk , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , 3700 Hamilton Walk , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
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28
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Johnson OT, Kaur T, Garner AL. A Conditionally Fluorescent Peptide Reporter of Secondary Structure Modulation. Chembiochem 2019; 20:40-45. [PMID: 30137694 PMCID: PMC6482830 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proteins containing intrinsic disorder often form secondary structure upon interaction with a binding partner. Modulating such structures presents an approach for manipulating the resultant functional outcomes. Translational repressor protein 4E-BP1 is an example of an intrinsically disordered protein that forms an α-helix upon binding to its protein ligand, eIF4E. Current biophysical methods for analyzing binding-induced structural changes are low-throughput, require large amounts of sample, or are extremely sensitive to signal interference by the ligand itself. Herein, we describe the discovery and development of a conditionally fluorescent 4E-BP1 peptide that reports structural changes of its helix in high-throughput format. This reporter peptide is based on conditional quenching of fluorescein by thioamides. In this case, fluorescence signal increases as the peptide becomes more ordered. Conversely, destabilization of the α-helix results in decreased fluorescence signal. The low concentration and low volume of peptide required make this approach amenable for high-throughput screening to discover ligands that alter peptide secondary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleta T. Johnson
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (USA),
| | - Tanpreet Kaur
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 1600 Huron Parkway, NCRC B520, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (USA)
| | - Amanda L. Garner
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (USA),
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 1600 Huron Parkway, NCRC B520, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (USA)
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29
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Saha B, Choudhury N, Bhadran A, Bauri K, De P. Amino acid-derived alternating polyampholyte luminogens. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00462a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A unique polyampholyte luminogen comprised of alternatively placed oppositely charged moieties onto the poly(styrene-alt-maleimide) skeleton was synthesized, and used for the specific detection of carbon disulfide (CS2) in both solution and vapor phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Saha
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Nadia
- India
| | - Neha Choudhury
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Nadia
- India
| | - Abhi Bhadran
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Nadia
- India
| | - Kamal Bauri
- Department of Chemistry
- Raghunathpur College
- Purulia 723133
- India
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Nadia
- India
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30
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Dunbar KL, Büttner H, Molloy EM, Dell M, Kumpfmüller J, Hertweck C. Genome Editing Reveals Novel Thiotemplated Assembly of Polythioamide Antibiotics in Anaerobic Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L. Dunbar
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI; Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Hannah Büttner
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI; Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Evelyn M. Molloy
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI; Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Maria Dell
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI; Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Jana Kumpfmüller
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI; Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI; Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
- Natural Product Chemistry; Friedrich Schiller University; 07743 Jena Germany
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31
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Dunbar KL, Büttner H, Molloy EM, Dell M, Kumpfmüller J, Hertweck C. Genome Editing Reveals Novel Thiotemplated Assembly of Polythioamide Antibiotics in Anaerobic Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14080-14084. [PMID: 30193003 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Closthioamide (CTA) is a unique symmetric nonribosomal peptide with six thioamide moieties that is produced by the Gram-positive obligate anaerobe Ruminiclostridium cellulolyticum. CTA displays potent inhibitory activity against important clinical pathogens, making it a promising drug candidate. Yet, the biosynthesis of this DNA gyrase-targeting antibiotic has remained enigmatic. Using a combination of genome mining, genome editing (targeted group II intron, CRISPR/Cas9), and heterologous expression, we show that CTA biosynthesis involves specialized enzymes for starter unit biosynthesis, amide bond formation, thionation, and dimerization. Surprisingly, CTA biosynthesis involves a novel thiotemplated peptide assembly line that markedly differs from known nonribosomal peptide synthetases. These findings provide the first insights into the biosynthesis of thioamide-containing nonribosomal peptides and offer a starting point for the discovery of related natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Dunbar
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Hannah Büttner
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Evelyn M Molloy
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Dell
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Kumpfmüller
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Natural Product Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
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32
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Tayade YA, Jangale AD, Dalal DS. Simple and Highly Efficient Synthesis of Thioamide Derivatives Using β-Cyclodextrin as Supramolecular Catalyst in Water. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh A. Tayade
- School of Chemical Sciences; North Maharashtra University; Jalgaon - 425 001 India
| | - Asha D. Jangale
- School of Chemical Sciences; North Maharashtra University; Jalgaon - 425 001 India
| | - Dipak S. Dalal
- School of Chemical Sciences; North Maharashtra University; Jalgaon - 425 001 India
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33
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Walters CR, Ferrie JJ, Petersson EJ. Dithioamide substitutions in proteins: effects on thermostability, peptide binding, and fluorescence quenching in calmodulin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:1766-1769. [PMID: 29383362 PMCID: PMC5845795 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00104a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Thioamide substitutions in the backbones of proteins can modulate their structure and thermostability, or serve as spectroscopic probes in fluorescence quenching experiments. Using native chemical ligation, we have produced the first examples of a protein (calmodulin) containing two thioamides. Dithioamide variants were made to explore the effects of combining stabilizing, neutral, and destabilizing single thioamide substitutions. One of the dithioamide calmodulin variants exhibited stabilization greater than any monothioamide variant, although the effect could not easily be anticipated from the results of single substitutions. Each of the calmodulin variants retained the ability to bind a target peptide, and the dithioamide proteins exhibited an increase in fluorescence quenching of tryptophan relative to their single thioamide counterparts. These results show that multiply thioamidated proteins can be synthesized, and that properly placed thioamides can be used to increase protein thermostability or enhance fluorecsence quenching in peptide binding experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Walters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 213 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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34
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Huang Y, Ferrie JJ, Chen X, Zhang Y, Szantai-Kis DM, Chenoweth DM, Petersson EJ. Electronic interactions of i, i + 1 dithioamides: increased fluorescence quenching and evidence for n-to-π* interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:7798-801. [PMID: 27229876 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00105j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thioamide residues can be effective, minimally-perturbing fluorescence quenching probes for studying protein folding and proteolysis. In order to increase the level of quenching, we have here explored the use of adjacent dithioamides. We have found that they are more effective fluorescence quenchers, as expected, but we have also observed unexpected changes in the thioamide absorption spectra that may arise from n-to-π* interactions of the thiocarbonyls. We have made use of the increased quenching to improve the fluorescence turn-on of thioamide protease sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - John J Ferrie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Yitao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - D Miklos Szantai-Kis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. and Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 3700 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David M Chenoweth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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35
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Haney CM, Petersson EJ. Fluorescence spectroscopy reveals N-terminal order in fibrillar forms of α-synuclein. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:833-836. [PMID: 29313531 PMCID: PMC5961496 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08601f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal protein α-synuclein (αS) plays a key role in Parkinson's disease, forming inclusions termed Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. Recent improvements in cryo-electron diffraction and solid state NMR (ssNMR) have led to the elucidation of the structures of peptides derived from the αS fibril core and full-length human αS in fibrils. Despite the valuable insight offered by these methods, there are still several questions about the structures' relevance to pathological aggregates. Herein, we present fluorescence data collected in vitro under the conditions which fibrils are typically assembled. Our data suggest that, in solution, fibrils are largely structured as observed by ssNMR. However, we observe significant disparities in the αS N-terminus as compared to ssNMR data, which provide insight on its important role in αS aggregation and fibril structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor M. Haney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 213 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. ; Tel: +1-215-746-2221
| | - E. James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 213 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. ; Tel: +1-215-746-2221
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36
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Nayak DD, Mahanta N, Mitchell DA, Metcalf WW. Post-translational thioamidation of methyl-coenzyme M reductase, a key enzyme in methanogenic and methanotrophic Archaea. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28880150 PMCID: PMC5589413 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR), found in strictly anaerobic methanogenic and methanotrophic archaea, catalyzes the reversible production and consumption of the potent greenhouse gas methane. The α subunit of MCR (McrA) contains several unusual post-translational modifications, including a rare thioamidation of glycine. Based on the presumed function of homologous genes involved in the biosynthesis of thioviridamide, a thioamide-containing natural product, we hypothesized that the archaeal tfuA and ycaO genes would be responsible for post-translational installation of thioglycine into McrA. Mass spectrometric characterization of McrA from the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina acetivorans lacking tfuA and/or ycaO revealed the presence of glycine, rather than thioglycine, supporting this hypothesis. Phenotypic characterization of the ∆ycaO-tfuA mutant revealed a severe growth rate defect on substrates with low free energy yields and at elevated temperatures (39°C - 45°C). Our analyses support a role for thioglycine in stabilizing the protein secondary structure near the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti D Nayak
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, United States
| | - Nilkamal Mahanta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, United States
| | - Douglas A Mitchell
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, United States
| | - William W Metcalf
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, United States
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37
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Zhou Z, Yu JT, Zhou Y, Jiang Y, Cheng J. Aqueous MCRs of quaternary ammoniums, N-substituted formamides and sodium disulfide towards aryl thioamides. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00670a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A three-component reaction of quaternary ammonium salts, N-substituted formamides and aqueous sodium disulfide was developed, leading to aryl/heteroaryl thioamides in moderate to good yields with good functional group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Jin-Tao Yu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Yongnan Zhou
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Yan Jiang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Jiang Cheng
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
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38
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Park HS, Kang YK. Effects of isosteric substitutions on the conformational preference and cis–trans isomerization of proline-containing peptides. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01403a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Isosteric substitutions of the peptide CO group by CS and CSe groups increased thetranspopulation and rotational barrier to the prolylcis–transisomerization of proline-containing peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Sook Park
- Department of Nursing
- Cheju Halla University
- Cheju 63092
- Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kee Kang
- Department of Chemistry and BK21 PLUS Research Team
- Chungbuk National University
- Cheongju
- Republic of Korea
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39
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De Zotti M, Peggion C, Biondi B, Crisma M, Formaggio F, Toniolo C. Endothioxopeptides: A conformational overview. Biopolymers 2016; 106:697-713. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Cristina Peggion
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Barbara Biondi
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Marco Crisma
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Claudio Toniolo
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; Padova 35131 Italy
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40
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Wang YJ, Szantai-Kis DM, Petersson EJ. Chemoselective modifications for the traceless ligation of thioamide-containing peptides and proteins. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:6262-9. [PMID: 27264841 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01020b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thioamides are single-atom substitutions of canonical amide bonds, and have been proven to be versatile and minimally perturbing probes in protein folding studies. Previously, our group showed that thioamides can be incorporated into proteins by native chemical ligation (NCL) with Cys as a ligation handle. In this study, we report the expansion of this strategy into non-Cys ligation sites, utilizing radical initiated desulfurization to "erase" the side chain thiol after ligation. The reaction exhibited high chemoselectivity against thioamides, which can be further enhanced with thioacetamide as a sacrificial scavenger. As a proof-of-concept example, we demonstrated the incorporation of a thioamide probe into a 56 amino acid protein, the B1 domain of Protein G (GB1). Finally, we showed that the method can be extended to β-thiol amino acid analogs and selenocysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin J Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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41
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Wang YJ, Szantai-Kis DM, Petersson EJ. Semi-synthesis of thioamide containing proteins. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:5074-81. [PMID: 25811732 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory has shown that the thioamide, a single atom O-to-S substitution, can be a versatile fluorescence quenching probe that is minimally-perturbing when placed at many locations in a protein sequence. In order to make these and other thioamide experiments applicable to full-sized proteins, we have developed methods for incorporating thioamides by generating thiopeptide fragments through solid phase synthesis and ligating them to protein fragments expressed in E. coli. To install donor fluorophores, we have adapted unnatural amino acid mutagenesis methods, including the generation of new tRNA synthetases for the incorporation of small, intrinsically fluorescent amino acids. We have used a combination of these two methods, as well as chemoenzymatic protein modification, to efficiently install sidechain and backbone modifications to generate proteins labeled with fluorophore/thioamide pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin J Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
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42
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Dippel AB, Olenginski GM, Maurici N, Liskov MT, Brewer SH, Phillips-Piro CM. Probing the effectiveness of spectroscopic reporter unnatural amino acids: a structural study. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2016; 72:121-30. [PMID: 26894540 PMCID: PMC4756619 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798315022858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The X-ray crystal structures of superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) containing the spectroscopic reporter unnatural amino acids (UAAs) 4-cyano-L-phenylalanine (pCNF) or 4-ethynyl-L-phenylalanine (pCCF) at two unique sites in the protein have been determined. These UAAs were genetically incorporated into sfGFP in a solvent-exposed loop region and/or a partially buried site on the β-barrel of the protein. The crystal structures containing the UAAs at these two sites permit the structural implications of UAA incorporation for the native protein structure to be assessed with high resolution and permit a direct correlation between the structure and spectroscopic data to be made. The structural implications were quantified by comparing the root-mean-square deviation (r.m.s.d.) between the crystal structure of wild-type sfGFP and the protein constructs containing either pCNF or pCCF in the local environment around the UAAs and in the overall protein structure. The results suggest that the selective placement of these spectroscopic reporter UAAs permits local protein environments to be studied in a relatively nonperturbative fashion with site-specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Dippel
- Department of Chemistry, Franklin and Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604-3003, USA
| | - Gregory M. Olenginski
- Department of Chemistry, Franklin and Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604-3003, USA
| | - Nicole Maurici
- Department of Chemistry, Franklin and Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604-3003, USA
| | - Melanie T. Liskov
- Department of Chemistry, Franklin and Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604-3003, USA
| | - Scott H. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Franklin and Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604-3003, USA
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43
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Tookmanian EM, Phillips-Piro CM, Fenlon EE, Brewer SH. Azidoethoxyphenylalanine as a Vibrational Reporter and Click Chemistry Partner in Proteins. Chemistry 2015; 21:19096-103. [PMID: 26608683 PMCID: PMC4815431 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An unnatural amino acid, 4-(2-azidoethoxy)-L-phenylalanine (AePhe, 1), was designed and synthesized in three steps from known compounds in 54% overall yield. The sensitivity of the IR absorption of the azide of AePhe was established by comparison of the frequency of the azide asymmetric stretch vibration in water and dimethyl sulfoxide. AePhe was successfully incorporated into superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) at the 133 and 149 sites by using the amber codon suppression method. The IR spectra of these sfGFP constructs indicated that the azide group at the 149 site was not fully solvated despite the location in sfGFP and the three-atom linker between the azido group and the aromatic ring of AePhe. An X-ray crystal structure of sfGFP-149-AePhe was solved at 1.45 Å resolution and provides an explanation for the IR data as the flexible linker adopts a conformation which partially buries the azide on the protein surface. Both sfGFP-AePhe constructs efficiently undergo a bioorthogonal strain-promoted click cycloaddition with a dibenzocyclooctyne derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise M Tookmanian
- Department of Chemistry Franklin & Marshall College, P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604 (USA)
| | | | - Edward E Fenlon
- Department of Chemistry Franklin & Marshall College, P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604 (USA).
| | - Scott H Brewer
- Department of Chemistry Franklin & Marshall College, P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604 (USA).
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44
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Zhang Y, Malamakal RM, Chenoweth DM. A Single Stereodynamic Center Modulates the Rate of Self-Assembly in a Biomolecular System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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45
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Zhang Y, Malamakal RM, Chenoweth DM. A Single Stereodynamic Center Modulates the Rate of Self-Assembly in a Biomolecular System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [PMID: 26212926 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chirality is a property of asymmetry important to both physical and abstract systems. Understanding how molecular systems respond to perturbations in their chiral building blocks can provide insight into diverse areas such as biomolecular self-assembly, protein folding, drug design, materials, and catalysis. Despite the fundamental importance of stereochemical preorganization in nature and designed materials, the ramifications of replacing chiral centers with stereodynamic atomic mimics in the context of biomolecular systems is unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that replacement of a single amino acid stereocenter with a stereodynamic nitrogen atom has profound consequences on the self-assembly of a biomolecular system. Our results provide insight into how the fundamental biopolymers of life would behave if their chiral centers were not configurationally stable, highlighting the vital importance of stereochemistry as a pre-organizing element in biomolecular folding and assembly events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34thStreet, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (USA)
| | - Roy M Malamakal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34thStreet, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (USA)
| | - David M Chenoweth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34thStreet, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (USA).
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46
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Wang X, Ji M, Lim S, Jang HY. Thiol as a Synthon for Preparing Thiocarbonyl: Aerobic Oxidation of Thiols for the Synthesis of Thioamides. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7256-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501378v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Miran Ji
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Seungyeon Lim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Hye-Young Jang
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
- Korea Carbon Capture & Sequestration R&D Center, Deajeon 305-343, Korea
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47
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Torsello M, Orian L, De Zotti M, Saini R, Formaggio F, Polimeno A. Energetics of oxo- and thio-dipeptide formation via amino acid condensation: a systematic computational analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:17515-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02680b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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48
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Soares JA, Kiessling LL. A symposium in honor of Peter B. Dervan, the 2014 ACS Chemical Biology Lectureship Award Winner. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:1221-3. [PMID: 25120068 DOI: 10.1021/cb5003703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jitesh A Soares
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madition , 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1544, United States
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