1
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Makogon A, Noël JM, Kanoufi F, Shkirskiy V. Deciphering the Interplay between Local and Global Dynamics of Anodic Metal Oxidation. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1129-1137. [PMID: 38197168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The stark difference between global and local metal oxidation dynamics underscores the need for methodologies capable of performing precise sub-μm-scale and wide-field measurements. In this study, we present reflective microscopy as a tool developed to address this challenge, illustrated by the example of chronoamperometric Fe oxidation in a NaCl solution. Analysis at a local scale of 10 s of μm has revealed three distinct periods of Fe oxidation: the initial covering of the metal interface with a surface film, followed by the electrochemical conversion of the formed surface film, and finally, the in-depth oxidation of Fe. In addition, thermodynamic calculations and the quantitative analysis of changes in optical signal (light intensity), correlated with variations in refractive indexes, suggest the initial formation of maghemite, followed by its subsequent conversion to magnetite. The reactivity maps for all three periods are heterogeneous, which can be attributed to the preferential oxidation of certain crystallographic grains. Notably, at the global scale of 100 s of μm, reactivity initiates at the electrode border and progresses toward its center, demonstrating a unique pattern that is independent of the local metal structure. This finding underscores the significance of simultaneously employing sub-μm-precise, quantitative, and wide-field measurements for a comprehensive description of metal oxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Marc Noël
- ITODYS, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
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2
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Brasiliense V, Audibert JF, Wu T, Tessier G, Berto P, Miomandre F. Local Surface Chemistry Dynamically Monitored by Quantitative Phase Microscopy. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2100737. [PMID: 35041288 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification by photo grafting constitutes an interesting strategy to prepare functional surfaces. Precision applications, however, demand quantitative methods able to monitor and control the amount and distribution of surface modifications, which is hard to achieve, particularly in operando conditions. In this paper, a label-free, cost-effective, all-optical method based on wavefront sensing which is able to quantitatively track the evolution of grafted layers in real-time, is presented. By positioning a simple thin diffuser in the close vicinity of a camera, the thickness of grafted patterns is directly evaluated with sub-nanometric sensitivity and diffraction-limited lateral resolution. By performing an in-depth kinetic analysis of the local modification of an inert substrate (glass cover slips) through photografting of arydiazonium salts, different growth regimes are characterized and several parameters are estimated, such as the grafting efficiency, density and the apparent refractive index distribution of the resulting grafted layers. Both focused and widefield-grafting can be quantitatively monitored in real time, providing valuable guidelines to maximize functionalization efficiency. The association of a well-characterized versatile photografting reaction with the proposed flexible and sensitive monitoring strategy enables functional surfaces to be prepared, and puts surface micro- to submicro-structuration within the reach of most laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Brasiliense
- PPSM, CNRS UMR 5831, ENS Paris-Saclay, 4 avenue des sciences, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Jean-Frédéric Audibert
- PPSM, CNRS UMR 5831, ENS Paris-Saclay, 4 avenue des sciences, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Tengfei Wu
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
- Université de Paris, SPPIN-Saints-Pères Paris Institute for Neurosciences, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Gilles Tessier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Pascal Berto
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
- Université de Paris, SPPIN-Saints-Pères Paris Institute for Neurosciences, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Fabien Miomandre
- PPSM, CNRS UMR 5831, ENS Paris-Saclay, 4 avenue des sciences, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
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3
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Shkirskiy V, Billon J, Levillain E, Gautier C. From Monolayer to Multilayer: Perylenediimide Diazonium Derivative Acting Either as a Growth Inhibitor or a Growth Enhancer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:12834-12841. [PMID: 34699243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fine control of electrografting kinetics of diazonium salts is of paramount importance, particularly when considering the application of diazoniums for the fabrication of 2D nanomaterials. In this work, we develop controlled grafting of a perylenediimide (PDI) moiety separated with a 12-carbon aliphatic chain from aryldiazonium. The particular design of the diazonium cation synthesized for this study allows for fine tuning of the surface coverage by simple adjustment of the applied potential. Indeed, according to the potential imposed at the working electrode, the PDI moiety can either enhance the charge propagation within the growing layer or consume the diazonium salt in the bulk solution via redox cross-reaction. With this approach, the surface functionalization can be restricted to a monolayer or a multilayer in a robust and elegant manner, obeying Langmuir or first-order kinetics of electrografting, respectively. The experimental observations are supported with in situ spectroelectrochemical investigations aimed to differentiate the reduction of PDI moieties in the deposited layer and the bulk solution. A tentative mechanistic scheme is proposed, and numerical simulations are undertaken to rationalize the data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julien Billon
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Eric Levillain
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
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4
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Shkirskiy V, Levillain E, Gautier C. Capacitive Impedance for Following In-Situ Grafting Kinetics of Diazonium Salts. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1074-1078. [PMID: 33780116 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new method to follow in-situ grafting kinetics of diazonium compounds based on imposing small amplitude high frequency AC oscillations at grafting potential, is outlined. This enables the time-resolved measurements of capacitive impedance concomitantly with the growth of the organic layer at the working electrode. The impedance values were quantitatively correlated with the ex-situ (from voltammograms) and in-situ (from quartz crystal microbalance) measured surface coverages, providing a validation of the new methodology. The versatility of the developed approach was demonstrated on the grafting via reduction of 4-nitrobenzenediazonium on Au and glassy carbon (GC) substrates and via deposition of in-situ generated diazonium salts from 1-aminoanthraquinone and 4-ferrocenylaniline on GC. The capacitive impedance measurements are simple, fast, and non-destructive, making it an appealing methodology for an exploration of grafting kinetics of a wide range of diazonium salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav Shkirskiy
- MOLTECH-Anjou, Université D'Angers, UMR CNRS 6200, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers, France
| | - Eric Levillain
- MOLTECH-Anjou, Université D'Angers, UMR CNRS 6200, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers, France
| | - Christelle Gautier
- MOLTECH-Anjou, Université D'Angers, UMR CNRS 6200, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers, France
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5
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Optical Nanoimpacts of Dielectric and Metallic Nanoparticles on Gold Surface by Reflectance Microscopy: Adsorption or Bouncing? JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-019-00099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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6
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Lemineur JF, Noël JM, Ausserré D, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Combining Electrodeposition and Optical Microscopy for Probing Size-Dependent Single-Nanoparticle Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Lemineur
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Diderot; ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086; 15 rue J. de Baïf, F- 75013 Paris France
| | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Diderot; ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086; 15 rue J. de Baïf, F- 75013 Paris France
| | - Dominique Ausserré
- Maine University; Institut des Matériaux et Molécules du Mans, CNRS UMR; 6283, Avenue O. Messiaen, F- 72000 Le Mans France
| | - Catherine Combellas
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Diderot; ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086; 15 rue J. de Baïf, F- 75013 Paris France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Diderot; ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086; 15 rue J. de Baïf, F- 75013 Paris France
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7
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Lemineur JF, Noël JM, Ausserré D, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Combining Electrodeposition and Optical Microscopy for Probing Size-Dependent Single-Nanoparticle Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11998-12002. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Lemineur
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Diderot; ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086; 15 rue J. de Baïf, F- 75013 Paris France
| | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Diderot; ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086; 15 rue J. de Baïf, F- 75013 Paris France
| | - Dominique Ausserré
- Maine University; Institut des Matériaux et Molécules du Mans, CNRS UMR; 6283, Avenue O. Messiaen, F- 72000 Le Mans France
| | - Catherine Combellas
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Diderot; ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086; 15 rue J. de Baïf, F- 75013 Paris France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Diderot; ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086; 15 rue J. de Baïf, F- 75013 Paris France
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8
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Electrochemical measurement of antibody-antigen recognition biophysics: Thermodynamics and kinetics of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) binding to redox-tagged antibodies. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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9
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Supur M, Smith SR, McCreery RL. Characterization of Growth Patterns of Nanoscale Organic Films on Carbon Electrodes by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6463-6471. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Supur
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Scott R. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Richard L. McCreery
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
- National
Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada, 11421
Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
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10
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Chakri S, Patel AN, Frateur I, Kanoufi F, Sutter EMM, Tran TTM, Tribollet B, Vivier V. Imaging of a Thin Oxide Film Formation from the Combination of Surface Reflectivity and Electrochemical Methods. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5303-5310. [PMID: 28406015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Chakri
- Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes
Electrochimiques, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Anisha N. Patel
- Sorbonne Paris
Cité, Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation
et Dynamique des Systèmes Laboratory, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue J. A. Baif, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Frateur
- Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes
Electrochimiques, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- Sorbonne Paris
Cité, Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation
et Dynamique des Systèmes Laboratory, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue J. A. Baif, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Eliane M. M. Sutter
- Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes
Electrochimiques, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - T. T. Mai Tran
- Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes
Electrochimiques, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Tribollet
- Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes
Electrochimiques, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Vivier
- Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes
Electrochimiques, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
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11
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Brasiliense V, Berto P, Combellas C, Tessier G, Kanoufi F. Electrochemistry of Single Nanodomains Revealed by Three-Dimensional Holographic Microscopy. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2049-57. [PMID: 27598333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interest in nanoparticles has vigorously increased over the last 20 years as more and more studies show how their use can potentially revolutionize science and technology. Their applications span many different academically and industrially relevant fields such as catalysis, materials science, health, etc. Until the past decade, however, nanoparticle studies mostly relied on ensemble studies, thus leaving aside their chemical heterogeneity at the single particle level. Over the past few years, powerful new tools appeared to probe nanoparticles individually and in situ. This Account describes how we drew inspiration from the emerging fields of nanoelectrochemistry and plasmonics-based high resolution holographic microscopy to develop a coupled approach capable of analyzing in operando (electro)chemical reaction over one single nanoparticle. A brief overview of selected optical strategies to image NPs in situ with emphasis on scattering based methods is presented. In an electrochemical context, it is necessary to track particle behavior both in solution and near a polarized electrode, which is why 3D optical observation is particularly appealing. These approaches are discussed together with strategies to track NPs beyond the diffraction limit, allowing a much finer description of their trajectories. Then, the holographic setup is used to study electrochemically triggered Ag NP oxidation reaction in the presence of different electrolytes. Holography is shown to be a powerful technique to track and analyze the trajectory of individual NPs in situ, which further sheds light on in operando behaviors such as electrogenerated NP transport, aggregation, or adsorption. We then show that spectroscopy and scattering-based optical methods are reliable and sensitive to the point of being used to investigate and quantify NP (electro)chemical reactions in model cases. However, since real chemical reactions usually take place in an inherently complex environment, approaches based exclusively on optical imaging only reach their limitations. The strategy is then taken one step further by merging together electrochemical nanoimpact experiments with 3D optical monitoring. Previous strategies are validated by showing that in simple cases, these two independent ways of probing NP size and reactivity yield the same results. For more complicated reactions (e.g., multistep reactions), one must go beyond either technique by showing that the two approaches are perfectly complementary and that the two signals contain information of different natures, thus providing a much better characterization of the reaction. This point is illustrated by studying Ag NP oxidation (single or agglomerates) in the presence of a precipitating agent, where the actual oxidation is uncoupled from the dissolution of the particle, thus proving the point of our symbiotic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Brasiliense
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, ITODYS CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Berto
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Neurophotonics Laboratory CNRS UMR 8250, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Combellas
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, ITODYS CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Tessier
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Neurophotonics Laboratory CNRS UMR 8250, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, ITODYS CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France
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12
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Maize K, Kundu A, Xiong G, Saviers K, Fisher TS, Shakouri A. Electroreflectance imaging of gold–H3PO4 supercapacitors. Part I: experimental methodology. Analyst 2016; 141:1448-61. [PMID: 26817992 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01972a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electroreflectance microscopy is demonstrated as a high-resolution, non-contact method to image dynamic charge distribution in integrated microsupercapacitor structures during fast voltage cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Maize
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Birck Nanotechnology Center
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Arpan Kundu
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- Birck Nanotechnology Center
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Guoping Xiong
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- Birck Nanotechnology Center
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Kimberly Saviers
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- Birck Nanotechnology Center
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Timothy S. Fisher
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- Birck Nanotechnology Center
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Ali Shakouri
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Birck Nanotechnology Center
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
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13
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Fedala Y, Munteanu S, Kanoufi F, Tessier G, Roger JP, Wu C, Amiot F. Calibration procedures for quantitative multiple wavelengths reflectance microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:013702. [PMID: 26827323 DOI: 10.1063/1.4939253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to characterize surface chemo-mechanical phenomena driving micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMSs) behavior, it has been previously proposed to use reflected intensity fields obtained from a standard microscope for different illumination wavelengths. Wavelength-dependent and -independent reflectivity fields are obtained from these images, provided the relative reflectance sensitivities ratio can be identified. This contribution focuses on the necessary calibration procedures and mathematical methods allowing for a quantitative conversion from a mechanically induced reflectivity field to a surface rotation field, therefore paving the way for a quantitative mechanical analysis of MEMS under chemical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Fedala
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI ParisTech/CNRS-UMR 7587, 1 rue Jussieu, 75238 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Sorin Munteanu
- PECSA, ESPCI ParisTech/CNRS-UMR 7195, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- PECSA, ESPCI ParisTech/CNRS-UMR 7195, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Gilles Tessier
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI ParisTech/CNRS-UMR 7587, 1 rue Jussieu, 75238 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Jean Paul Roger
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI ParisTech/CNRS-UMR 7587, 1 rue Jussieu, 75238 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Chang Wu
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS-UMR 6174/UBFC/ENSMM/UTBM, 24 chemin de l'Épitaphe, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Fabien Amiot
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS-UMR 6174/UBFC/ENSMM/UTBM, 24 chemin de l'Épitaphe, F-25030 Besançon, France
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14
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Zhou M, Yu Y, Blanchard PY, Mirkin MV. Surface Patterning Using Diazonium Ink Filled Nanopipette. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10956-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Yun Yu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Pierre-Yves Blanchard
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
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15
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Hetemi D, Hazimeh H, Decorse P, Galtayries A, Combellas C, Kanoufi F, Pinson J, Podvorica FI. One-step formation of bifunctionnal aryl/alkyl grafted films on conducting surfaces by the reduction of diazonium salts in the presence of alkyl iodides. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:5406-5415. [PMID: 25893643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The formation of partial perfluoroalkyl or alkyl radicals from partial perfluoroalkyl or alkyl iodides (ICH2CH2C6F13 and IC6H13) and their reaction with surfaces takes place at low driving force (∼-0.5 V/SCE) when the electrochemical reaction is performed in acetonitrile in the presence of diazonium salts (ArN2(+)), at a potential where the latter is reduced. By comparison to the direct grafting of ICH2CH2C6F13, this corresponds to a gain of ∼2.1 V in the case of 4-nitrobenzenediazonium. Such electrochemical reaction permits the modification of gold surfaces (and also carbon, iron, and copper) with mixed aryl-alkyl groups (Ar = 3-CH3-C6H4, 4-NO2-C6H4, and 4-Br-C6H4, R = C6H13 or (CH2)2-C6F13). These strongly bonded mixed layers are characterized by IRRAS, XPS, ToF-SIMS, ellipsometry, water contact angles, and cyclic voltammetry. The relative proportions of grafted aryl and alkyl groups can be varied along with the relative concentrations of diazonium and iodide components in the grafting solution. The formation of the films is assigned to the reaction of aryl and alkyl radicals on the surface and on the first grafted layer. The former is obtained from the electrochemical reduction of the diazonium salt; the latter results from the abstraction of an iodine atom by the aryl radical. The mechanism involved in the growth of the film provides an example of complex surface radical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dardan Hetemi
- †Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
- ‡Chemistry Department of Natural Sciences Faculty, University of Prishtina, rr. "Nëna Tereze" nr. 5, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Hassan Hazimeh
- §ESPCI ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Philippe Decorse
- †Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Anouk Galtayries
- ∥Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, UMR 8247 CNRS, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Combellas
- †Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
- §ESPCI ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- †Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
- §ESPCI ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Jean Pinson
- †Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Fetah I Podvorica
- †Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
- ‡Chemistry Department of Natural Sciences Faculty, University of Prishtina, rr. "Nëna Tereze" nr. 5, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo
- §ESPCI ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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16
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Batchelor-McAuley C, Martinez-Marrades A, Tschulik K, Patel AN, Combellas C, Kanoufi F, Tessier G, Compton RG. Simultaneous electrochemical and 3D optical imaging of silver nanoparticle oxidation. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kirkman PM, Güell AG, Cuharuc AS, Unwin PR. Spatial and Temporal Control of the Diazonium Modification of sp2 Carbon Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 136:36-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja410467e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Kirkman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill
Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Aleix G. Güell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill
Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Anatolii S. Cuharuc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill
Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill
Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
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