1
|
Werner L, Radius U. NHC aluminum chemistry on the rise. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:16436-16454. [PMID: 39225565 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01660b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
This perspective highlights recent developments of the use of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (cAACs) in alane and aluminum organyl chemistry. Especially in the last few years this flourishing research field led to some remarkable discoveries including various substitution patterns at the central aluminum atom, different oxidation states, neutral and charged compounds with varying coordination numbers and unique reactivities. Thereby NHCs play a vital role in the stabilization of these otherwise highly reactive compounds, which would not be realizable without the use of this intriguing class of ligands. Nevertheless, main group hydrides and especially NHC ligated alanes also tend to undergo NHC decomposition reactions, which are part of ongoing research and provide important information for NHC research in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Werner
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Philipp MSM, Bertermann R, Radius U. Activation of Ge-H and Sn-H Bonds with N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and a Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202493. [PMID: 36177710 PMCID: PMC10100474 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A study of the reactivity of several N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and the cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene 1-(2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl)-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidin-2-ylidene (cAACMe ) with the group 14 hydrides GeH2 Mes2 and SnH2 Me2 (Me=CH3 , Mes=1,3,5-(CH3 )3 C6 H2 ) is presented. The reaction of GeH2 Mes2 with cAACMe led to the insertion of cAACMe into one Ge-H bond to give cAACMe H-GeHMes2 (1). If 1,3,4,5-tetramethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene (Me2 ImMe ) was used as the carbene, NHC-mediated dehydrogenative coupling occurred, which led to the NHC-stabilized germylene Me2 ImMe ⋅GeMes2 (2). The reaction of SnH2 Me2 with cAACMe also afforded the insertion product cAACMe H-SnHMe2 (3), and reaction of two equivalents Me2 ImMe with SnH2 Me2 gave the NHC-stabilized stannylene Me2 ImMe ⋅SnMe2 (4). If the sterically more demanding NHCs Me2 ImMe , 1,3-di-isopropyl-4,5-dimethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene (iPr2 ImMe ) and 1,3-bis-(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene (Dipp2 Im) were employed, selective formation of cyclic oligomers (SnMe2 )n (5; n=5-8) in high yield was observed. These cyclic oligomers were also obtained from the controlled decomposition of cAACMe H-SnHMe2 (3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. M. Philipp
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rojisha VC, Purushothaman I, De S, Parameswaran P. Nature of C N bond in N-heterocyclic carbene. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.138312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
4
|
Nicholls TP, Williams JR, Willans CE. Reactivities of N-heterocyclic carbenes at metal centers. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
5
|
Dutta S, De S, Bose S, Mahal E, Koley D. Cooperative Donor-Acceptor Interactions in Stabilizing Carbene-Borane and Carbene-Alane Compounds: A Theoretical Insight. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata; 741 246 Mohanpur India
| | - Sriman De
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata; 741 246 Mohanpur India
| | - Sanjoy Bose
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata; 741 246 Mohanpur India
| | - Eti Mahal
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata; 741 246 Mohanpur India
| | - Debasis Koley
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata; 741 246 Mohanpur India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Blakeney KJ, Martin PD, Winter CH. A Volatile Dialane Complex from Ring Expansion of an N-Heterocyclic Carbene and Its Use in the Thermal Atomic Layer Deposition of Aluminum Metal Films. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Blakeney
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Philip D. Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Charles H. Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Al Furaiji KHM, Molino A, Dutton JL, Wilson DJD. Theoretical Investigation of Main-Group Element Hydride Insertion into Phosphorus-Heterocyclic Carbenes (PHCs). Aust J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/ch19487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Initial reports of ring expansion reactions (RER) of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) with main-group element hydrides have led to several synthetic and theoretical investigations, which include reports of insertion by Be, B, Al, Si, and Zn hydrides. The RERs generally lead to insertion of the heteroatom into the endocyclic C–N bond with formation of an expanded heterocyclic ring. Following the recent isolation of a P-heterocyclic carbene (PHC), here we report results from a computational study (RI-SCS-MP2/def2-TZVP//M06–2X/def2-TZVP) of RERs with a series of PHCs for the ring-insertion of silicon (SiH4, SiH2Ph2) and boron (BH3, BH2NMe2) hydrides. In order to explore the roles of both electronic and steric effects on PHCs and their reactivity, a series of P-substituent PHCR (R=H, Me, Ph, and bulky Ar groups) were investigated. Bulky R groups serve to maximise ring planarity and the σ-donating capability of the PHC. For RER, the PHC analogues exhibit facile initial hydride transfer from the main-group hydrides to the carbene carbon, with barriers that are substantially lower than with NHCs. However, the full ring insertion mechanisms for PHCs are, in general, kinetically unfavourable due to a large barrier associated with the ring-expansion step. While bulky P-substituents maximise heterocycle planarity towards that of NHCs, the RER reactivity with bulky PHCs does not reflect that of an NHC.
Collapse
|
8
|
Thiess T, Mellerup SK, Braunschweig H. B-B Cleavage and Ring-Expansion of a 1,4,2,3-Diazadiborinine with N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Chemistry 2019; 25:13572-13578. [PMID: 31429506 PMCID: PMC6856839 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 1,4,2,3-diazadiborinine derivative was found to form Lewis adducts with strong two-electron donors such as N-heterocyclic and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes. Depending on the donor, some of these Lewis pairs are thermally unstable, converting to sole B,N-embedded products upon gentle heating. The products of these reactions, which have been fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, were identified as B,N-heterocycles with fused 1,5,2,4-diazadiborepine and 1,4,2-diazaborinine rings. Computational modelling of the reaction mechanism provides insight into the formation of these unique structures, suggesting that a series of B-H, C-N, and B-B bond activation steps are responsible for these "intercalation" reactions between the 1,4,2,3-diazadiborinine and NHCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Thiess
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Soren K. Mellerup
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Paparo A, Jones C. Beryllium Halide Complexes Incorporating Neutral or Anionic Ligands: Potential Precursors for Beryllium Chemistry. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:486-490. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Paparo
- School of Chemistry Monash University P.O. Box 23 Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry Monash University P.O. Box 23 Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Al Furaiji KHM, Iversen KJ, Dutton JL, Wilson DJD. Theoretical Investigation of Hydride Insertion into N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes Containing N, P, C, O and S Heteroatoms. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3745-3752. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khalidah H. M. Al Furaiji
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Al-Mustansiriyah University Baghdad Iraq
| | - Kalon J. Iversen
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Jason L. Dutton
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - David J. D. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Khoo S, Shan YL, Yang MC, Li Y, Su MD, So CW. B–H Bond Activation by an Amidinate-Stabilized Amidosilylene: Non-Innocent Amidinate Ligand. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:5879-5887. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Khoo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Yu-Liang Shan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Yongxin Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Eck M, Würtemberger-Pietsch S, Eichhorn A, Berthel JHJ, Bertermann R, Paul USD, Schneider H, Friedrich A, Kleeberg C, Radius U, Marder TB. B-B bond activation and NHC ring-expansion reactions of diboron(4) compounds, and accurate molecular structures of B 2(NMe 2) 4, B 2eg 2, B 2neop 2 and B 2pin 2. Dalton Trans 2018; 46:3661-3680. [PMID: 28252145 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00334j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this detailed study we report on the structures of the widely employed diboron(4) compounds bis(pinacolato)diboron (B2pin2) and bis(neopentyl glycolato)diboron (B2neop2), as well as bis(ethylene glycolato)diboron (B2eg2) and tetrakis(dimethylamino)diboron (B2(NMe2)4), and their reactivity, along with that of bis(catecholato)diboron (B2cat2) with backbone saturated and backbone unsaturared N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) of different steric demand. Depending on the nature of the diboron(4) compound and the NHC used, Lewis-acid/Lewis-base adducts or NHC ring-expansion products stemming from B-B and C-N bond activation have been observed. The corresponding NHC adducts and NHC ring-expanded products were isolated and characterised via solid-state and solution NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. In general, we observed B-B bond and C-N bond activation at low temperature for B2eg2, at room temperature for B2neop2 and at higher temperature for B2cat2. The reactivity strongly depends on steric effects of the NHCs and the diboron(4) compounds, as well as on the corresponding Lewis-basicity and Lewis-acidity. Our results provide profound insight into the chemistry of these diboron(4) reagents with the nowadays ubiquitous NHCs, the stability of the corresponding NHC adducts and on B-B bond activation using Lewis-bases in general. We demonstrate that B-B bond activation may be triggered even at temperatures as low as -40 °C to -30 °C without any metal species involved. For example, the reactions of B2eg2 with sterically less demanding NHCs such as Me2ImMe and iPr2Im in solution led to the corresponding ring-expanded products at low temperatures. Furthermore, boronium [L2B(OR)2]+ and borenium [LB(OR)2]+ cations have been observed from the reaction of the bis-borate B2eg3 with the NHCs iPr2Im and Me2ImMe, which led to the conclusion that the activation of bis-borates with NHCs (or Lewis-bases in general) might be a facile and simple route to access such species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Eck
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Würtemberger-Pietsch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Antonius Eichhorn
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Johannes H J Berthel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Ursula S D Paul
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Heidi Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Friedrich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Kleeberg
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tu PC, Zhou L, Kirillov AM, Fang R, Yang L. Computational study on the NHC-catalyzed synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted indoles: mechanism, key intermediate and the role of the catalyst. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00139a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanism, key intermediate and role of NHC for NHC-catalyzed umpolung of imines are clarified through our calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Alexander M. Kirillov
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Complexo I
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Lisbon
| | - Ran Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Lizi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen WC, Shih WC, Jurca T, Zhao L, Andrada DM, Peng CJ, Chang CC, Liu SK, Wang YP, Wen YS, Yap GPA, Hsu CP, Frenking G, Ong TG. Carbodicarbenes: Unexpected π-Accepting Ability during Reactivity with Small Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12830-12836. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ching Chen
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Chih Shih
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Titel Jurca
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute
of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Chun-Jung Peng
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Chi Chang
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-kai Liu
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Ping Wang
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yuh-Sheng Wen
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Glenn P. A. Yap
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Chao-Ping Hsu
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute
of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tiow-Gan Ong
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, No. 1001,
Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, R.O.C
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schneider H, Hock A, Bertermann R, Radius U. Reactivity of NHC Alane Adducts towards N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbenes: Ring Expansion, Ring Opening, and Al−H Bond Activation. Chemistry 2017; 23:12387-12398. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Andreas Hock
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Iversen KJ, Dutton JL, Wilson DJD. Insertion of Group 12–16 Hydrides into NHCs: A Theoretical Investigation. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:1499-1508. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalon J. Iversen
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Jason L. Dutton
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - David J. D. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria 3086 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Anker MD, Colebatch AL, Iversen KJ, Wilson DJD, Dutton JL, García L, Hill MS, Liptrot DJ, Mahon MF. Alane-Centered Ring Expansion of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew D. Anker
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Annie L. Colebatch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Kalon J. Iversen
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - David J. D. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Jason L. Dutton
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Lucía García
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S. Hill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Liptrot
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
García L, Al Furaiji KHM, Wilson DJD, Dutton JL, Hill MS, Mahon MF. Ring expansion of a ring expanded carbene. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:12015-12018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03046k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of phenylsilane with the ring expanded carbene 6-Mes results in facile Si–H oxidative addition to the carbenic carbon at room temperature and ring opening on heating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Khalidah H. M. Al Furaiji
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - David J. D. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Jason L. Dutton
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gackstatter A, Braunschweig H, Kupfer T, Voigt C, Arnold N. N-Heterocyclic Silylenes in Boron Chemistry: Facile Formation of Silylboranes and Silaborinines. Chemistry 2016; 22:16415-16419. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Gackstatter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Thomas Kupfer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Christian Voigt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Nicole Arnold
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schneider H, Krahfuß MJ, Radius U. To Rearrange or not to Rearrange: Reactivity of NHCs towards Chloro- and HydrostannanesR2SnCl2(R= Me, Ph) and Ph3SnH. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201600271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Mirjam J. Krahfuß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Würtemberger-Pietsch S, Schneider H, Marder TB, Radius U. Adduct Formation, B-H Activation and Ring Expansion at Room Temperature from Reactions of HBcat with NHCs. Chemistry 2016; 22:13032-6. [PMID: 27428465 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report the reactions of catecholborane (HBcat; 1) with unsaturated and saturated NHCs as well as CAAC(Me) . Mono-NHC adducts of the type HBcat⋅NHC (NHC=nPr2 Im, iPr2 Im, iPr2 Im(Me) , and Dipp2 Im) were obtained by stoichiometric reactions of HBcat with the unsaturated NHCs. The reaction of CAAC(Me) with HBcat yielded the B-H activated product CAAC(Me) (H)Bcat via insertion of the carbine-carbon atom into the B-H bond. The saturated NHC Dipp2 SIm reacted in a 2:2 ratio yielding an NHC ring-expanded product at room temperature forming a six-membered -B-C=N-C=C-N- ring via C-N bond cleavage and further migration of the hydrides from two HBcat molecules to the former carbene-carbon atom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Würtemberger-Pietsch S, Radius U, Marder TB. 25 years of N-heterocyclic carbenes: activation of both main-group element-element bonds and NHCs themselves. Dalton Trans 2015; 45:5880-95. [PMID: 26675582 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04106f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are widely used ligands and reagents in modern inorganic synthesis as well as in homogeneous catalysis and organocatalysis. However, NHCs are not always innocent bystanders. In the last few years, more and more examples were reported of reactions of NHCs with main-group elements which resulted in modification of the NHC. Many of these reactions lead to ring expansion and the formation of six-membered heterocyclic rings involving insertion of the heteroatom into the C-N bond and migration of hydrides, phenyl groups or boron-containing fragments. Furthermore, a few related NHC rearrangements were observed some decades ago. In this Perspective, we summarise the history of NHC ring expansion reactions from the 1960s till the present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Würtemberger-Pietsch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany. u.radius@uni-wuerzburg
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Pietsch S, Paul U, Cade IA, Ingleson MJ, Radius U, Marder TB. Room temperature ring expansion of N-heterocyclic carbenes and B-B bond cleavage of diboron(4) compounds. Chemistry 2015; 21:9018-21. [PMID: 25960171 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report the isolation and detailed structural characterization, by solid-state and solution NMR spectroscopy, of the neutral mono- and bis-NHC adducts of bis(catecholato)diboron (B2 cat2 ). The bis-NHC adduct undergoes thermally induced rearrangement, forming a six-membered -B-C=N-C=C-N-heterocyclic ring via C-N bond cleavage and ring expansion of the NHC, whereas the mono-NHC adduct is stable. Bis(neopentylglycolato)diboron (B2 neop2 ) is much more reactive than B2 cat2 giving a ring expanded product at room temperature, demonstrating that ring expansion of NHCs can be a very facile process with significant implications for their use in catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Pietsch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg (Germany)
| | - Ursula Paul
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg (Germany)
| | - Ian A Cade
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL (UK)
| | - Michael J Ingleson
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL (UK).
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg (Germany).
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg (Germany).
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Arrowsmith M, Hill MS, Kociok-Köhn G. Activation of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes by {BeH2} and {Be(H)(Me)} Fragments. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om501314g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Merle Arrowsmith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton
Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Michael S. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton
Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Schneider H, Schmidt D, Radius U. The reductive P–P coupling of primary and secondary phosphines mediated by N-heterocyclic carbenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:10138-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02517f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
P–P bond formation! The reaction of an NHC with primary and secondary phosphines leads to dehydrocoupling of the phosphines with the formation of iPr2ImH2 and the corresponding carbene-phosphinidene adducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wei X, Fang R, Yang L. Mechanism of N-heterocylic carbene-catalyzed annulation of allenals with chalcones to 3-pyrancarbaldehydes or cyclopentene. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy00407a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction mechanisms of N-heterocylic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed annulation to 3-pyrancarbaldehydes or cyclopentene were theoretically analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- PR China
| | - Ran Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- PR China
| | - Lizi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- PR China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Iversen KJ, Wilson DJD, Dutton JL. Effects of the electronic structure of five-membered N-heterocyclic carbenes on insertion of silanes and boranes into the NHC C–N bond. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:3318-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03566f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of varying the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand on the ring expansion and endocyclic C–N activation of NHCs by silanes and boranes has been investigated with theoretical methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalon J. Iversen
- Department of Chemistry
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - David J. D. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Jason L. Dutton
- Department of Chemistry
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Schneider H, Schmidt D, Radius U. A Facile Route to Backbone-Tethered N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Ligands via NHC to aNHC Rearrangement in NHC Silicon Halide Adducts. Chemistry 2014; 21:2793-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
30
|
Liu HJ, Ziegler MS, Tilley TD. Ring-opening and double-metallation reactions of the N-Heterocyclic carbene ligand in Cp ∗ (IXy)Ru (IXy = 1,3-bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) complexes. Access to an anionic fischer-type carbene complex of ruthenium. Polyhedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
31
|
Hemberger P, Bodi A, Berthel JHJ, Radius U. Intramolecular CN Bond Activation and Ring-Expansion Reactions of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Chemistry 2014; 21:1434-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
32
|
Franz D, Inoue S. Systematic Investigation of the Ring-Expansion Reaction of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes with an Iminoborane Dihydride. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:2083-7. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
33
|
Su MD. Mechanistic Investigations on E–N Bond-Breaking and Ring Expansion for N-Heterocyclic Carbene Analogues Containing the Group 14 Elements (E). Inorg Chem 2014; 53:5080-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ic500182f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Der Su
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bose SK, Fucke K, Liu L, Steel PG, Marder TB. Zinc-catalyzed borylation of primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl halides with alkoxy diboron reagents at room temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:1799-803. [PMID: 24420332 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new catalytic system based on a Zn(II) NHC precursor has been developed for the cross-coupling reaction of alkyl halides with diboron reagents, which represents a novel use of a Group XII catalyst for CX borylation. This approach gives borylations of unactivated primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl halides at room temperature to furnish alkyl boronates, with good functional-group compatibility, under mild conditions. Preliminary mechanistic investigations demonstrated that this borylation reaction seems to involve one-electron processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhankar Kumar Bose
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg (Germany)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bose SK, Fucke K, Liu L, Steel PG, Marder TB. Zink-katalysierte Borylierung von primären, sekundären und tertiären Alkylhalogeniden mit Alkoxydiborreagentien bei Raumtemperatur. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
36
|
Naglav D, Bläser D, Wölper C, Schulz S. Synthesis and Characterization of Heteroleptic 1-Tris(pyrazolyl)borate Beryllium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:1241-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402895h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Naglav
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Dieter Bläser
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Iversen KJ, Wilson DJD, Dutton JL. Activation of the C–N bond of N-heterocyclic carbenes by inorganic elements. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:12820-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00946k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This frontier article summarizes the recent activity around a new mode of reactivity for N-heterocyclic carbenes: insertion of inorganic elements into the C–N bond of the carbene ring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalon J. Iversen
- Department of Chemistry
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J. D. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jason L. Dutton
- Department of Chemistry
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fang R, Yang L, Wang Q. Mechanism and Regioselectivity of C–N Bond Cleavage and Ring Expansion of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400647e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Fang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals
Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lizi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals
Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals
Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Iversen KJ, Wilson DJD, Dutton JL. Comparison of the Mechanism of Borane, Silane, and Beryllium Hydride Ring Insertion into N-Heterocyclic Carbene C–N Bonds: A Computational Study. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400800d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalon J. Iversen
- Department
of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - David J. D. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Jason L. Dutton
- Department
of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Momeni MR, Rivard E, Brown A. Carbene-Bound Borane and Silane Adducts: A Comprehensive DFT Study on Their Stability and Propensity for Hydride-Mediated Ring Expansion. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400791r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R. Momeni
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Alex Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2 Canada
| |
Collapse
|