1
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Zhou L, Liang Z, Qin Y, Chan CK. Evaporation-Induced Transformations in Volatile Chemical Product-Derived Secondary Organic Aerosols: Browning Effects and Alterations in Oxidative Reactivity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38866390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Volatile chemical products (VCPs) are increasingly recognized as significant sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban atmospheres, potentially serving as key precursors for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. This study investigates the formation and physicochemical transformations of VCP-derived SOA, produced through ozonolysis of VOCs evaporated from a representative room deodorant air freshener, focusing on the effects of aerosol evaporation on its molecular composition, light absorption properties, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Following aerosol evaporation, solutes become concentrated, accelerating reactions within the aerosol matrix that lead to a 42% reduction in peroxide content and noticeable browning of the SOA. This process occurs most effectively at moderate relative humidity (∼40%), reaching a maximum solute concentration before aerosol solidification. Molecular characterization reveals that evaporating VCP-derived SOA produces highly conjugated nitrogen-containing products from interactions between existing or transformed carbonyl compounds and reduced nitrogen species, likely acting as chromophores responsible for the observed brownish coloration. Additionally, the reactivity of VCP-derived SOA was elucidated through heterogeneous oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2), which revealed enhanced photosensitized sulfate production upon drying. Direct measurements of ROS, including singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide (O2•-), and hydroxyl radicals (•OH), showed higher abundances in dried versus undried SOA samples under light exposure. Our findings underscore that drying significantly alters the physicochemical properties of VCP-derived SOA, impacting their roles in atmospheric chemistry and radiative balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Zhou
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhancong Liang
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yiming Qin
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chak K Chan
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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2
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Chen K, Hamilton C, Ries B, Lum M, Mayorga R, Tian L, Bahreini R, Zhang H, Lin YH. Relative Humidity Modulates the Physicochemical Processing of Secondary Brown Carbon Formation from Nighttime Oxidation of Furan and Pyrrole. ACS ES&T AIR 2024; 1:426-437. [PMID: 38751608 PMCID: PMC11091849 DOI: 10.1021/acsestair.4c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Light-absorbing secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), also known as secondary brown carbon (BrC), are major components of wildfire smoke that can have a significant impact on the climate system; however, how environmental factors such as relative humidity (RH) influence their formation is not fully understood, especially for heterocyclic precursors. We conducted chamber experiments to investigate secondary BrC formation from the nighttime oxidation of furan and pyrrole, two primary heterocyclic precursors in wildfires, in the presence of pre-existing particles at RH < 20% and ∼ 50%. Our findings revealed that increasing RH significantly affected the size distribution dynamics of both SOAs, with pyrrole SOA showing a stronger potential to generate ultrafine particles via intensive nucleation processes. Higher RH led to increased mass fractions of oxygenated compounds in both SOAs, suggesting enhanced gas-phase and/or multiphase oxidation under humid conditions. Moreover, higher RH reduced the mass absorption coefficients of both BrC, contrasting with those from homocyclic precursors, due to the formation of non-absorbing high-molecular-weight oxygenated compounds and the decreasing mass fractions of molecular chromophores. Overall, our findings demonstrate the unique RH dependence of secondary BrC formation from heterocyclic precursors, which may critically modulate the radiative effects of wildfire smoke on climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Chen
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Caitlin Hamilton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Bradley Ries
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Michael Lum
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Raphael Mayorga
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Linhui Tian
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Roya Bahreini
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Haofei Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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3
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Zhang Y, Cheng M, Gao J, Li J. Review of the influencing factors of secondary organic aerosol formation and aging mechanism based on photochemical smog chamber simulation methods. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:545-559. [PMID: 36522014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The formation and aging mechanism of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and its influencing factors have attracted increasing attention in recent years because of their effects on climate change, atmospheric quality and human health. However, there are still large errors between air quality model simulation results and field observations. The currently undetected components during the formation and aging of SOA due to the limitation of current monitoring techniques and the interactions among multiple SOA formation influencing factors might be the main reasons for the differences. In this paper, we present a detailed review of the complex dynamic physical and chemical processes and the corresponding influencing factors involved in SOA formation and aging. And all these results were mainly based the studies of photochemical smog chamber simulation. Although the properties of precursor volatile organic compounds (VOCs), oxidants (such as OH radicals), and atmospheric environmental factors (such as NOx, SO2, NH3, light intensity, temperature, humidity and seed aerosols) jointly influence the products and yield of SOA, the nucleation and vapor pressure of these products were found to be the most fundamental aspects when interpreting the dynamics of the SOA formation and aging process. The development of techniques for measuring intermediate species in SOA generation processes and the study of SOA generation and aging mechanism in complex systems should be important topics of future SOA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Miaomiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Junling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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4
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Deng H, Xu X, Wang K, Xu J, Loisel G, Wang Y, Pang H, Li P, Mai Z, Yan S, Li X, Gligorovski S. The Effect of Human Occupancy on Indoor Air Quality through Real-Time Measurements of Key Pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15377-15388. [PMID: 36279129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The primarily emitted compounds by human presence, e.g., skin and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath, can react with typical indoor air oxidants, ozone (O3), and hydroxyl radicals (OH), leading to secondary organic compounds. Nevertheless, our understanding about the formation processes of the compounds through reactions of indoor air oxidants with primary emitted pollutants is still incomplete. In this study we performed real-time measurements of nitrous acid (HONO), nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2), O3, and VOCs to investigate the contribution of human presence and human activity, e.g., mopping the floor, to secondary organic compounds. During human occupancy a significant increase was observed of 1-butene, isoprene, and d-limonene exhaled by the four adults in the room and an increase of methyl vinyl ketone/methacrolein, methylglyoxal, and 3-methylfuran, formed as secondary compounds through reactions of OH radicals with isoprene. Intriguingly, the level of some compounds (e.g., m/z 126, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, m/z 152, dihydrocarvone, and m/z 194, geranyl acetone) formed through reactions of O3 with the primary compounds was higher in the presence of four adults than during the period of mopping the floor with commercial detergent. These results indicate that human presence can additionally degrade the indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100864, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China
| | - Kangyi Wang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China
| | - Jinli Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100864, China
| | - Gwendal Loisel
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Yiqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100864, China
| | - Hongwei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100864, China
| | - Zebin Mai
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd., Guangzhou510530, China
| | - Shichao Yan
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd., Guangzhou510530, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou510632, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou510632, China
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou510640, China
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5
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Aregahegn KZ, Felber T, Tilgner A, Hoffmann EH, Schaefer T, Herrmann H. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Aqueous-Phase Reactions of Triplet-State Imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde and 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde with α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8727-8740. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kifle Z. Aregahegn
- Department of Chemistry, Debre Berhan University, P.O. Box 445, 1000 Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Tamara Felber
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erik H. Hoffmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Xiong R, Li J, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Jiang K, Zheng H, Kong S, Shen H, Cheng H, Shen G, Tao S. Global brown carbon emissions from combustion sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 12:100201. [PMID: 36157345 PMCID: PMC9500369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2022.100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Light-absorbing organic carbon (OC), sometimes known as Brown Carbon (BrC), has been recognized as an important fraction of carbonaceous aerosols substantially affecting radiative forcing. This study firstly developed a bottom-up estimate of global primary BrC, and discussed its spatiotemporal distribution and source contributions from 1960 to 2010. The global total primary BrC emission from both natural and anthropogenic sources in 2010 was 7.26 (5.98-8.93 as an interquartile range) Tg, with 43.5% from anthropogenic sources. High primary BrC emissions were in regions such as Africa, South America, South and East Asia with natural sources (wild fires and deforestation) contributing over 70% in the former two regions, while in East Asia, anthropogenic sources, especially residential solid fuel combustion, accounted for over 80% of the regional total BrC emissions. Globally, the historical trend was mainly driven by anthropogenic sources, which increased from 1960 to 1990 and then started to decline. Residential emissions significantly impacted on emissions and temporal trends that varied by region. In South and Southeast Asia, the emissions increased obviously due to population growth and a slow transition from solid fuels to clean modern energies in the residential sector. It is estimated that in primary OC, the global average was about 20% BrC, but this ratio varied from 13% to 47%, depending on sector and region. In areas with high residential solid fuel combustion emissions, the ratio was generally twice the value in other areas. Uncertainties in the work are associated with the concept of BrC and measurement technologies, pointing to the need for more studies on BrC analysis and quantification in both emissions and the air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiong
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jin Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuanzheng Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huang Zheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Corresponding author. Peking University, China.
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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7
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Huang RJ, Yuan W, Yang L, Yang H, Cao W, Guo J, Zhang N, Zhu C, Wu Y, Zhang R. Concentration, optical characteristics, and emission factors of brown carbon emitted by on-road vehicles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:151307. [PMID: 34748827 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) is a light-absorbing component that affects radiative forcing; however, this effect requires further clarification, particularly with respect to BrC emission sources, chromophores, and optical properties. In the present study, the concentrations, optical properties, and emission factors of organic carbon (OC), water-soluble OC (WSOC), and humic-like substances (HULIS) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from vehicles in three road tunnels (the Wucun, Xianyue, and Wenxing tunnels in Xiamen, China) were investigated. The mass concentrations and light absorption of OC, WSOC, and HULIS were higher at the exits of each tunnel than at entrances, demonstrating that vehicle emissions were a BrC source. At each tunnel's exit, the average light absorption contributed by HULIS-BrC to water-soluble BrC (WS-BrC) and total BrC at 365 nm was higher than the corresponding carbon mass concentration contributed by HULIS (HULIS-C) to WSOC and OC, indicating that the chromophores of HULIS emitted from vehicles had a disproportionately high effect on the light absorption characteristics of BrC. The emission factors (EFs) of HULIS-C and WSOC mass concentrations were highest at the Xianyue tunnel; however, the EFs of HULIS-BrC and WS-BrC light absorption were highest at the Wenxing tunnel, indicating that the chromophore composition of BrC was different among the tunnels and that the mass concentration EFs did not correspond directly to the light absorption EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jin Huang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wei Yuan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Yang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huinan Yang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 200093 Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Cao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jie Guo
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Chongshu Zhu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yunfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Zhu C, Miyakawa T, Irie H, Choi Y, Taketani F, Kanaya Y. Light-absorption properties of brown carbon aerosols in the Asian outflow: Implications of a combination of filter and ground remote-sensing observations at Fukue Island, Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149155. [PMID: 34346377 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) aerosols have important warming effects on Earth's radiative forcing. However, information on the evolution of the light-absorption properties of BrC aerosols in the Asian outflow region is limited. In this study, we evaluated the light-absorption properties of BrC using in-situ filter measurements and sky radiometer observations of the ground-based remote sensing network SKYradiometer NETwork (SKYNET) made on Fukue Island, western Japan in 2018. The light-absorption coefficient of BrC obtained from filter measurements had a temporal trend similar to that of the ambient concentration of black carbon (BC), indicating that BrC and BC have common combustion sources. The absorption Angstrom exponent in the wavelength range of 340-870 nm derived from the SKYNET observations was 15% higher in spring (1.81 ± 0.30) than through the whole year (1.53 ± 0.50), suggesting that the Asian outflow carries light-absorbing aerosols to Fukue Island and the western North Pacific. After eliminating the contributions of BC, the absorption Angstrom exponent of BrC alone obtained from filter observations had a positive Spearman correlation (rs = 0.77, p < 0.1) with that derived from SKYNET observations but 33% higher values, indicating that the light-absorption properties of BrC were successfully captured using the two methods. Using the atmospheric transport model FLEXPART and fire hotspots obtained from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite product, we identified a high-BrC event related to an air mass originating from regions with consistent fossil fuel combustion and sporadic open biomass burning in central East China. The results of the study may help to clarify the dynamics and climatic effects of BrC aerosols in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmao Zhu
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama 2360001, Japan.
| | - Takuma Miyakawa
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama 2360001, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Irie
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba 2638522, Japan
| | - Yongjoo Choi
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama 2360001, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Taketani
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama 2360001, Japan
| | - Yugo Kanaya
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama 2360001, Japan
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9
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Multidimensional Analytical Characterization of Water-Soluble Organic Aerosols: Challenges and New Perspectives. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11062539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic aerosols (OA) are an important component of air particles and one of the key drivers that impact both climate and human health. Understanding the processes involving water-soluble OA depends on how well the chemical composition of this aerosol component is decoded. Yet, obtaining detailed information faces several challenges, including water-soluble OA collection, extraction, and chemical complexity. This review highlights the multidimensional non-targeted analytical strategies that have been developed and employed for providing new insights into the structural and molecular features of water-soluble organic components present in air particles. First, the most prominent high-resolution mass spectrometric methods for near real-time measurements of water-soluble OA and their limitations are discussed. Afterward, a special emphasis is given to the degree of compositional information provided by offline multidimensional analytical techniques, namely excitation–emission (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and their hyphenation with chromatographic systems. The major challenges ahead on the application of these multidimensional analytical strategies for OA research are also addressed so that they can be used advantageously in future studies.
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10
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Felber T, Schaefer T, Herrmann H. Five-Membered Heterocycles as Potential Photosensitizers in the Tropospheric Aqueous Phase: Photophysical Properties of Imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, 2-Furaldehyde, and 2-Acetylfuran. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10029-10039. [PMID: 33202138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitized reactions of organic compounds in the atmospheric aqueous and particle phase might be potential sources for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, addressed as aqueous SOA. However, data regarding the photophysical properties of photosensitizers, their kinetics, as well as reaction mechanisms of such processes in the aqueous/particle phase are scarce. The present study investigates the determination of the photophysical properties of imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde, and 2-acetylfuran as potential photosensitizers using laser flash excitation in aqueous solution. Quantum yields of the formation of the excited photosensitizers were obtained by a scavenging method with thiocyanate, resulting in values between 0.86 and 0.96 at 298 K and pH = 5. The time-resolved absorbance spectra of the excited photosensitizers were measured, and their molar attenuation coefficients were determined ranging between (0.30 and 1.4) × 104 L mol-1 cm-1 at their absorbance maxima (λmax = 335-440 nm). Additionally, the excited photosensitizers are quenched by water and molecular oxygen, resulting in quenching rate constants of k1st = (1.0 ± 0.2-1.8 ± 0.2) × 105 s-1 and kq(O2) = (2.1 ± 0.2-2.7 ± 0.2) × 109 L mol-1 s-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Felber
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Jiang H, Li J, Chen D, Tang J, Cheng Z, Mo Y, Su T, Tian C, Jiang B, Liao Y, Zhang G. Biomass burning organic aerosols significantly influence the light absorption properties of polarity-dependent organic compounds in the Pearl River Delta Region, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106079. [PMID: 32866733 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) is an important constituent of light-absorbing organic aerosols with many unclear issues. Here, the light-absorption properties of BrC with different polarity characteristics at a regional site of Pearl River Delta Region during 2016-2017, influenced by sources and molecular compositions, were revealed using radiocarbon analysis and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Humic-like substance (HULIS), middle polar (MP), and low polar (LP) carbon fractions constitute 46 ± 17%, 30 ± 7%, and 7 ± 3% of total absorption coefficient from bulk extracts, respectively. Our results show that the absorption proportions of HULIS and MP to the total BrC absorption are higher than their mass proportions to organic carbon mass, indicating that HULIS and MP are the main light-absorbing components in water-soluble and water-insoluble organic carbon fractions, respectively. With decreases in non-fossil HULIS, MP, and LP carbon fractions (66 ± 2%, 52 ± 2%, and 36 ± 3%, respectively), the abundances of unsaturated compounds and mass absorption efficiency at 365 nm of three fractions decreased synchronously. Increases in both non-fossil carbon and levoglucosan in winter imply that the enhanced light-absorption could be attributed to elevated levels of biomass burning organic aerosols (BBOA), which increases the number of light-absorbing nitrogen-containing compounds. Moreover, the major type of potential BrC in HULIS and MP carbon fractions are oxidized BBOA, but the potential BrC chromophores in LP are mainly associated with primary BBOA. This study reveals that biomass burning has adverse effects on radiative forcing and air quality, and probably indicates the significant influences of atmospheric oxidation reactions on the forms of chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Duohong Chen
- Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, China.
| | - Jiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhineng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yangzhi Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Tao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Bing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuhong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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12
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Kasthuriarachchi NY, Rivellini LH, Chen X, Li YJ, Lee AKY. Effect of Relative Humidity on Secondary Brown Carbon Formation in Aqueous Droplets. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13207-13216. [PMID: 32924450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) is a significant contributor to particulate light absorption. Reactions between small aldehydes and reduced nitrogen species have been shown to produce secondary BrC in atmospheric droplets. These reactions can be substantially accelerated upon droplet evaporation. Despite aqueous droplets undergoing continuous water evaporation and uptake in response to the surrounding relative humidity (RH), secondary BrC formation in these droplets under various RH conditions remains poorly understood. In this work, we investigate BrC formation from reactions of two aqueous-phase precursors, glyoxal and methylglyoxal, with ammonium sulfate or glycine in aqueous droplets after drying at a range of RH (30-90%). Our results illustrate, for the first time, that BrC production varies as a function of RH. For all four chemical reaction systems being investigated, mass absorption efficiencies (MAE, m2/g C) of aqueous aerosol products (from 270 to 512 nm wavelength range) generally increase with reducing RH to reach a maximum at ∼55-65% RH and subsequently decrease, caused by further drying. Chemical characterization using high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry shows that the formation of nitrogen-containing organic species also follows a similar variation with RH. Our observations reveal that the acceleration of BrC production from evaporation of water may be diminished by other factors, such as limited particle-phase water content, phase transition, and volatility of reactants and products. Overall, our results highlight that intermediate RH conditions in the atmosphere may be more efficient in secondary BrC formation, indicating that the effect of RH needs to be included in atmospheric models for a more accurate representation of light-absorbing aerosol formation in aqueous droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethmi Y Kasthuriarachchi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Laura-Hélèna Rivellini
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yong Jie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Alex K Y Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
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13
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Pratap V, Battaglia MA, Carlton AG, Hennigan CJ. No evidence for brown carbon formation in ambient particles undergoing atmospherically relevant drying. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:442-450. [PMID: 32010908 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00457b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent laboratory studies have reported the formation of light-absorbing organic carbon compounds (brown carbon, BrC) in particles undergoing drying. Atmospheric particles undergo cycles of humidification and drying during vertical transport and through daily variations in temperature and humidity, which implies particle drying could potentially be an important source of BrC globally. In this work, we investigated BrC formation in ambient particles undergoing drying at a site in the eastern United States during summer. Aerosol BrC concentrations were linked to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, consistent with seasonal expectations for this region. Measurements of water-soluble organic aerosol concentrations and light absorption (365 nm) were alternated between an unperturbed channel and a channel that dried particles to 41% or 35% relative humidity (RH), depending on the system configuration. The RH maintained in the dry channels was below most ambient RH levels observed throughout the study. We did not observe BrC formation in particles that were dried to either RH level. The results were consistent across two summers, spanning ∼5 weeks of measurements that included a wide range of RH conditions and organic and inorganic aerosol loadings. This work suggests that mechanisms aside from humidification-drying cycles are more important contributors to ambient particle BrC loadings. The implications of this work on the atmospheric budget of BrC are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Pratap
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, USA.
| | - Michael A Battaglia
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, USA.
| | | | - Christopher J Hennigan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, USA.
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14
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Johnston MV, Kerecman DE. Molecular Characterization of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol by Mass Spectrometry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:247-274. [PMID: 30901261 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061516-045135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol, particulate matter suspended in the air we breathe, exerts a strong impact on our health and the environment. Controlling the amount of particulate matter in air is difficult, as there are many ways particles can form by both natural and anthropogenic processes. We gain insight into the sources of particulate matter through chemical composition measurements. A substantial portion of atmospheric aerosol is organic, and this organic matter is exceedingly complex on a molecular scale, encompassing hundreds to thousands of individual compounds that distribute between the gas and particle phases. Because of this complexity, no single analytical technique is sufficient. However, mass spectrometry plays a crucial role owing to its combination of high sensitivity and molecular specificity. This review surveys the various ways mass spectrometry is used to characterize atmospheric organic aerosol at a molecular level, tracing these methods from inception to current practice, with emphasis on current and emerging areas of research. Both offline and online approaches are covered, and molecular measurements with them are discussed in the context of identifying sources and elucidating the underlying chemical mechanisms of particle formation. There is an ongoing need to improve existing techniques and develop new ones if we are to further advance our knowledge of how to mitigate the unwanted health and environmental impacts of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray V Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA;
| | - Devan E Kerecman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA;
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15
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Gao Y, Zhang Y. Optical properties investigation of the reactions between methylglyoxal and glycine/ammonium sulfate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 215:112-121. [PMID: 30822732 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, "brown carbon" (BrC), as an important contributor to light absorption and climate forcing as aerosols, has been one of the forefronts in the field of atmospheric research. Aqueous BrC aerosols can be formed through aqueous reactions of methylglyoxal (MG) with nitrogen compounds, such as glycine (Gly) and ammonium sulfate (AS). When exposed to nitrogen compounds for several days, aqueous carbonyl compound MG became absorbent and fluorescent in the ultraviolet and near visible regions, according to UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopies. Experiment results showed that optical absorption of two aqueous BrC solutions in the spectral range of 250-480 nm significantly increased with increasing reaction time. After the reactions of MG with Gly and AS, the product absorbance followed the order of MG-Gly>MG-AS. For H2O2 oxidation photolysis, the atmospheric aqueous BrC showed the dynamic nature. Reaction kinetic, effective quantum yields and size distribution studies were conducted in the paper. Fluorescence lifetime values of the two BrC solutions were calculated. LC/MS analysis results clearly indicated that complicated organic compounds were formed in the reactions of MG with Gly and AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Bengbu University, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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16
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Abstract
Aerosol mixing state significantly affects concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), wet removal rates, thermodynamic properties, heterogeneous chemistry, and aerosol optical properties, with implications for human health and climate. Over the last two decades, significant research effort has gone into finding computationally-efficient methods for representing the most important aspects of aerosol mixing state in air pollution, weather prediction, and climate models. In this review, we summarize the interactions between mixing-state and aerosol hygroscopicity, optical properties, equilibrium thermodynamics and heterogeneous chemistry. We focus on the effects of simplified assumptions of aerosol mixing state on CCN concentrations, wet deposition, and aerosol absorption. We also summarize previous approaches for representing aerosol mixing state in atmospheric models, and we make recommendations regarding the representation of aerosol mixing state in future modelling studies.
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17
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18
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JIANG HX, LI J, TANG J, MO YZ, ZHANG G. Applications of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Studies of Brown Carbon. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(18)61115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Gen M, Huang DD, Chan CK. Reactive Uptake of Glyoxal by Ammonium-Containing Salt Particles as a Function of Relative Humidity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6903-6911. [PMID: 29775291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactions between dissolved ammonia and carbonyls, which form light-absorbing species in atmospheric particles, can be accelerated by actively removing water from the reaction system. Here, we examine the effects of relative humidity (RH) on the reactive uptake of glyoxal (Gly) by aqueous particles of ammonium sulfate (AS), ammonium bisulfate, sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, ammonium nitrate (AN), and sodium nitrate. In situ Raman analysis was used to quantify particle-phase Gly and a colored product, 2,2'-biimidazole (BI), as a function of uptake time. Overall, the Gly uptake rate increases with decreasing RH, reflecting the "salting-in" effect. The BI formation rate increases significantly with decreasing RH or aerosol liquid water (ALW). Compared to that at 75% RH, the BI formation rate is enhanced by factors of 29 at 60% RH and 330 at 45% RH for AS particles and 65 at 60% RH, 210 at 45% RH, and 460 at 30% RH for AN particles. These enhancement factors are much larger than those estimated from increased reactant concentrations due to decreases in RH and ALW alone. We postulate that the reduction in ALW at low RH increases the Gly uptake rate via the "salting-in" effect and the BI formation rate by facilitating dehydration reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Gen
- School of Energy and Environment , City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon, Hong Kong , China
| | - Dan Dan Huang
- School of Energy and Environment , City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon, Hong Kong , China
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment , City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon, Hong Kong , China
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20
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Liu P, Li YJ, Wang Y, Bateman AP, Zhang Y, Gong Z, Bertram AK, Martin ST. Highly Viscous States Affect the Browning of Atmospheric Organic Particulate Matter. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4. [PMID: 29532020 PMCID: PMC5832997 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Initially transparent organic particulate matter (PM) can become shades of light-absorbing brown via atmospheric particle-phase chemical reactions. The production of nitrogen-containing compounds is one important pathway for browning. Semisolid or solid physical states of organic PM might, however, have sufficiently slow diffusion of reactant molecules to inhibit browning reactions. Herein, organic PM of secondary organic material (SOM) derived from toluene, a common SOM precursor in anthropogenically affected environments, was exposed to ammonia at different values of relative humidity (RH). The production of light-absorbing organonitrogen imines from ammonia exposure, detected by mass spectrometry and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, was kinetically inhibited for RH < 20% for exposure times of 6 min to 24 h. By comparison, from 20% to 60% RH organonitrogen production took place, implying ammonia uptake and reaction. Correspondingly, the absorption index k across 280 to 320 nm increased from 0.012 to 0.02, indicative of PM browning. The k value across 380 to 420 nm increased from 0.001 to 0.004. The observed RH-dependent behavior of ammonia uptake and browning was well captured by a model that considered the diffusivities of both the large organic molecules that made up the PM and the small reactant molecules taken up from the gas phase into the PM. Within the model, large-molecule diffusivity was calculated based on observed SOM viscosity and evaporation. Small-molecule diffusivity was represented by the water diffusivity measured by a quartz-crystal microbalance. The model showed that the browning reaction rates at RH < 60% could be controlled by the low diffusivity of the large organic molecules from the interior region of the particle to the reactive surface region. The results of this study have implications for accurate modeling of atmospheric brown carbon production and associated influences on energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences and Department
of Earth and
Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yong Jie Li
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences and Department
of Earth and
Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yan Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences and Department
of Earth and
Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- T. H.
Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Adam P. Bateman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences and Department
of Earth and
Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences and Department
of Earth and
Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Aerodyne
Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Zhaoheng Gong
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences and Department
of Earth and
Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Allan K. Bertram
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Scot T. Martin
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences and Department
of Earth and
Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- E-mail:
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21
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Laskin A, Lin P, Laskin J, Fleming LT, Nizkorodov S. Molecular Characterization of Atmospheric Brown Carbon. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2018-1299.ch013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Lauren T. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sergey Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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22
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Lin P, Bluvshtein N, Rudich Y, Nizkorodov SA, Laskin J, Laskin A. Molecular Chemistry of Atmospheric Brown Carbon Inferred from a Nationwide Biomass Burning Event. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11561-11570. [PMID: 28759227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Lag Ba'Omer, a nationwide bonfire festival in Israel, was chosen as a case study to investigate the influence of a major biomass burning event on the light absorption properties of atmospheric brown carbon (BrC). The chemical composition and optical properties of BrC chromophores were investigated using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) platform coupled to photo diode array (PDA) and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) detectors. Substantial increase of BrC light absorption coefficient was observed during the night-long biomass burning event. Most chromophores observed during the event were attributed to nitroaromatic compounds (NAC), comprising 28 elemental formulas of at least 63 structural isomers. The NAC, in combination, accounted for 50-80% of the total visible light absorption (>400 nm) by solvent extractable BrC. The results highlight that NAC, in particular nitrophenols, are important light absorption contributors of biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA), suggesting that night time chemistry of •NO3 and N2O5 with particles may play a significant role in atmospheric transformations of BrC. Nitrophenols and related compounds were especially important chromophores of BBOA. The absorption spectra of the BrC chromophores are influenced by the extraction solvent and solution pH, implying that the aerosol acidity is an important factor controlling the light absorption properties of BrC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Nir Bluvshtein
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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23
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Aiona PK, Lee HJ, Lin P, Heller F, Laskin A, Laskin J, Nizkorodov SA. A Role for 2-Methyl Pyrrole in the Browning of 4-Oxopentanal and Limonene Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11048-11056. [PMID: 28858499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of ammonia or ammonium sulfate (AS) with carbonyls in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced from limonene are known to form brown carbon (BrC) with a distinctive absorption band at 505 nm. This study examined the browning processes in aqueous solutions of AS and 4-oxopentanal (4-OPA), which has a 1,4-dicarbonyl structural motif present in many limonene SOA compounds. Aqueous reactions of 4-OPA with AS were found to produce 2-methyl pyrrole (2-MP), which was detected by gas chromatography. While 2-MP does not absorb visible radiation, it can further react with 4-OPA eventually forming BrC compounds. This was demonstrated by reacting 2-MP with 4-OPA or limonene SOA, both of which produced BrC with absorption bands at 475 and 505 nm, respectively. The formation of BrC in the reaction of 4-OPA with AS and ammonium nitrate was greatly accelerated by evaporation of the solution suggesting an important role of the dehydration processes in BrC formation. 4-OPA was also found to produce BrC in aqueous reactions with a broad spectrum of amino acids and amines. These results suggest that 4-OPA may be the smallest atmospherically relevant compound capable of browning by the same mechanism as limonene SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige K Aiona
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Hyun Ji Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Forrest Heller
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Energy and Environment Directorate, , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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24
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Phillips SM, Bellcross AD, Smith GD. Light Absorption by Brown Carbon in the Southeastern United States is pH-dependent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6782-6790. [PMID: 28548841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Light-absorbing organic material, or "brown carbon" (BrC), can significantly influence the effect that aerosols have on climate. Here, we investigate how changing pH affects the absorption spectra of water-soluble BrC from ambient particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm collected in Athens, Georgia, in the spring and fall of 2016, including samples from nearby wildfires. We find that absorption increases 10% per pH unit from pH 2 to pH 12 with a broad, featureless tail at visible wavelengths, where the largest fractional increase is also observed. The resulting change in the spectral shape causes the absorption Ångström exponent to decrease by 0.18 per unit increase in pH. Similar behavior with humic substances suggests that they and BrC share a common link between pH and absorption, which we propose could be a consequence of conformational changes in supramolecular assemblies thought to exist in humic substances. Specifically, we hypothesize that a wider variety and larger number of absorbing charge transfer complexes are formed as functional groups in these molecules, such as carboxylic acid and phenol moieties, become deprotonated. These findings suggest that (1) the pH of ambient particulate matter samples should be measured or controlled and (2) radiative forcing by BrC aerosols could be overestimated if their pH-dependent BrC absorption is not accounted for in models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Aleia D Bellcross
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Geoffrey D Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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25
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Spranger T, van Pinxteren D, Herrmann H. Two-Dimensional Offline Chromatographic Fractionation for the Characterization of Humic-Like Substances in Atmospheric Aerosol Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5061-5070. [PMID: 28333457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic carbon in atmospheric particles comprises a large fraction of chromatographically unresolved compounds, often referred to as humic-like substances (HULIS), which influence particle properties and impact climate, human health, and ecosystems. To better understand its composition, a two-dimensional (2D) offline method combining size-exclusion (SEC) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) using a new spiked gradient profile is presented. It separates HULIS into 55 fractions of different size and polarity, with estimated ranges of molecular weight and octanol/water partitioning coefficient (log P) from 160-900 g/mol and 0.2-3.3, respectively. The distribution of HULIS within the 2D size versus polarity space is illustrated with heat maps of ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm. It is found to strongly differ in a small example set of samples from a background site near Leipzig, Germany. In winter, the most intense signals were obtained for the largest molecules (>520 g/mol) with low polarity (log P ∼ 1.9), whereas in summer, smaller (225-330 g/mol) and more polar (log P ∼ 0.55) molecules dominate. The method reveals such differences in HULIS composition in a more detailed manner than previously possible and can therefore help to better elucidate the sources of HULIS in different seasons or at different sites. Analyzing Suwannee river fulvic acid as a common HULIS surrogate shows a similar polarity range, but the sizes are clearly larger than those of atmospheric HULIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Spranger
- Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung (TROPOS) , Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik van Pinxteren
- Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung (TROPOS) , Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung (TROPOS) , Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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26
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Budisulistiorini SH, Riva M, Williams M, Chen J, Itoh M, Surratt JD, Kuwata M. Light-Absorbing Brown Carbon Aerosol Constituents from Combustion of Indonesian Peat and Biomass. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4415-4423. [PMID: 28318234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Light-absorbing brown carbon (BrC) constituents of organic aerosol (OA) have been shown to significantly absorb ultraviolet (UV) and visible light and thus impact radiative forcing. However, molecular identification of the BrC constituents is still limited. In this study, we characterize BrC constituents at the molecular level in (i) aerosols emitted by combustion of peat, fern/leaf, and charcoal from Indonesia and (ii) ambient aerosols collected in Singapore during the 2015 haze episode. Aerosols were analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography instrument interfaced to a diode array detector and electrospray ionization high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer operated in the negative ion mode. In the laboratory-generated aerosols, we identified 41 compounds that can potentially absorb near-UV and visible wavelengths, such as oxygenated-conjugated compounds, nitroaromatics, and S-containing compounds. The sum of BrC constituents in peat, fern/leaf, and charcoal burning aerosols are 16%, 35%, and 28% of the OA mass, respectively, giving an average contribution of 24%. On average, the BrC constituents account for 0.4% of the ambient OA mass; however, large uncertainties in mass closure remain because of the lack of authentic standards. This study highlights the potential of light-absorbing BrC OA constituents from peat, fern/leaf, and charcoal burning and their importance in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Michael Williams
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jing Chen
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University , Kyoto 6068501, Japan
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mikinori Kuwata
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University , Kyoto 6068501, Japan
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27
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Jiang X, Liu S, Tsona NT, Tang S, Ding L, Zhao H, Du L. Matrix isolation FTIR study of hydrogen-bonded complexes of methanol with heterocyclic organic compounds. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26076d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen bonded complexes of heterocyclic compounds with methanol were studied using matrix isolation FTIR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shijie Liu
- Environment Research Institute
- Shandong University
- China
| | | | - Shanshan Tang
- Environment Research Institute
- Shandong University
- China
| | - Lei Ding
- Environment Research Institute
- Shandong University
- China
| | - Hailiang Zhao
- Environment Research Institute
- Shandong University
- China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute
- Shandong University
- China
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28
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Introductory lecture: atmospheric chemistry in the Anthropocene. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:11-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00161d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The term “Anthropocene” was coined by Professor Paul Crutzen in 2000 to describe an unprecedented era in which anthropogenic activities are impacting planet Earth on a global scale. Greatly increased emissions into the atmosphere, reflecting the advent of the Industrial Revolution, have caused significant changes in both the lower and upper atmosphere. Atmospheric reactions of the anthropogenic emissions and of those with biogenic compounds have significant impacts on human health, visibility, climate and weather. Two activities that have had particularly large impacts on the troposphere are fossil fuel combustion and agriculture, both associated with a burgeoning population. Emissions are also changing due to alterations in land use. This paper describes some of the tropospheric chemistry associated with the Anthropocene, with emphasis on areas having large uncertainties. These include heterogeneous chemistry such as those of oxides of nitrogen and the neonicotinoid pesticides, reactions at liquid interfaces, organic oxidations and particle formation, the role of sulfur compounds in the Anthropocene and biogenic–anthropogenic interactions. A clear and quantitative understanding of the connections between emissions, reactions, deposition and atmospheric composition is central to developing appropriate cost-effective strategies for minimizing the impacts of anthropogenic activities. The evolving nature of emissions in the Anthropocene places atmospheric chemistry at the fulcrum of determining human health and welfare in the future.
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29
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Duporté G, Parshintsev J, Barreira LMF, Hartonen K, Kulmala M, Riekkola ML. Nitrogen-Containing Low Volatile Compounds from Pinonaldehyde-Dimethylamine Reaction in the Atmosphere: A Laboratory and Field Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4693-4700. [PMID: 27035788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pinonaldehyde, which is among the most abundant oxidation products of α-pinene, and dimethylamine were selected to study the formation of N-containing low volatile compounds from aldehyde-amine reactions in the atmosphere. Gas phase reactions took place in a Tedlar bag, which was connected to a mass spectrometer ionization source via a short deactivated fused silica column. In addition to on-line analysis, abundance of gaseous precursors and reaction products were monitored off-line. Condensable products were extracted from the bag's walls with a suitable solvent and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to chemical ionization high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The reactions carried out resulted in several mid-low vapor pressure nitrogen-containing compounds that are potentially important for the formation of secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere. Further, the presence of brown carbon, confirmed by liquid chromatography-UV-vis-mass spectrometry, was observed. Some of the compounds identified in the laboratory study were also observed in aerosol samples collected at SMEAR II station (Hyytiälä, Finland) in August 2015 suggesting the importance of aldehyde-amine reactions for the aerosol formation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffroy Duporté
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jevgeni Parshintsev
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luís M F Barreira
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Hartonen
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Riekkola
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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30
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Kampf CJ, Filippi A, Zuth C, Hoffmann T, Opatz T. Secondary brown carbon formation via the dicarbonyl imine pathway: nitrogen heterocycle formation and synergistic effects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:18353-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03029g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We observe nitrogen heterocycles to be common secondary brown carbon chromophores formed by dicarbonylsviathe imine pathway, and synergistic effects in mixed dicarbonyl reaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Kampf
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Abteilung für Multiphasenchemie
| | - A. Filippi
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Abteilung für Multiphasenchemie
| | - C. Zuth
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - T. Hoffmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - T. Opatz
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
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31
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Hinks ML, Brady MV, Lignell H, Song M, Grayson JW, Bertram AK, Lin P, Laskin A, Laskin J, Nizkorodov SA. Effect of viscosity on photodegradation rates in complex secondary organic aerosol materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:8785-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05226b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This work explores the effect of environmental conditions on the photodegradation rates of atmospherically relevant, photolabile, organic molecules embedded in a film of viscous secondary organic material (SOM).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hanna Lignell
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Irvine
- USA
| | - Mijung Song
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - James W. Grayson
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Allan K. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Peng Lin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
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32
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Lin P, Laskin J, Nizkorodov SA, Laskin A. Revealing Brown Carbon Chromophores Produced in Reactions of Methylglyoxal with Ammonium Sulfate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14257-66. [PMID: 26505092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) is an important contributor to light absorption and climate forcing by aerosols. Reactions between small water-soluble carbonyls and ammonia or amines have been identified as one of the potential pathways of BrC formation. However, detailed chemical characterization of BrC chromophores has been challenging and their formation mechanisms are still poorly understood. Understanding BrC formation is impeded by the lack of suitable methods which can unravel the variability and complexity of BrC mixtures. This study applies high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to photodiode array (PDA) detector and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to investigate optical properties and chemical composition of individual BrC components produced through reactions of methylglyoxal (MG) and ammonium sulfate (AS), both of which are abundant in the atmospheric environment. A direct relationship between optical properties and chemical composition of 30 major BrC chromophores is established. Nearly all of these chromophores are nitrogen-containing compounds that account for >70% of the overall light absorption by the MG+AS system in the 300-500 nm range. These results suggest that reduced-nitrogen organic compounds formed in reactions between atmospheric carbonyls and ammonia/amines are important BrC chromophores. It is also demonstrated that improved separation of BrC chromophores by HPLC will significantly advance understanding of BrC chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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33
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Li YJ, Liu P, Gong Z, Wang Y, Bateman AP, Bergoend C, Bertram AK, Martin ST. Chemical Reactivity and Liquid/Nonliquid States of Secondary Organic Material. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13264-74. [PMID: 26465059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of secondary organic material (SOM) of variable viscosity, ranging from nonliquid to liquid physical states, was studied. The SOM, produced in aerosol form from terpenoid and aromatic precursor species, was reacted with ammonia at variable relative humidity (RH). The ammonium-to-organic mass ratio (MNH4+/MOrg) increased monotonically from <5% RH to a limiting value at a threshold RH, implicating a transition from particle reactivity limited by diffusion at low RH to one limited by other factors at higher RH. For the studied size distributions and reaction times, the transition corresponded to a diffusivity above 10-17.5 ± 0.5 m2 s-1. The threshold RH values for the transition were <5% RH for isoprene-derived SOM, 35-45% RH for SOM derived from α-pinene, toluene, m-xylene, and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, and >90% for β-caryophyllene-derived SOM. The transition RH for reactivity differed in all cases from the transition RH of a nonliquid to a liquid state. For instance, for α-pinene-derived SOM the transition for chemical reactivity of 35-45% RH can be compared to the nonliquid to liquid transition of 65-90% RH. These differences imply that chemical transport models of atmospheric chemistry should not use the SOM liquid to nonliquid phase transition as one-to-one surrogates of SOM reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jie Li
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau , Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Zhaoheng Gong
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Adam P Bateman
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Clara Bergoend
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Applied Science of Lyon , Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Allan K Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Scot T Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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34
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Herrmann H, Schaefer T, Tilgner A, Styler SA, Weller C, Teich M, Otto T. Tropospheric aqueous-phase chemistry: kinetics, mechanisms, and its coupling to a changing gas phase. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4259-334. [PMID: 25950643 DOI: 10.1021/cr500447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah A Styler
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Weller
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monique Teich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Otto
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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35
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Moise T, Flores JM, Rudich Y. Optical Properties of Secondary Organic Aerosols and Their Changes by Chemical Processes. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4400-39. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5005259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Moise
- Department of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - J. Michel Flores
- Department of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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36
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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37
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Nozière B, Kalberer M, Claeys M, Allan J, D'Anna B, Decesari S, Finessi E, Glasius M, Grgić I, Hamilton JF, Hoffmann T, Iinuma Y, Jaoui M, Kahnt A, Kampf CJ, Kourtchev I, Maenhaut W, Marsden N, Saarikoski S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Surratt JD, Szidat S, Szmigielski R, Wisthaler A. The molecular identification of organic compounds in the atmosphere: state of the art and challenges. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3919-83. [PMID: 25647604 DOI: 10.1021/cr5003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nozière
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Barbara D'Anna
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Irena Grgić
- ○National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- ¶Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Kourtchev
- ‡University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- §University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,□Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jason D Surratt
- ▼University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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38
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Maxut A, Nozière B, Fenet B, Mechakra H. Formation mechanisms and yields of small imidazoles from reactions of glyoxal with NH4+ in water at neutral pH. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:20416-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03113c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Yields of imidazoles produced by the reactions of glyoxal with NH4+.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Maxut
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON)
- 69626 Villeurbanne
- France
| | - B. Nozière
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON)
- 69626 Villeurbanne
- France
| | - B. Fenet
- Centre Commun de RMN (CCRMN)
- Université de Lyon 1 and Ecole Supérieure de Chimie, Physique
- Electronique de Lyon (CPE)
- 69626 Villeurbanne
- France
| | - H. Mechakra
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON)
- 69626 Villeurbanne
- France
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39
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Romonosky DE, Laskin A, Laskin J, Nizkorodov SA. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Characterization of Aqueous Photochemistry Products of Common Types of Secondary Organic Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:2594-606. [DOI: 10.1021/jp509476r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dian E. Romonosky
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | | | | | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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40
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Finessi E, Lidster RT, Whiting F, Elliott T, Alfarra MR, McFiggans GB, Hamilton JF. Improving the Quantification of Secondary Organic Aerosol Using a Microflow Reactor Coupled to HPLC-MS and NMR to Manufacture Ad Hoc Calibration Standards. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11238-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5028512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Finessi
- Wolfson Atmospheric
Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard T. Lidster
- Wolfson Atmospheric
Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Whiting
- Wolfson Atmospheric
Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Elliott
- Wolfson Atmospheric
Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - M. Rami Alfarra
- National Centre
for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), School of Earth, Atmospheric
and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon B. McFiggans
- Centre for Atmospheric
Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental
Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline F. Hamilton
- Wolfson Atmospheric
Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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41
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Laskin J, Laskin A, Nizkorodov SA, Roach P, Eckert P, Gilles MK, Wang B, Lee HJJ, Hu Q. Molecular selectivity of brown carbon chromophores. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:12047-12055. [PMID: 25233355 DOI: 10.1021/es503432r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Complementary methods of high-resolution mass spectrometry and microspectroscopy were utilized for molecular analysis of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) generated from ozonolysis of two structural monoterpene isomers: D-limonene SOA (LSOA) and α-pinene SOA (PSOA). The LSOA compounds readily formed adducts with Na(+) under electrospray ionization conditions, with only a small fraction of compounds detected in the protonated form. In contrast, a significant fraction of PSOA compounds appeared in the protonated form because of their increased molecular rigidity. Laboratory simulated aging of LSOA and PSOA, through conversion of carbonyls into imines mediated by NH3 vapors in humid air, resulted in selective browning of the LSOA sample, while the PSOA sample remained white. Comparative analysis of the reaction products in the aged LSOA and PSOA samples provided insights into chemistry relevant to formation of brown carbon chromophores. A significant fraction of carbonyl-imine conversion products with identical molecular formulas was detected in both samples. This reflects the high level of similarity in the molecular composition of these two closely related SOA materials. Several highly conjugated products were detected exclusively in the brown LSOA sample and were identified as potential chromophores responsible for the observed color change. The majority of the unique products in the aged LSOA sample with the highest number of double bonds contain two nitrogen atoms. We conclude that chromophores characteristic of the carbonyl-imine chemistry in LSOA are highly conjugated oligomers of secondary imines (Schiff bases) present at relatively low concentrations. Formation of this type of conjugated compounds in PSOA is hindered by the structural rigidity of the α-pinene oxidation products. Our results suggest that the overall light-absorbing properties of SOA may be determined by trace amounts of strong brown carbon chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division and ‡Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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42
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Fu L, Zhang Y, Wei ZH, Wang HF. Intrinsic Chirality and Prochirality at Air/R-(+)- and S-(-)-Limonene Interfaces: Spectral Signatures With Interference Chiral Sum-Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy. Chirality 2014; 26:509-20. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Fu
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland Washington
| | - Yun Zhang
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland Washington
| | - Zhe-Hao Wei
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland Washington
| | - Hong-Fei Wang
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland Washington
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43
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Schilling Fahnestock KA, Yee LD, Loza CL, Coggon MM, Schwantes R, Zhang X, Dalleska NF, Seinfeld JH. Secondary Organic Aerosol Composition from C12 Alkanes. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:4281-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jp501779w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay D. Yee
- Division
of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Christine L. Loza
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Matthew M. Coggon
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Rebecca Schwantes
- Division
of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Division
of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nathan F. Dalleska
- Division
of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - John H. Seinfeld
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Division
of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Flores JM, Washenfelder RA, Adler G, Lee HJ, Segev L, Laskin J, Laskin A, Nizkorodov SA, Brown SS, Rudich Y. Complex refractive indices in the near-ultraviolet spectral region of biogenic secondary organic aerosol aged with ammonia. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:10629-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01009d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Distribution of the number of N atoms and the change in the complex refractive index of unreacted and NH3-aged limonene SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Flores
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - R. A. Washenfelder
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences
- University of Colorado
- Boulder, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Earth System Research Laboratory
| | - G. Adler
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - H. J. Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Irvine, USA
| | - L. Segev
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - J. Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland, USA
| | - A. Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland, USA
| | | | - S. S. Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Earth System Research Laboratory
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
- Boulder, USA
| | - Y. Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- Rehovot 76100, Israel
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