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Minneci M, Misevicius M, Rozas I. Searching for "Greener" Bioequivalents of CF 3 to Lower its Environmental Impact. Chemistry 2024:e202401954. [PMID: 38958040 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Considering the broad use of the trifluoromethyl functional group (-CF3) in medicinal chemistry and taking into account the recent concerns on the negative environmental effects of CF3 containing compounds, we are searching for "greener" alternatives. Thus, different chemical groups (i. e. iodide, fluoride, cyclopropyl, isopropyl, cyclobutyl, 3-oxetyl, 2-oxetyl, methylsulfide, pentafluorosulfide, methylsulfonyl and sulfonamide) have been considered as potential bioequivalents of -CF3 aiming to use them in compounds with therapeutic interest instead of the polyfluoride functionality. Different structural (molecular surface and volume) and physicochemical (electronic and lipophilic) aspects of the bioequivalent functionalities proposed have been theoretically calculated and compared to those of -CF3. Additionally, the corresponding phenyl derivatives carrying these functionalities have been purchased or prepared and their experimental lipophilicity (i. e. LogP) measured using shake-flask experiments and UV-vis spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Minneci
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, TBSI, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Matas Misevicius
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, TBSI, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Isabel Rozas
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, TBSI, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02 R590, Ireland
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2
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Morelli MB, Caviglia M, Santini C, Del Gobbo J, Zeppa L, Del Bello F, Giorgioni G, Piergentili A, Quaglia W, Battocchio C, Bertelà F, Amatori S, Meneghini C, Iucci G, Venditti I, Dolmella A, Di Palma M, Pellei M. Copper-Based Complexes with Adamantane Ring-Conjugated bis(3,5-Dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)acetate Ligand as Promising Agents for the Treatment of Glioblastoma. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9662-9685. [PMID: 38831692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The new ligand L2Ad, obtained by conjugating the bifunctional species bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-acetate and the drug amantadine, was used as a chelator for the synthesis of new Cu complexes 1-5. Their structures were investigated by synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (SR-XPS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, and by combining X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy techniques and DFT modeling. The structure of complex 3 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Tested on U87, T98, and U251 glioma cells, Cu(II) complex 3 and Cu(I) complex 5 decreased cell viability with IC50 values significantly lower than cisplatin, affecting cell growth, proliferation, and death. Their effects were prevented by treatment with the Cu chelator tetrathiomolybdate, suggesting the involvement of copper in their cytotoxic activity. Both complexes were able to increase ROS production, leading to DNA damage and death. Interestingly, nontoxic doses of 3 or 5 enhanced the chemosensitivity to Temozolomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Beatrice Morelli
- School of Pharmacy, Immunopathology and Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Miriam Caviglia
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri (ChIP), 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Santini
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri (ChIP), 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Jo' Del Gobbo
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri (ChIP), 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Laura Zeppa
- School of Pharmacy, Immunopathology and Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri (ChIP), 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Gianfabio Giorgioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri (ChIP), 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piergentili
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri (ChIP), 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Wilma Quaglia
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri (ChIP), 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Chiara Battocchio
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Federica Bertelà
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Simone Amatori
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Carlo Meneghini
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanna Iucci
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Iole Venditti
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dolmella
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Di Palma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Maura Pellei
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri (ChIP), 62032 Camerino, Italy
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3
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Jana K, Pramanik U, Ingle KS, Maity R, Mukherjee S, Nayak SK, Chandra Debnath S, Maity T, Maity S, Chandra Samanta B. Copper(II) complexes with NNN and NNO Schiff base ligands as efficient photodegradation agents for methylene blue, preferential BSA binder and biomaterial transplants. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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Ruta LL, Farcasanu IC, Bacalum M, Răileanu M, Rostas AM, Daniliuc C, Chifiriuc MC, Măruțescu L, Popa M, Badea M, Iorgulescu EE, Olar R. Biological Activity of Triazolopyrimidine Copper(II) Complexes Modulated by an Auxiliary N-N-Chelating Heterocycle Ligands. Molecules 2021; 26:6772. [PMID: 34833864 PMCID: PMC8620715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel complexes of type [Cu(N-N)(dmtp)2(OH2)](ClO4)2·dmtp ((1) N-N: 2,2'-bipyridine; (2) L: 1,10-phenantroline and dmtp: 5,7-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine) were designed in order to obtain biologically active compounds. Complexes were characterized as mononuclear species that crystallized in the space group P-1 of the triclinic system with a square pyramidal geometry around the copper (II). In addition to the antiproliferative effect on murine melanoma B16 cells, complex (1) exhibited low toxicity on normal BJ cells and did not affect membrane integrity. Complex (2) proved to be a more potent antimicrobial in comparison with (1), but both compounds were more active in comparison with dmtp-both against planktonic cells and biofilms. A stronger antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect was noticed against the Gram-positive strains, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Both electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae studies indicated that the complexes were scavengers rather than reactive oxygen species promoters. Their DNA intercalating capacity was evidenced by modifications in both absorption and fluorescence spectra. Furthermore, both complexes exhibited nuclease-like activity, which increased in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia L. Ruta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90–92 Panduri Str., 050663 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ileana C. Farcasanu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90–92 Panduri Str., 050663 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mihaela Bacalum
- Department of Life and Environmental Physics, Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului Str., 077125 Măgurele, Romania; (M.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Mina Răileanu
- Department of Life and Environmental Physics, Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului Str., 077125 Măgurele, Romania; (M.B.); (M.R.)
- Department of Electricity, Solid State and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 405A Atomiştilor Str., 077125 Măgurele, Romania
| | - Arpad Mihai Rostas
- Laboratory of Atomic Structures and Defects in Advanced Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomiştilor Str., 077125 Măgurele, Romania;
| | - Constantin Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1–3 Aleea Portocalelor Str., 060101 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.C.); (L.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Luminița Măruțescu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1–3 Aleea Portocalelor Str., 060101 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.C.); (L.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Marcela Popa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1–3 Aleea Portocalelor Str., 060101 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.C.); (L.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Mihaela Badea
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90–92 Panduri Str., 050663 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Emilia Elena Iorgulescu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90–92 Panduri Str., 050663 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Rodica Olar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90–92 Panduri Str., 050663 Bucharest, Romania;
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5
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Elamathi C, Butcher RJ, Mohankumar A, Sundararaj P, Elango KP, Kalaivani P, Prabhakaran R. Dual sensing of methionine and aspartic acid in aqueous medium by a quinoline-based fluorescent probe. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:8820-8830. [PMID: 34096948 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00648g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A quinoline-based Schiff base sensor, 6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxaldehyde-4(N)-phenylsemicarbazone (6MPS), has been developed for selective sensing of methionine and aspartic acid in aqueous medium through "on-off-on" type selective detection of copper ion. Fluorescence imaging of 6MPS, 6MPSC, 6MPSCN, 6MPSC-met, 6MPSCN-met, 6MPSC-asp and 6MPSCN-asp has been successfully demonstrated, in which the sensing probes 6MPSC-met, 6MPSCN-met, 6MPSC-asp and 6MPSCN-asp displayed bright green fluorescence in both in vitro and in vivo live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Elamathi
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, India.
| | - R J Butcher
- Department of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Howard University, Washington DC 20059, USA
| | - A Mohankumar
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - P Sundararaj
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - K P Elango
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University), Gandhigram 624 302, India
| | - P Kalaivani
- Department of Chemistry, Nirmala College for Women, Red Fields, Coimbatore-641018, India
| | - R Prabhakaran
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, India.
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6
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Jana K, Maity R, Puschmann H, Mitra A, Ghosh R, Debnath SC, Shukla A, Mahanta AK, Maity T, Samanta BC. A binuclear chloride bridged Cu(II) and a mononuclear Ni(II) complex: Synthesis, crystal structure, photo catalytic and biological studies. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.120067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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7
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Copper(II) Complexes with Mixed Heterocycle Ligands as Promising Antibacterial and Antitumor Species. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173777. [PMID: 32825156 PMCID: PMC7504215 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Complexes with mixed ligands [Cu(N-N)2(pmtp)](ClO4)2 ((1) N-N: 2,2′-bipyridine; (2) L: 1,10-phenanthroline and pmpt: 5-phenyl-7-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine) were synthesized and structurally and biologically characterized. Compound (1) crystallizes into space group Pa and (2) in P-1. Both complexes display an intermediate stereochemistry between the two five-coordinated ones. The biological tests indicated that the two compounds exhibited superoxide scavenging capacity, intercalative DNA properties, and metallonuclease activity. Tests on various cell systems indicated that the two complexes neither interfere with the proliferation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae or BJ healthy skin cells, nor cause hemolysis in the active concentration range. Nevertheless, the compounds showed antibacterial potential, with complex (2) being significantly more active than complex (1) against all tested bacterial strains, both in planktonic and biofilm growth state. Both complexes exhibited a very good activity against B16 melanoma cells, with a higher specificity being displayed by compound (1). Taken together, the results indicate that complexes (1) and (2) have specific biological relevance, with potential for the development of antitumor or antimicrobial drugs.
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8
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Parveen S, Arjmand F, Zhang Q, Ahmad M, Khan A, Toupet L. Molecular docking, DFT and antimicrobial studies of Cu(II) complex as topoisomerase I inhibitor. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:2092-2105. [PMID: 32174234 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1743365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and single crystal X-ray structure of Cu(II)-picolinic acid complex, 1 as a potent topoisomerase I inhibitor. The complex 1 crystallized in the triclinic crystal system with space group P-1. Comparative in vitro binding studies of complex 1 with CT DNA and tRNA were carried out revealing an electrostatic binding mode with higher binding propensity towards tRNA. The intrinsic bonding constant value, Kb was calculated to be 4.36 × 104 and 8.78 × 104 M-1 with CT DNA and tRNA respectively. DNA cleavage activity was carried out with a pBR322 plasmid DNA substrate to ascertain the cleaving ability. Furthermore, Topo-I inhibition assay of complex 1, performed via gel electrophoresis revealed a significant inhibitory effect on the enzyme catalytic activity at a minimum concentration of 15 µM. The DFT studies were carried out to provide better insight in the electronic transitions observed in the absorption spectrum of the complex 1. Molecular docking studies were carried out with DNA, RNA and Topo-I to determine the specific binding preferences at the target site and complement the spectroscopic studies. The antimicrobial potential of complex 1 was screened against E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis and C. albicans; and compared with doxycycline, exhibiting an excellent maximum zone of inhibition of 28 mm against E. coli.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Parveen
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Farukh Arjmand
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Qianfan Zhang
- Chemistry Department, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Musheer Ahmad
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Arif Khan
- Department of Chemistry, SCLS, Jamia Hamdard, Delhi, India
| | - Loic Toupet
- Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR 625, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes Cedex, France
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9
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Muddassir M, Alarifi A, Afzal M, Alshali KA, Abduh NAY, Beagan A. A fluorescent Cu(ii) complex as a dual functional sensor for selective and sensitive detection of acetone and Cd(ii) pollutants. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42137-42146. [PMID: 35516735 PMCID: PMC9057960 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08073j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Cu2+ perchlorate complexes of 3,5-dimetylpyrazole(dmpy), namely [Cu(dmpy)3(H2O)2](H2O)(ClO4)2 (1), were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. It was determined that Cu2+ coordinated to the nitrogen atoms of three dmpy molecules as well as to the oxygen atoms of two H2O molecules in a square pyramidal geometry. To balance the charge, two uncoordinated perchlorate anions and one H2O molecule were also present in the lattice. The resulting Cu2+ complex was involved in extensive hydrogen bonding, which stabilized the structure. The fluorescence properties of complex 1 were studied in acetonitrile at room temperature upon the addition of different organic solvents. It was confirmed that the complex exhibited remarkable acetone selectivity via a fluorescence quenching mechanism. At low concentrations, the fluorescence intensities were nearly completely quenched via a turn-off mode. Moreover, complex 1 displayed exceptional selectivity, fast detection time, and high sensitivity for Cd2+ in aqueous solutions via a fluorescence enhancement mechanism (turn-on mode). Hence, the prepared complex showed potential for application in Cd2+ detection. Notably, in an aqueous solution, complex 1 exhibited highly selective fluorescence enhancement effects (turn-on mode) with respect to Cd2+ and was not affected by the interference of other metal ions. The prepared complex 1 exhibited highly sensitive and selective fluorescence quenching (turn-off) effect in the presence of acetone as well as fluorescence enhancement (turn-on) effect toward Cd2+ ions in aqueous solutions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Muddassir
- Catalytic Chemistry Research Chair
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
| | - Abdullah Alarifi
- Catalytic Chemistry Research Chair
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
| | - Mohd Afzal
- Catalytic Chemistry Research Chair
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
| | - Khulud Abdullah Alshali
- Catalytic Chemistry Research Chair
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
| | - Naaser A. Y. Abduh
- Catalytic Chemistry Research Chair
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
| | - Abeer Beagan
- Catalytic Chemistry Research Chair
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
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10
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Yousuf I, Zeeshan M, Arjmand F, Rizvi MA, Tabassum S. Synthesis, structural investigations and DNA cleavage properties of a new water soluble Cu(II)–iminodiacetate complex. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Evaluation of cytotoxic activity and genotoxicity of structurally well characterized potent cobalt(II) phen–based antitumor drug entities: An in vitro and in vivo approach. Bioorg Chem 2019; 88:102963. [PMID: 31071506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Sasikala V, Sundar JK, Lakshmi MA. 1D Helical Single‐Crystal to 3D Lonsdaleite Single‐Crystal Transformation of Copper(II)‐Based Coordination Polymer: Acetone Fluorescence Sensing and CO
2
Gas Separation. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vadivel Sasikala
- Materials Science LaboratoryDepartment of PhysicsPeriyar University Salem - 636 011, Tamil Nadu India
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13
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Coulton JB, Smith AC, Wheeler KA, Semeniuc RF. Multiple coordination modes of a new ditopic bis(pyrazolyl)methane-based ligand. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:17109-17121. [PMID: 30465668 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03992e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A new ditopic ligand, N-(2,2-bis(pyrazolyl)ethyl)-2,2-bis(pyrazolyl)acetamide ((pz)2CH-C(O)-NH-CH2-CH(pz)2, L4Pz, pz = pyrazolyl ring), comprising two bis(pyrazolyl)methane donor groups linked via an amide bridge, has been prepared from the reaction of HOOCCH(pz)2 and H2NCH2CH(pz)2. The ligand coordinates to various metallic salts (i.e. AgO3SCF3, PdCl2, Re(CO)5Br, and Fe(BF4)2), in either a κ2-μ-κ2 or a κ3-μ-κ2 fashion, depending on the coordination preferences of the metallic center. These compounds were characterized by NMR, UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy, and in solid state by single crystal X-ray diffraction. In the case of silver(i), a mono-dimensional coordination polymer was obtained, while the others were found to be discrete complexes. The synthesis and characterization of a heterobimetallic complex is also described. In solid state, all compounds are associated into supramolecular architectures via hydrogen bonding and pyrazolyl embrace interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Coulton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois 61920, USA.
| | - Aramis C Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois 61920, USA.
| | - Kraig A Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Whitworth University, Spokane, Washington 99251, USA
| | - Radu F Semeniuc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois 61920, USA.
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14
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Jana A, Brandão P, Mondal G, Bera P, Santra A, Jana AD, Mokhamatam RB, Manna SK, Bhattacharyya N, Bera P. Synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity effect and DNA cleavage study of symmetric dinuclear chloro and azido bridged copper(II) complexes of napthyl-pyrazole based ligand. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Yousuf I, Usman M, Ahmad M, Tabassum S, Arjmand F. Single X-ray crystal structure, DFT studies and topoisomerase I inhibition activity of a tailored ionic Ag( i) nalidixic acid–piperazinium drug entity specific for pancreatic cancer cells. NEW J CHEM 2018; 42:506-519. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03602g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
DFT studies, Topo I inhibition assay and cytotoxic activity of novel ionic Ag(i) nalidixic acid–piperazinium molecular entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiyaz Yousuf
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh 202002
- India
| | - Mohammad Usman
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh 202002
- India
| | - Musheer Ahmad
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh 202002
- India
| | - Sartaj Tabassum
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh 202002
- India
| | - Farukh Arjmand
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh 202002
- India
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16
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Singh A, Kumari P, Raghuvanshi A, Mobin SM, Mathur P. Ferrocene‐substituted bis(ethynyl)anthracene compounds as anticancer agents. Appl Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Singh
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Basic SciencesIndian Institute of Technology Indore Simrol 453552 India
| | - Pratibha Kumari
- Centre for Biosciences and Biomedical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Indore Simrol 453552 India
| | - Abhinav Raghuvanshi
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Basic SciencesIndian Institute of Technology Indore Simrol 453552 India
| | - Shaikh M. Mobin
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Basic SciencesIndian Institute of Technology Indore Simrol 453552 India
- Centre for Biosciences and Biomedical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Indore Simrol 453552 India
- Discipline of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials ScienceIndian Institute of Technology Indore Simrol 453552 India
| | - Pradeep Mathur
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Basic SciencesIndian Institute of Technology Indore Simrol 453552 India
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17
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Sadhu MH, Kumar SB, Saini JK, Purani SS, Khanna TR. Mononuclear copper(II) and binuclear cobalt(II) complexes with halides and tetradentate nitrogen coordinate ligand: Synthesis, structures and bioactivities. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Johnston EM, Carreira C, Dell'Acqua S, Dey SG, Pauleta SR, Moura I, Solomon EI. Spectroscopic Definition of the Cu Z° Intermediate in Turnover of Nitrous Oxide Reductase and Molecular Insight into the Catalytic Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4462-4476. [PMID: 28228011 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopic methods and density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to determine the geometric and electronic structure of CuZ°, an intermediate form of the Cu4S active site of nitrous oxide reductase (N2OR) that is observed in single turnover of fully reduced N2OR with N2O. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), absorption, and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopies show that CuZ° is a 1-hole (i.e., 3CuICuII) state with spin density delocalized evenly over CuI and CuIV. Resonance Raman spectroscopy shows two Cu-S vibrations at 425 and 413 cm-1, the latter with a -3 cm-1 O18 solvent isotope shift. DFT calculations correlated to these spectral features show that CuZ° has a terminal hydroxide ligand coordinated to CuIV, stabilized by a hydrogen bond to a nearby lysine residue. CuZ° can be reduced via electron transfer from CuA using a physiologically relevant reductant. We obtain a lower limit on the rate of this intramolecular electron transfer (IET) that is >104 faster than the unobserved IET in the resting state, showing that CuZ° is the catalytically relevant oxidized form of N2OR. Terminal hydroxide coordination to CuIV in the CuZ° intermediate yields insight into the nature of N2O binding and reduction, specifying a molecular mechanism in which N2O coordinates in a μ-1,3 fashion to the fully reduced state, with hydrogen bonding from Lys397, and two electrons are transferred from the fully reduced μ4S2- bridged tetranuclear copper cluster to N2O via a single Cu atom to accomplish N-O bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Johnston
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Cíntia Carreira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Simone Dell'Acqua
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sofia R Pauleta
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Isabel Moura
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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19
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Yousuf I, Arjmand F. In vitro DNA binding profile of enantiomeric dinuclear Cu(II)/Ni(II) complexes derived from l-/d-histidine-terepthaldehyde reduced Schiff base as potential chemotherapeutic agents. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 164:83-95. [PMID: 27661758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
New chiral reduced Schiff base ligands, L1 and L2 derived from l-/d-histidine and terepthaldehyde, and their Cu(II) and Ni(II) dinuclear complexes 1 &2 (a and b) were synthesized and thoroughly characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. Comparative binding profile of both l-/d-enantiomeric Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes with ct-DNA was studied by employing optical and spectroscopic techniques to evaluate their enantiopreferential selectivity towards molecular target DNA and thereby explore their relative chemotherapeutic potential. Quantitative assessment of DNA binding propensity was ascertained by calculating Kb, K and Ksv values of 1 &2 (a and b) which demonstrated higher binding affinity of l-enantiomeric Cu(II) complex, 1a and followed the order as 1a>1b>2a>2b. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the morphological changes of the DNA condensate in presence of complexes 1 (a and b). The SEM micrographs condensates revealed morphological transitions and formation of different structural features implicating the condensation process between the complexes and biomolecule occurred to form compact massive structures. The gel electrophoretic assay of complex 1a was carried out with pBR322 plasmid DNA which revealed an efficient cleaving ability of the complex via oxidative pathway with the involvement of singlet oxygen (1O2) and the superoxide anion (O2•-) radicals as the ROS responsible the cleavage reactions. Molecular docking studies of 1 (a and b) with DNA revealed selective recognition of G-C residues of the narrow minor groove of the DNA duplex and complex 1a demonstrated binding affinity towards DNA ascertained from its higher binding energy values. Furthermore, the cytotoxic assessment of 1a was examined on a panel of cancer cell lines of different histological origin employing SRB assay which revealed remarkably good cytotoxic activity towards HL60, HeLa and MCF7 cancer cell lines.
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20
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Lewis A, McDonald M, Scharbach S, Hamaway S, Plooster M, Peters K, Fox KM, Cassimeris L, Tanski JM, Tyler LA. The chemical biology of Cu(II) complexes with imidazole or thiazole containing ligands: Synthesis, crystal structures and comparative biological activity. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 157:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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KARMAKAR SUBHENDU, BHATTACHARYYA SUDIPTA, MUKHERJEE ARINDAM. Effect of methionine and glucosamine conjugation on the anticancer activity of aromatic dinitrobenzamide mustards. J CHEM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-015-1019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Yousuf I, Arjmand F, Tabassum S, Toupet L, Khan RA, Siddiqui MA. Mechanistic insights into a novel chromone-appended Cu(II) anticancer drug entity: in vitro binding profile with DNA/RNA substrates and cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells. Dalton Trans 2016; 44:10330-42. [PMID: 25970097 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00770d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new chromone-appended Cu(ii) drug entity () was designed and synthesized as a potential anticancer chemotherapeutic agent. The structural elucidation was carried out thoroughly by elemental analysis, FT-IR, EPR, ESI-MS and single crystal X-ray crystallography. Complex resulted from the in situ methoxylation reaction of the 3-formylchromone ligand and its subsequent complexation with the copper nitrate salt in a 2 : 1 ratio, respectively. crystallized in the monoclinic P21/c space group possessing the lattice parameters, a = 8.75 Å, b = 5.07 Å, c = 26.22 Å, α = γ = 90°, β = 96.3° per unit cell. Furthermore, in vitro interaction studies of with ct-DNA and tRNA were carried out which suggested more avid binding propensity towards the RNA target via intercalative mode, which was reflected from its Kb, K and Ksv values. The gel electrophoretic mobility assay was carried out on the pBR322 plasmid DNA substrate, to ascertain the cleaving ability and the mechanistic pathway in the presence of additives, and the results revealed the efficient cleaving ability of via the oxidative pathway. In vitro cell growth inhibition via the MTT assay was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxicity of complex and IC50 values were found to be in the range of 5-10 μg mL(-1) in HepG2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines, which were found to be much lower than the IC50 values of previously reported similar Cu(ii) complexes. Additionally, in the presence of , reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels in the tested cancer cell lines increased significantly, coupled with reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. Thus, our results suggested that ROS plays an important role in cell apoptosis induced by the Cu(ii) complex and validates its potential to act as a robust anticancer drug entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiyaz Yousuf
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
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23
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Kandasamy K, Ganesabaskaran S, Pachamuthu MP, Maheswari R, Ramanathan A. Synthesis of pyrazolylbisindoles over mesoporous Lewis acidic ZrTUD-1: Potential application in selective Cu(2+) colorimetric detection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 150:34-39. [PMID: 26023054 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of pyrazolylbisindole (PBI) derivatives were prepared by simple condensation of indole and pyrazole aldehyde utilizing amorphous mesoporous ZrTUD-1 having predominant Lewis acid sites. The applicability of pyrazolylbisindolyl derivate as a colorimetric chemosensor with high selectivity toward Cu(2+) over other cations were tested. Among heavy and transition metal (HTM) ions in CH3CN solution, the probe only sensed Cu(2+) detectable by naked eye. The sensor exhibited a new absorption band at 488 nm (a red shift of 206 nm from 282 nm) with a large colorimetric response and affinity to Cu(2+) over other cations tested (Al(3+), Pb(2+), Cd(2+), Mg(2+), Mn(2+), Zn(2+), K(+), Fe(2+), Ca(2+), Cu(2+) and Hg(2+)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Kandasamy
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Engineering Tindivanam (a Constituent College of Anna University Chennai), Melpakkam 604001, India
| | - Sivaprasad Ganesabaskaran
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Engineering Tindivanam (a Constituent College of Anna University Chennai), Melpakkam 604001, India.
| | | | | | - Anand Ramanathan
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis (CEBC), The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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24
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Synthesis, DNA-cleaving activities and cytotoxicities of the copper(II) complexes of pyrrole-polyamide dimers tethered with carboxylate-containing linkers. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2015.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Qin QP, Liu YC, Wang HL, Qin JL, Cheng FJ, Tang SF, Liang H. Synthesis and antitumor mechanisms of a copper(ii) complex of anthracene-9-imidazoline hydrazone (9-AIH). Metallomics 2015; 7:1124-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A copper(ii) complex of anthracene-9-imidazoline hydrazone induced cell apoptosis by suppressing mutant p53 expression and activating caspase cascade pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Pin Qin
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Jiao-Lan Qin
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Jie Cheng
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Shang-Feng Tang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004, P. R. China
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26
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Faggi E, Gavara R, Bolte M, Fajarí L, Juliá L, Rodríguez L, Alfonso I. Copper(ii) complexes of macrocyclic and open-chain pseudopeptidic ligands: synthesis, characterization and interaction with dicarboxylates. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:12700-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01496d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cu(ii) complexes of pseudopeptides interact with very similar dicarboxylates of biological interest (malate and aspartate) affording strikingly different outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Faggi
- Departamento de Química Biológica y Modelización Molecular
- IQAC–CSIC
- E-08034 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Raquel Gavara
- Departament de Química Inorgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- J.-W.-Goethe-Universität
- D-60438 Frankfurt/Main
- Germany
| | - Lluís Fajarí
- Departamento de Química Biológica y Modelización Molecular
- IQAC–CSIC
- E-08034 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Luís Juliá
- Departamento de Química Biológica y Modelización Molecular
- IQAC–CSIC
- E-08034 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Laura Rodríguez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Ignacio Alfonso
- Departamento de Química Biológica y Modelización Molecular
- IQAC–CSIC
- E-08034 Barcelona
- Spain
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27
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Synthesis, characterization, crystal structures and biological activity of set of Cu(II) benzothiazole complexes: Artificial nucleases with cytotoxic activities. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 137:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Bhattacharyya S, Sarkar A, Dey SK, Mukherjee A. Effect of glucosamine conjugation to zinc(II) complexes of a bis-pyrazole ligand: syntheses, characterization and anticancer activity. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 140:131-42. [PMID: 25113858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H- pyrazol-1yl)acetic acid (bdmpza) ligand was conjugated with tert-butyl-N-(2-aminoethyl) carbonate, methyl-2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoate and 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine hydrochloride via amide coupling method to form three ligands L1-L3 which were then reacted with Zn(II) salts to form four zinc complexes (1-4). The complexes were characterized by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), FT-IR, CHN analyses. Complexes 1, 2 and 4 were also characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. It was found that Zn(II) salts could selectively remove the acetyl group from anomeric position leaving everything else intact. The cytotoxicity studies of the ligand and the complexes showed that the conjugation to acetylated glucosamine enhances cytotoxic ability although the complexes become more hydrophilic. Cytotoxicity studies in human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), human cervical cancer (HeLa WT) and human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) showed that the acetylated glucosamine conjugation to the bis-pyrazole ligated Zn(II) complex led to 2-4 fold increase in cytotoxicity (IC50 values ca. 57-80μM) against HeLa WT and MCF-7 cell lines. The Zn(II) complex bearing the acetylated glucosamine inhibits the cell cycle in the G2/M phase of MCF-7 cell line. ICP-MS data shows more accumulation of Zn(II) inside the cell upon use of complex 4 as compared to Zn(II) salts or the other presented complexes. Further studies suggest that the mitochondrial transmembrane potential changes in the presence of complex 4 and caspase-7 is activated by Zn(II) salts but the activation is much more by complex 4 and hence there is apoptosis and dose dependent chromatin condensation/nuclear fragmentation as observed by microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, BCKV Main Campus PO, Mohanpur, Nadia, WB 741252, India
| | - Amrita Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, BCKV Main Campus PO, Mohanpur, Nadia, WB 741252, India
| | - Suman Kr Dey
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, BCKV Main Campus PO, Mohanpur, Nadia, WB 741252, India
| | - Arindam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, BCKV Main Campus PO, Mohanpur, Nadia, WB 741252, India.
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