1
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Mazzone G, Scoditti S, Caligiuri R, Ricciardi L, Sicilia E, Lupo MG, Rimoldi I, Godbert N, La Deda M, Ionescu A, Ghedini M, Aiello I, Facchetti G. Cytotoxicity of Alizarine versus Tetrabromocathecol Cyclometalated Pt(II) Theranostic Agents: A Combined Experimental and Computational Investigation. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7188-7200. [PMID: 35467854 PMCID: PMC9092348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Platinum compounds
cytotoxicity is strictly related to their ability
to be converted into active mono- and di-aquated species and consequently
to the replacement of labile ligands by water molecules. This activation
process makes the platinum center prone to nucleophilic substitution
by DNA purines. In the present work, quantum mechanical density functional
theory (DFT) computations and experimental investigations were carried
out in order to shed light on the relationship between the internalization,
aquation, and DNA binding of two isostructural anionic theranostic
complexes previously reported by our group, NBu4[(PhPy)Pt(Aliz)], 1 (IC50 1.9 ± 1.6 μM), and NBu4[(PhPy)Pt(BrCat)], 2 (IC50 52.8 ± 3.9
μM). Cisplatin and a neutral compound [(NH3)2Pt(Aliz)], 3, were also taken as reference compounds.
The computed energy barriers and the endergonicity of the hydrolysis
reactions showed that the aquation rates are comparable for 1 and 2, with a slightly higher reactivity of 1. The second hydrolysis process was proved to be the rate-determining
step for both 1 and 2, unlike for compound 3. The nucleophilic attack by the N7 site of guanine to both
mono- and di-aquated forms of the complexes was computationally investigated
as well, allowing to rationalize the observed different cytotoxicity.
Computational results were supported by photostability data and biological
assays, demonstrating DNA as the main target for compound 1. An experimental−theoretical approach
to study the
cytotoxicity of ionic Pt(II) complexes containing (O^O) chelating
ancillary ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Mazzone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Stefano Scoditti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Rossella Caligiuri
- MAT-InLAB, LASCAMM CR-INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Loredana Ricciardi
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology U.O.S. Cosenza, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Lupo
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Isabella Rimoldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Nicolas Godbert
- MAT-InLAB, LASCAMM CR-INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Massimo La Deda
- MAT-InLAB, LASCAMM CR-INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy.,CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology U.O.S. Cosenza, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Andreea Ionescu
- MAT-InLAB, LASCAMM CR-INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Mauro Ghedini
- MAT-InLAB, LASCAMM CR-INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Iolinda Aiello
- MAT-InLAB, LASCAMM CR-INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy.,CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology U.O.S. Cosenza, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Giorgio Facchetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, Milan 20133, Italy
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2
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Schmalzbauer M, Marcon M, König B. Excited State Anions in Organic Transformations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6270-6292. [PMID: 33002265 PMCID: PMC7986118 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing light is a smart way to fuel chemical transformations as it allows the energy to be selectively focused on certain molecules. Many reactions involving electronically excited species proceed via open-shell intermediates, which offer novel and unique routes to expand the hitherto used synthetic toolbox in organic chemistry. The direct conversion of non-prefunctionalized, less activated compounds is a highly desirable goal to pave the way towards more sustainable and atom-economic chemical processes. Photoexcited closed-shell anions have been shown to reach extreme potentials in single electron transfer reactions and reveal unusual excited-state reactivity. It is, therefore, surprising that their use as a reagent or photocatalyst is limited to a few examples. In this Review, we briefly discuss the characteristics of anionic photochemistry, highlight pioneering work, and show recent progress which has been made by utilizing photoexcited anionic species in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmalzbauer
- Faculty of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Michela Marcon
- Faculty of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Burkhard König
- Faculty of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193053RegensburgGermany
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3
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Schmalzbauer M, Marcon M, König B. Photoangeregte Anionen in organischen Reaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmalzbauer
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Michela Marcon
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Burkhard König
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
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4
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Liguori PF, Ghedini M, La Deda M, Godbert N, Parisi F, Guzzi R, Ionescu A, Aiello I. Electrochromic behaviour of Ir(iii) bis-cyclometalated 1,2-dioxolene tetra-halo complexes: fully reversible catecholate/semiquinone redox switches. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:2628-2635. [PMID: 32039433 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04848k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutral cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes of general formula [Ir(ppy)2(O^O)squi], where ppy = 2-phenylpyridine and (O^O)squi = TBC (tetrabromocatechol) or TCC (tetrachlorocatechol) in their semiquinone (squi) monoanionic redox state, were synthesized by chemically oxidizing the anionic parent complexes NBu4[Ir(ppy)2(O^O)cat], in which (O^O)cat represents the corresponding ancillary dioxolene ligand in its dianionic catecholate (cat) redox state. This chemical oxidation leads to the modification of both the photophysical and the magnetic properties of the complexes. While the NBu4[Ir(ppy)2(O^O)cat] complexes are diamagnetic (D) and yellow-orange solids, the corresponding oxidized complexes [Ir(ppy)2(O^O)squi] display paramagnetic (P) properties and are characterized by a dark-green color. The conversion between the two forms (squi vs. cat) is electrochemically and chemically fully reversible. Indeed, the anionic NBu4[Ir(ppy)2(O^O)cat] complexes are quantitatively restored by chemical reduction of the neutral [Ir(ppy)2(O^O)squi] parents. These complexes therefore represent interesting redox based switches between multi-parameter states since they allow switching from a neutral paramagnetic to an anionic diamagnetic form together with a significant change in chromicity. Taking advantage of the significant color difference between the oxidized and the reduced form, an electrochromic cell was prepared with [Ir(ppy)2(TBC)squi] and its spectroelectrochemical properties are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Francesca Liguori
- MAT_InLAB and LASCAMM - CR INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Mauro Ghedini
- MAT_InLAB and LASCAMM - CR INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy. and CNR-NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia U.O.S. Cosenza, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Massimo La Deda
- MAT_InLAB and LASCAMM - CR INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy. and CNR-NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia U.O.S. Cosenza, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Nicolas Godbert
- MAT_InLAB and LASCAMM - CR INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy. and CNR-NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia U.O.S. Cosenza, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Francesco Parisi
- MAT_InLAB and LASCAMM - CR INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Rita Guzzi
- CNR-NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia U.O.S. Cosenza, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Andreea Ionescu
- MAT_InLAB and LASCAMM - CR INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Iolinda Aiello
- MAT_InLAB and LASCAMM - CR INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy. and CNR-NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia U.O.S. Cosenza, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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5
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Ionescu A, Caligiuri R, Godbert N, Candreva A, La Deda M, Furia E, Ghedini M, Aiello I. Electropolymerizable Ir III Complexes with β-Ketoiminate Ancillary Ligands. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:3025-3034. [PMID: 31291044 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of electropolymerizable cyclometallated IrIII complexes were synthesized and their electrochemical and photophysical properties studied. The triphenylamine electropolymerizable fragment was introduced by using triphenylamine-2-phenylpyridine and, respectively, triphenylamine-benzothiazole as cyclometalated ligands. The coordination sphere was completed by two differently substituted β-ketoiminate ligands deriving from the condensation of acetylacetone or hexafluoroacetylacetone with para-bromoaniline. The influence of the -CH3 /-CF3 substitution to the electrochemical and photophysical properties was investigated. Both complexes with CH3 substituted β-ketoiminate were emissive in solution and in solid state. Highly stable films were electrodeposited onto ITO coated glass substrates. Their emission was quenched by electron trapping within the polymeric network as proven by electrochemical studies. The -CF3 substitution of the β-ketoiminate leads instead to the quenching of the emission and inhibits electropolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Ionescu
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici) and LASCAMM-CR INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di, Rende (CS, Italy.,CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia U.O.S. Cosenza, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Rossella Caligiuri
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici) and LASCAMM-CR INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di, Rende (CS, Italy
| | - Nicolas Godbert
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici) and LASCAMM-CR INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di, Rende (CS, Italy.,CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia U.O.S. Cosenza, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Angela Candreva
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici) and LASCAMM-CR INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di, Rende (CS, Italy
| | - Massimo La Deda
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici) and LASCAMM-CR INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di, Rende (CS, Italy.,CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia U.O.S. Cosenza, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Emilia Furia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 12/D, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Mauro Ghedini
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici) and LASCAMM-CR INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di, Rende (CS, Italy.,CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia U.O.S. Cosenza, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Iolinda Aiello
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici) and LASCAMM-CR INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di, Rende (CS, Italy.,CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia U.O.S. Cosenza, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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6
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Darmawan N, Sambri L, Daniliuc CG, De Cola L. Blue-emitting bolaamphiphilic zwitterionic iridium(iii) complex. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:3664-3670. [PMID: 30768096 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04833a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation induced emission is a very interesting phenomenon that recently has attracted a lot of interest. Most of the examples deal with organic molecules or flat metal complexes. Here we demonstrate that, by design, even iridium compounds can display this process without shifting the emission energy. In order to enhance the aggregation properties we have focussed on amphiphilic complexes. We report the synthesis and photophysical characterisation of a blue-emitting bolaamphiphilic zwitterionic Ir(iii) complex and an analogous cationic amphiphilic compound, used as a reference. The bolaamphiphile exhibited blue (λmax = 450 nm) emission in dilute, deaerated solution with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 22%, similar to the related cationic amphiphilic complex. The bolaamphiphile displayed significant emission enhancement in the solid state, with an emission quantum yield that reach 52%. Interestingly, the emission of the cationic analogue suffers from aggregation quenching in the solid state, (PLQY = 3%) as is common for these type of complexes. A correlation between the photophysical data and the arrangement in the solid state is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noviyan Darmawan
- Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS - UMR 7006), Université de Strasbourg & CNRS., 8 Rue Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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7
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8
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Takizawa SY, Kano R, Ikuta N, Murata S. An anionic iridium(iii) complex as a visible-light absorbing photosensitizer. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:11041-11046. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02477d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new anionic Ir(iii) photosensitizer bearing coumarin dyes has been developed and applied to the visible-light-driven hydrogen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ya Takizawa
- Department of Basic Science
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8902
- Japan
| | - Ryoto Kano
- Department of Basic Science
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8902
- Japan
| | - Naoya Ikuta
- Department of Basic Science
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8902
- Japan
| | - Shigeru Murata
- Department of Basic Science
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8902
- Japan
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9
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Matteucci E, Baschieri A, Mazzanti A, Sambri L, Ávila J, Pertegás A, Bolink HJ, Monti F, Leoni E, Armaroli N. Anionic Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes with a Bis-Tetrazolate Ancillary Ligand for Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:10584-10595. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elia Matteucci
- Dipartimento di
Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Baschieri
- Dipartimento di
Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via San Giacomo 11, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- Dipartimento di
Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Letizia Sambri
- Dipartimento di
Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jorge Ávila
- Instituto de Ciencia
Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/J. Beltran 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Antonio Pertegás
- Instituto de Ciencia
Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/J. Beltran 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Henk J. Bolink
- Instituto de Ciencia
Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/J. Beltran 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Filippo Monti
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Leoni
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Laboratorio Tecnologie dei Materiali Faenza, ENEA, Via Ravegnana 186, 48018 Faenza (RA), Italy
| | - Nicola Armaroli
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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10
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Ricciardi L, La Deda M, Ionescu A, Godbert N, Aiello I, Ghedini M. Anionic cyclometallated Pt(ii) square-planar complexes: new sets of highly luminescent compounds. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:12625-12635. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02267k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Novel anionic Pt(ii) complexes were synthesized, displaying an outstanding enhancement of the emission efficiency in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Ricciardi
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia U.O.S. Cosenza
- 87036 Arcavacata di Rende
- Italy
| | - Massimo La Deda
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia U.O.S. Cosenza
- 87036 Arcavacata di Rende
- Italy
- MAT_INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici)
- Centro di Eccellenza CEMIF.CAL
| | - Andreea Ionescu
- MAT_INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici)
- Centro di Eccellenza CEMIF.CAL
- LASCAMM CR-INSTM
- Unità INSTM della Calabria
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
| | - Nicolas Godbert
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia U.O.S. Cosenza
- 87036 Arcavacata di Rende
- Italy
- MAT_INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici)
- Centro di Eccellenza CEMIF.CAL
| | - Iolinda Aiello
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia U.O.S. Cosenza
- 87036 Arcavacata di Rende
- Italy
- MAT_INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici)
- Centro di Eccellenza CEMIF.CAL
| | - Mauro Ghedini
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia U.O.S. Cosenza
- 87036 Arcavacata di Rende
- Italy
- MAT_INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici)
- Centro di Eccellenza CEMIF.CAL
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11
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Guo S, Huang T, Liu S, Zhang KY, Yang H, Han J, Zhao Q, Huang W. Luminescent ion pairs with tunable emission colors for light-emitting devices and electrochromic switches. Chem Sci 2017; 8:348-360. [PMID: 28451179 PMCID: PMC5365054 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02837c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Most recently, stimuli-responsive luminescent materials have attracted increasing interest because they can exhibit tunable emissive properties which are sensitive to external physical stimuli, such as light, temperature, force, and electric field. Among these stimuli, electric field is an important external stimulus. However, examples of electrochromic luminescent materials that exhibit emission color change induced by an electric field are limited. Herein, we have proposed a new strategy to develop electrochromic luminescent materials based on luminescent ion pairs. Six tunable emissive ion pairs (IP1-IP6) based on iridium(iii) complexes have been designed and synthesized. The emission spectra of ion pairs (IPs) show concentration dependence and the energy transfer process is very efficient between positive and negative ions. Interestingly, IP6 displayed white emission at a certain concentration in solution or solid state. Thus, in this contribution, UV-chip (365 nm) excited light-emitting diodes showing orange, light yellow and white emission colors were successfully fabricated. Furthermore, IPs displayed tunable and reversible electrochromic luminescence. For example, upon applying a voltage of 3 V onto the electrodes, the emission color of the solution of IP1 near the anode or cathode changed from yellow to red or green, respectively. Color tunable electrochromic luminescence has also been realized by using other IPs. Finally, a solid-film electrochromic switch device with a sandwiched structure using IP1 has been fabricated successfully, which exhibited fast and reversible emission color change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Guo
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT) , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China .
| | - Tianci Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT) , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China .
| | - Shujuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT) , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China .
| | - Kenneth Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT) , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China .
| | - Huiran Yang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT) , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China .
| | - Jianmei Han
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT) , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China .
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT) , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China .
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT) , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China .
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , Nanjing 211816 , P. R. China .
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12
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Liu S, Xu A, Chen Z, Ma Y, Yang H, Shi Z, Zhao Q. Phosphorescent ion-paired iridium(III) complex for ratiometric and time-resolved luminescence imaging of intracellular biothiols. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:28247-28255. [PMID: 27958536 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.028247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel phosphorescent probe based on ion-paired iridium(III) complex has been designed and synthesized by incorporating α,β-unsaturated ketone moiety in the cationic component. The phosphorescent intensity of cationic component is sensitive to bithiols, such as cysteine and homocysteine, based on the addition reaction of bithiols with α,β-unsaturated ketone moiety, while that of the anionic component remains unchanged. Thus, this ion-paired iridium(III) complex can be used for ratiometric luminescence sensing and imaging of intracellular biothiols with excellent sensing performance. Moreover, the long phosphorescence lifetime of the cationic component is also sensitive to bithiols. Hence, this ion-paired iridium(III) complex has been further used for time-resolved luminescence imaging of intracellular biothiols. As far as we know, this is the first report about molecular probe for both ratiometric and time-resolved luminescence imaging of intracellular biothiols.
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13
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Scarpelli F, Ionescu A, Ricciardi L, Plastina P, Aiello I, La Deda M, Crispini A, Ghedini M, Godbert N. A novel route towards water-soluble luminescent iridium(iii) complexes via a hydroxy-bridged dinuclear precursor. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:17264-17273. [PMID: 27722340 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02976k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and photophysical characterization of a new family of luminescent water-soluble ionic iridium(iii) complexes of the general formula [(ppy)2Ir(bpy)]X are reported. The Ir(iii) complexes incorporate a cyclometalated 2-phenylpyridine (ppy), the ancillary ligand 2,2'-bipyridyl (bpy) and different counterions (X- = EtO-, OH-, EtOCH2CO2-, MeOCH2CO2-). These complexes were obtained starting from the cyclometalated Ir(iii) chloro-bridged dimer [(ppy)2Ir(μ-Cl)]2, for the first time synthesized through a new microwave assisted synthetic procedure, and subsequently converted into the corresponding hydroxy-bridged dimer [(ppy)2Ir(μ-OH)]2. The latter was eventually used as a sole reagent for the synthesis of all the reported complexes by simply varying the nature of the reaction solvent from water to alcohols and glycol ethers. This study demonstrates the versatility of the [(ppy)2Ir(μ-OH)]2 complex as a precursor to water soluble ionic Ir(iii) complexes. Indeed, [(ppy)2Ir(μ-OH)]2 has shown its peculiar chemical reactivity due to both a strong base character and an unexpected oxidative ability towards the alcoholic function of glycol ethers. All the synthesized complexes exhibit, in water solution, an orange emission centred at 606 nm. Moreover, all complexes display the ability to give rise to gel phases in water upon increasing their concentration, and the photophysical study evidenced the various interactions governing the gelification process. The water-solubility of these new luminescent Ir(iii) complexes makes them potentially useful in bio-related systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Scarpelli
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici), LASCAMM CR-INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Andreea Ionescu
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici), LASCAMM CR-INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Loredana Ricciardi
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici), LASCAMM CR-INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy. and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Nanotecnologia - Nanotec, UOS di Cosenza, Ponte Pietro Bucci Cubo 31/C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Plastina
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici), LASCAMM CR-INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Iolinda Aiello
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici), LASCAMM CR-INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy. and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Nanotecnologia - Nanotec, UOS di Cosenza, Ponte Pietro Bucci Cubo 31/C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Massimo La Deda
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici), LASCAMM CR-INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy. and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Nanotecnologia - Nanotec, UOS di Cosenza, Ponte Pietro Bucci Cubo 31/C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Alessandra Crispini
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici), LASCAMM CR-INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy. and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Nanotecnologia - Nanotec, UOS di Cosenza, Ponte Pietro Bucci Cubo 31/C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Mauro Ghedini
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici), LASCAMM CR-INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy. and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Nanotecnologia - Nanotec, UOS di Cosenza, Ponte Pietro Bucci Cubo 31/C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Nicolas Godbert
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici), LASCAMM CR-INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy. and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Nanotecnologia - Nanotec, UOS di Cosenza, Ponte Pietro Bucci Cubo 31/C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
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14
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Zhou Y, Jia J, Wang X, Guo W, Wu Z, Xu N. Protein Staining Agents from Cationic and Neutral Luminescent Iridium(III) Complexes. Chemistry 2016; 22:16796-16800. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials; School of Chemistry, Biology and Material Engineering; Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou; 215009 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Junli Jia
- Department of Immunology; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing; 211166 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials; School of Chemistry, Biology and Material Engineering; Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou; 215009 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Weiqiang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials; School of Chemistry, Biology and Material Engineering; Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou; 215009 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Zhengying Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials; School of Chemistry, Biology and Material Engineering; Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou; 215009 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Nan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials; School of Chemistry, Biology and Material Engineering; Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou; 215009 Jiangsu P. R. China
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15
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Ma Y, Liang H, Zeng Y, Yang H, Ho CL, Xu W, Zhao Q, Huang W, Wong WY. Phosphorescent soft salt for ratiometric and lifetime imaging of intracellular pH variations. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3338-3346. [PMID: 29997827 PMCID: PMC6006953 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04624f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to traditional short-lived fluorescent probes, long-lived phosphorescent probes based on transition-metal complexes can effectively eliminate unwanted background interference by using time-resolved luminescence imaging techniques, such as photoluminescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Hence, phosphorescent probes have become one of the most attractive candidates for investigating biological events in living systems. However, most of them are based on single emission intensity changes, which might be affected by a variety of intracellular environmental factors. Ratiometric measurement allows simultaneous recording of two separated wavelengths instead of measuring mere intensity changes and thus offers built-in correction for environmental effects. Herein, for the first time, a soft salt based phosphorescent probe has been developed for ratiometric and lifetime imaging of intracellular pH variations in real time. Specifically, a pH sensitive cationic complex (C1) and a pH insensitive anionic complex (A1) are directly connected through electrostatic interaction to form a soft salt based probe (S1), which exhibits a ratiometric phosphorescent response to pH with two well-resolved emission peaks separated by about 150 nm (from 475 to 625 nm). This novel probe was then successfully applied for ratiometric and lifetime imaging of intracellular pH variations. Moreover, quantitative measurements of intracellular pH fluctuations caused by oxidative stress have been performed for S1 based on the pH-dependent calibration curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ma
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , Department of Chemistry and Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis , Hong Kong Baptist University , Waterloo Road , Hong Kong , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +852 34117074
| | - Hua Liang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID) , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 25 85866396
| | - Yi Zeng
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , Department of Chemistry and Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis , Hong Kong Baptist University , Waterloo Road , Hong Kong , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +852 34117074
| | - Huiran Yang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID) , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 25 85866396
| | - Cheuk-Lam Ho
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , Department of Chemistry and Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis , Hong Kong Baptist University , Waterloo Road , Hong Kong , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +852 34117074
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID) , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 25 85866396
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID) , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 25 85866396
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID) , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 25 85866396
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , Department of Chemistry and Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis , Hong Kong Baptist University , Waterloo Road , Hong Kong , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +852 34117074
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices , State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
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16
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Fiorini V, D'Ignazio A, Magee KDM, Ogden MI, Massi M, Stagni S. Fully Ir(iii) tetrazolate soft salts: the road to white-emitting ion pairs. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:3256-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04958j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The first examples of anionic Ir(iii) bis-tetrazolate complexes and their combination with a cationic Ir(iii)tetrazole derivative forming “fully tetrazolate” Ir(iii) based soft salts as O2-sensitive white emitters are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fiorini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”
- University of Bologna
- I-40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Andrea D'Ignazio
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”
- University of Bologna
- I-40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Karen D. M. Magee
- Nnochemistry Research Institute
- Department of Chemistry
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia 6845
| | - Mark I. Ogden
- Nnochemistry Research Institute
- Department of Chemistry
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia 6845
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- Nnochemistry Research Institute
- Department of Chemistry
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia 6845
| | - Stefano Stagni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”
- University of Bologna
- I-40136 Bologna
- Italy
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17
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Fiorini V, Zacchini S, Raiteri P, Mazzoni R, Zanotti V, Massi M, Stagni S. Negatively charged Ir(iii) cyclometalated complexes containing a chelating bis-tetrazolato ligand: synthesis, photophysics and the study of reactivity with electrophiles. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:12884-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02524b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, the reactivity toward electrophiles and use for Ir(iii) based soft salts of new anionic Ir(iii) complexes containing a bis-tetrazolato ligand are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fiorini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”
- University of Bologna
- I-40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”
- University of Bologna
- I-40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Paolo Raiteri
- Department of Chemistry and Nanochemistry Research Institute
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia
- Curtin Institute for Computation
| | - Rita Mazzoni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”
- University of Bologna
- I-40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Valerio Zanotti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”
- University of Bologna
- I-40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- Department of Chemistry and Nanochemistry Research Institute
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Stefano Stagni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”
- University of Bologna
- I-40136 Bologna
- Italy
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18
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Zanoni KPS, Coppo RL, Amaral RC, Murakami Iha NY. Ir(iii) complexes designed for light-emitting devices: beyond the luminescence color array. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:14559-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01644d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective highlights the photophysics and recent breakthroughs in the study of emissive Ir(iii) compounds, including a personal account elucidating the role of molecular and electronic structures in controlling the photophysics of heteroleptic [Ir(N^C)2(L^X)]+ complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassio Papi Silva Zanoni
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Energy Conversion
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo – USP
- 05508-000 São Paulo
| | - Rodolfo Lopes Coppo
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Energy Conversion
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo – USP
- 05508-000 São Paulo
| | - Ronaldo Costa Amaral
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Energy Conversion
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo – USP
- 05508-000 São Paulo
| | - Neyde Yukie Murakami Iha
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Energy Conversion
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo – USP
- 05508-000 São Paulo
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19
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Sandroni M, Zysman-Colman E. Exploring energy transfer in luminescent heterometallic ruthenium-iridium ion pairs. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:3676-80. [PMID: 24419095 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt53170h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the synthesis of a luminescent ion pair with the formula [Ru(dtBubpy)3][Ir(ppy)2(CN)2]2. The crystal structure of this three component, heterometallic assembly is described, along with the luminescence properties of the salt. The modulation of the energy transfer between the blue-green-emitting iridium complex and the red-emitting ruthenium complex is also discussed as a function of both medium and concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Sandroni
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Bd. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1
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