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García-Perdomo HA, Dávila-Raigoza AM, Summers E, Billingham L, Necchi A, Griffiths G, Spiess PE. Urethral cancer: a comprehensive review endorsed by the Global Society of Rare Genitourinary Tumours. BJU Int 2024; 134:175-184. [PMID: 38587299 DOI: 10.1111/bju.16334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness and adverse effects of urethrectomy alone or as part of multimodal therapy (MMT). METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted across MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE, LILACS and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases, from their inception to the present date. The study cohort comprised individuals aged 16 years and older diagnosed with urethral tumours at any stage who underwent either isolated urethrectomy or urethrectomy as an integral component of MMT. RESULTS Ninety-two studies comprising 25 480 patients met the inclusion criteria. Surgical outcomes for urethral cancer vary considerably, with 5-year overall survival (OS) ranging from 10% to 68% based on disease extent, approach, and gender. Radiotherapy (RT) alone provides 5-year OS of approximately 40%. Combined regimens provide better outcomes compared to single modalities, including reduced recurrence and enhanced survival. However, trimodal therapy showed survival benefits only for urothelial subtypes, indicating the need to tailor management according to cancer type. MMT with neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to surgery demonstrated the most consistent survival gains. CONCLUSIONS The management of urethral cancer demands a nuanced, personalised approach, accounting for factors such as tumour location, sex, and tumour stage. MMT combining surgery, chemotherapy and RT has shown the ability to enhance outcomes in advanced disease. More extensive collaborative studies through specialised centres are imperative to advance evidence-based protocols and refine treatment in order to improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herney Andrés García-Perdomo
- UROGIV Research Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Division of Urology/Urooncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Ellie Summers
- Cancer Research U.K., Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lucinda Billingham
- Cancer Research U.K., Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea Necchi
- Urological Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Cancer Research U.K., Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Philippe E Spiess
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology and Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
- Urology and Oncology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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2
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Karungamye P, Rugaika A, Mtei K, Machunda R. A Review of Methods for Removal of Ceftriaxone from Wastewater. J Xenobiot 2022; 12:223-235. [PMID: 35997364 PMCID: PMC9397013 DOI: 10.3390/jox12030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceuticals in surface water and wastewater poses a threat to public health and has significant effects on the ecosystem. Since most wastewater treatment plants are ineffective at removing molecules efficiently, some pharmaceuticals enter aquatic ecosystems, thus creating issues such as antibiotic resistance and toxicity. This review summarizes the methods used for the removal of ceftriaxone antibiotics from aquatic environments. Ceftriaxone is one of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in many countries, including Tanzania. Ceftriaxone has been reported to be less or not degraded in traditional wastewater treatment of domestic sewage. This has piqued the interest of researchers in the monitoring and removal of ceftriaxone from wastewater. Its removal from aqueous systems has been studied using a variety of methods which include physical, biological, and chemical processes. As a result, information about ceftriaxone has been gathered from many sources with the searched themes being ceftriaxone in wastewater, ceftriaxone analysis, and ceftriaxone removal or degradation. The methods studied have been highlighted and the opportunities for future research have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petro Karungamye
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Dodoma (UDOM), Dodoma P.O. Box 338, Tanzania
- School of Materials Energy Water and Environmental Sciences, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania; (A.R.); (K.M.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +255-763750792
| | - Anita Rugaika
- School of Materials Energy Water and Environmental Sciences, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania; (A.R.); (K.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Kelvin Mtei
- School of Materials Energy Water and Environmental Sciences, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania; (A.R.); (K.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Revocatus Machunda
- School of Materials Energy Water and Environmental Sciences, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania; (A.R.); (K.M.); (R.M.)
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3
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Zhang HL, Zhang AH, Miao JH, Sun H, Yan GL, Wu FF, Wang XJ. Targeting regulation of tryptophan metabolism for colorectal cancer therapy: a systematic review. RSC Adv 2019; 9:3072-3080. [PMID: 35518968 PMCID: PMC9060217 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08520j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most malignant cancers resulting from abnormal metabolism alterations. As one of the essential amino acids, tryptophan has a variety of physiological functions, closely related to regulation of immune system, central nervous system, gastrointestinal nervous system and intestinal microflora. Colorectal cancer, a type of high-grade malignancy disease, stems from a variety of factors and often accompanies inflammatory reactions, dysbacteriosis, and metabolic disorders. Colorectal cancer accompanies inflammation and imbalance of intestinal microbiota and affects tryptophan metabolism. It is known that metabolites, rate-limiting enzymes, and ARH in tryptophan metabolism are associated with the development of CRC. Specifically, IDO1 may be a potential therapeutic target in colorectal cancer treatment. Furthermore, the reduction of tryptophan amount is proportional to the poor quality of life for colorectal cancer patients. This paper aims to discuss the role of tryptophan metabolism in a normal organism and investigate the relationship between this amino acid and colorectal cancer. This study is expected to provide theoretical support for research related to targeted therapy for colorectal cancer. Furthermore, strategies that modify tryptophan metabolism, effectively inhibiting tumor progression, may be more effective for CRC treatment. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most malignant cancers resulting from abnormal metabolism alterations.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-lian Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant
- Nanning
- China
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
| | - Ai-hua Zhang
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
| | - Jian-hua Miao
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant
- Nanning
- China
| | - Hui Sun
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
| | - Guang-li Yan
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
| | - Fang-fang Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant
- Nanning
- China
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
| | - Xi-jun Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant
- Nanning
- China
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
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4
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Deng JC, Yang CQ, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Yang F, Yang WY, Liu J. Organ-Specific Differential NMR-Based Metabonomic Analysis of Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Fruit Reveals the Metabolic Shifts and Potential Protection Mechanisms Involved in Field Mold Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:508. [PMID: 28487702 PMCID: PMC5404178 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged, continuous rainfall is the main climatic characteristic of autumn in Southwest China, and it has been found to cause mildew outbreaks in pre-harvest soybean fields. Low temperature and humidity (LTH) stress during soybean maturation in the field promotes pre-harvest mildew, resulting in damage to different organs of soybean fruits to different extents, but relatively little information on the resistance mechanisms in these fruits is available. Therefore, to understand the metabolic responses of soybean fruits to field mold (FM), the metabonomic variations induced by LTH were characterized using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR), and the primary metabolites from the pod, seed coat and cotyledon of pre-harvest soybean were quantified. Analysis of FM-damaged soybean germplasms with different degrees of resistance to FM showed that extracts were dominated by 66 primary metabolites, including amino acids, organic acids and sugars. Each tissue had a characteristic metabolic profile, indicating that the metabolism of proline in the cotyledon, lysine in the seed coat, and sulfur in the pod play important roles in FM resistance. The primary-secondary metabolism interface and its potential contribution to FM resistance was investigated by targeted analyses of secondary metabolites. Both the seed coat and the pod have distinct but nonexclusive metabolic responses to FM, and these are functionally integrated into FM resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-cai Deng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of AgricultureChengdu, China
| | - Cai-qiong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of AgricultureChengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of AgricultureChengdu, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of AgricultureChengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping SystemChengdu, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of AgricultureChengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping SystemChengdu, China
| | - Wen-yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of AgricultureChengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping SystemChengdu, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of AgricultureChengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping SystemChengdu, China
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
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Yang ZW, Xu F, Liu X, Cao Y, Tang Q, Chen QY, Shang MY, Liu GX, Wang X, Cai SQ. An untargeted metabolomics approach to determine component differences and variation in their in vivo distribution between Kuqin and Ziqin, two commercial specifications of Scutellaria Radix. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10705f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kuqin (KQ) and Ziqin (ZQ), derived from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, are two important commercial specifications of Scutellariae Radix (SR, termed Huang qin in Chinese).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- Technical Center, Beijing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau
- Beijing
- PR China
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- PR China
| | - Qi Tang
- Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- PR China
| | - Qian-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- PR China
| | - Ming-Ying Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- PR China
| | - Guang-Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- PR China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- PR China
| | - Shao-Qing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- PR China
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6
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Zhou S, Xu R, He F, Zhou J, Wang Y, Zhou J, Wang M, Zhou W. Diversity of Gut Microbiota Metabolic Pathways in 10 Pairs of Chinese Infant Twins. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161627. [PMID: 27583441 PMCID: PMC5008625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early colonization of gut microbiota in human gut is a complex process. It remains unclear when gut microbiota colonization occurs and how it proceeds. In order to study gut microbiota composition in human early life, the present study recruited 10 healthy pairs of twins, including five monozygotic (MZ) and five dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, whose age ranged from 0 to 6 years old. 20 fecal samples from these twins were processed by shotgun metagenomic sequencing, and their averaged data outputs were generated as 2G per sample. We used MEGAN5 to perform taxonomic and functional annotation of the metagenomic data, and systematically analyzed those 20 samples, including Jaccard index similarity, principle component, clustering, and correlation analyses. Our findings indicated that within our study group: 1) MZ-twins share more microbes than DZ twins or non-twin pairs, 2) gut microbiota distribution is relatively stable at metabolic pathways level, 3) age represents the strongest factor that can account for variation in gut microbiota, and 4) a clear metabolic pathway shift can be observed, which speculatively occurs around the age of 1 year old. This research will serve as a base for future studies of gut microbiota-related disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoming Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (MW); (SZ); (WZ)
| | - Ruihuan Xu
- Clinical Laboratory, Longgang Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Fusheng He
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaxiu Zhou
- Division of psychology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Shenzhen Imuno Biotech Co.,Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianli Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingbang Wang
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Imuno Biotech Co.,Ltd, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (MW); (SZ); (WZ)
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Ministry of Health, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (MW); (SZ); (WZ)
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7
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Liu J, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang ZH, Zu YG, Efferth T, Tang ZH. The Combined Effects of Ethylene and MeJA on Metabolic Profiling of Phenolic Compounds in Catharanthus roseus Revealed by Metabolomics Analysis. Front Physiol 2016; 7:217. [PMID: 27375495 PMCID: PMC4895121 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds belong to a class of secondary metabolites and are implicated in a wide range of responsive mechanisms in plants triggered by both biotic and abiotic elicitors. In this study, we approached the combinational effects of ethylene and MeJA (methyl jasmonate) on phenolic compounds profiles and gene expressions in the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus. In virtue of a widely non-targeted metabolomics method, we identified a total of 34 kinds of phenolic compounds in the leaves, composed by 7 C6C1-, 11 C6C3-, and 16 C6C3C6 compounds. In addition, 7 kinds of intermediates critical for the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds and alkaloids were identified and discussed with phenolic metabolism. The combinational actions of ethylene and MeJA effectively promoted the total phenolic compounds, especially the C6C1 compounds (such as salicylic acid, benzoic acid) and C6C3 ones (such as cinnamic acid, sinapic acid). In contrast, the C6C3C6 compounds displayed a notably inhibitory trend in this case. Subsequently, the gene-to-metabolite networks were drawn up by searching for correlations between the expression profiles of 5 gene tags and the accumulation profiles of 41 metabolite peaks. Generally, we provide an insight into the controlling mode of ethylene-MeJA combination on phenolic metabolism in C. roseus leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Yuan-Gang Zu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Zhong-Hua Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
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8
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Zhang Y, Zhang A, Zhang Y, Sun H, Meng X, Yan G, Wang X. Application of Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography with Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for the Rapid Analysis of Constituents and Metabolites from the Extracts of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms Leaf. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:145-52. [PMID: 27076752 PMCID: PMC4809170 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.177902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr and Maxim) Harms (AS), a member of Araliaceae family, is a typical folk medicinal herb, which is widely distributed in the Northeastern part of China. Due to lack of this resource caused by the extensive use of its root, this work studied the chemical constituents of leaves of this plant with the purpose of looking for an alternative resource. In this work, a fast and optimized ultra-performance liquid chromatography method with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) has been developed for the analysis of constituents in leaves extracts. A total of 131 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized including triterpenoid saponins, phenols, flavonoids, lignans, coumarins, polysaccharides, and other compounds based on their fragmentation behaviors. Besides, a total of 21 metabolites were identified in serum in rats after oral administration, among which 12 prototypes and 9 metabolites through the metabolic pathways of reduction, methylation, sulfate conjugation, sulfoxide to thioether and deglycosylation. The coupling of UPLC-QTOF-MS led to the in-depth characterization of the leaves extracts of AS both in vitro and in vivo on the basis of retention time, mass accuracy, and tandem MS/MS spectra. It concluded that this analytical tool was very valuable in the study of complex compounds in medicinal herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiangcai Meng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Guangli Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xijun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
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9
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Liang Q, Liu H, Zhang T, Jiang Y, Xing H, Zhang H. Serum metabolomics uncovering specific metabolite signatures of intra- and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:334-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00572h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of diagnostic tests for cholangiocarcinoma. This report identifies 4 serum metabolites which could differentiate cholangiocarcinoma patients with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liang
- ICU Center
- First Affiliated Hospital
- School of Pharmacy
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
- Harbin 150040
| | - Han Liu
- Simon Fraser University (SFU)
- Burnaby
- Canada
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- ICU Center
- First Affiliated Hospital
- School of Pharmacy
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
- Harbin 150040
| | - Yan Jiang
- ICU Center
- First Affiliated Hospital
- School of Pharmacy
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
- Harbin 150040
| | - Haitao Xing
- ICU Center
- First Affiliated Hospital
- School of Pharmacy
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
- Harbin 150040
| | - Hua Zhang
- ICU Center
- First Affiliated Hospital
- School of Pharmacy
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
- Harbin 150040
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10
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Farid SG, Morris-Stiff G. "OMICS" technologies and their role in foregut primary malignancies. Curr Probl Surg 2015; 52:409-41. [PMID: 26527526 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Liang Q, Wang C, Li B, Zhang AH. Metabolic fingerprinting to understand therapeutic effects and mechanisms of silybin on acute liver damage in rat. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:586-93. [PMID: 26246736 PMCID: PMC4522847 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.160469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic fingerprinting is a rapid and noninvasive analysis, representing a powerful approach for the characterization of phenotypes and the distinction of specific metabolic states due to environmental alterations. It has become a valuable analytical approach for the characterization of phenotypes and is the rapidly evolving field of the comprehensive measurement of ideally all endogenous metabolites in bio-samples. Silybin has displayed bright prospects in the prevention and therapy of liver injury, and we had conducted a preliminary exploration on the molecular mechanism of the hepatoprotective effects of silybin. Because the knowledge on the metabolic responses of an acute liver damage rat to the silybin is still scarce, metabolic fingerprinting can provide relevant information on the intrinsic metabolic adjustments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, the physiological and metabolic changes in the acute liver damage rat were investigated by performing a metabolic analysis. The phenotypic response was assessed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) combined with pattern recognition approaches such as principal components analysis and partial least squares projection to supervised latent structures and discriminant analysis. Multivariate analysis of the data showed trends in scores plots that were related to the concentration of the silybin. RESULTS Results indicate 10 ions (7 upregulated and 3 downregulated) as differentiating metabolites. Key observations include perturbations of metabolic pathways linked to glutathione metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, etc., Overall, this investigation illustrates the power of the LC/MS combined with the pattern recognition methods that can engender new insights into silybin affecting on metabolism pathways of an acute liver damage rat. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that the combination of metabolic fingerprinting with appropriate chemometric analysis is a valuable approach for studying cellular responses to silybin drug and can provide additional insight into the mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liang
- First Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Cong Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Binbing Li
- First Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ai-Hua Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
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12
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Garg N, Kapono C, Lim YW, Koyama N, Vermeij MJ, Conrad D, Rohwer F, Dorrestein PC. Mass spectral similarity for untargeted metabolomics data analysis of complex mixtures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 377:719-717. [PMID: 25844058 PMCID: PMC4379709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
While in nucleotide sequencing, the analysis of DNA from complex mixtures of organisms is common, this is not yet true for mass spectrometric data analysis of complex mixtures. The comparative analyses of mass spectrometry data of microbial communities at the molecular level is difficult to perform, especially in the context of a host. The challenge does not lie in generating the mass spectrometry data, rather much of the difficulty falls in the realm of how to derive relevant information from this data. The informatics based techniques to visualize and organize datasets are well established for metagenome sequencing; however, due to the scarcity of informatics strategies in mass spectrometry, it is currently difficult to cross correlate two very different mass spectrometry data sets from microbial communities and their hosts. We highlight that molecular networking can be used as an organizational tool of tandem mass spectrometry data, automated database search for rapid identification of metabolites, and as a workflow to manage and compare mass spectrometry data from complex mixtures of organisms. To demonstrate this platform, we show data analysis from hard corals and a human lung associated with cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Garg
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Clifford Kapono
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yan Wei Lim
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nobuhiro Koyama
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mark J.A Vermeij
- CARMABI, Willemstad, Curaçao, & Department of Aquatic Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Douglas Conrad
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Forest Rohwer
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Corresponding author: Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0751, La Jolla, CA 92093-0751. Phone: +1 (858) 534-6607. Fax: +1 (858) 822-0041.
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13
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Lewis PO, Kirk LM, Brown SD. Comparison of three generic vancomycin products using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and an online tool. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2015; 71:1029-38. [PMID: 24865760 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp130516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Three different generic vancomycin products were compared using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and open-access metabolomic tools. METHODS Single-lot samples of vancomycin hydrochloride from three different manufacturers (Hospira, APP Pharmaceuticals, and Pfizer) were reconstituted and injected into a high-resolution LC-MS system. The mass spectral fingerprints were compared for similarity of nonvancomycin B components using the XCMS Online system through Scripps University. Significance was defined as a p of ≤0.01 and a fold change of ≥1.5. The concentration of vancomycin B in each product was also measured using LC-MS on days 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, and 14. RESULTS Qualitative comparisons of the products using the XCMS Online interface indicated the presence of significant differences among the products at the time of reconstitution; however, these variations seemed to converge after 14 days of storage. The concentration profiles of vancomycin B during refrigerated storage did not differ significantly among the three products. XCMS Online analyses revealed that the Pfizer and Hospira products were the most similar to each other. CONCLUSION While there were no significant differences found in the concentration of vancomycin B among Pfizer, APP, and Hospira products, there were differences in their initial mass spectral analysis after reconstitution. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry profiles of the ions or isotopes present in the three products showed significant differences in impurities such as crystalline degradation product (CDP)-1 and CDP intermediate. After 14 days of refrigerated storage, the differences among the products converged, and fewer distinct features could be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O Lewis
- Paul O. Lewis, Pharm.D., BCPS, is Clinical Pharmacy Specialist-Infectious Diseases, Johnson City Medical Center, Johnson City, TN. Loren M. Kirk, B.S., is Pharm.D. Candidate; and Stacy D. Brown, Ph.D., is Associate Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City.
| | - Loren M Kirk
- Paul O. Lewis, Pharm.D., BCPS, is Clinical Pharmacy Specialist-Infectious Diseases, Johnson City Medical Center, Johnson City, TN. Loren M. Kirk, B.S., is Pharm.D. Candidate; and Stacy D. Brown, Ph.D., is Associate Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City
| | - Stacy D Brown
- Paul O. Lewis, Pharm.D., BCPS, is Clinical Pharmacy Specialist-Infectious Diseases, Johnson City Medical Center, Johnson City, TN. Loren M. Kirk, B.S., is Pharm.D. Candidate; and Stacy D. Brown, Ph.D., is Associate Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City
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14
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Liang Q, Wang C, Li B, Zhang AH. Lipidomics analysis based on liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09589a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma lipidomics showed that four metabolites, PE(19 : 0/0 : 0), PE(18 : 2(9Z,12Z)/0 : 0), PC(14 : 0/0 : 0) and PC(18 : 0/0 : 0), were defined as biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity, which can be used to distinguish the HCC and ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liang
- First Affiliated Hospital
- School of Pharmacy
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
- Harbin 150040
- China
| | - Cong Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital
- School of Pharmacy
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
- Harbin 150040
- China
| | - Binbing Li
- First Affiliated Hospital
- School of Pharmacy
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
- Harbin 150040
- China
| | - Ai-hua Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital
- School of Pharmacy
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
- Harbin 150040
- China
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15
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Zhang T, Watson DG. A short review of applications of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry based metabolomics techniques to the analysis of human urine. Analyst 2015; 140:2907-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02294g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry based metabolomics profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - David G. Watson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
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16
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Zhao L, Li F. UHPLC-MS strategies and applications for bioanalyses related to pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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18
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Zhang Y, Zhang A, Yan G, Cheng W, Sun H, Meng X, Liu L, Xie N, Wang X. High-throughput metabolomic approach revealed the acupuncture exerting intervention effects by perturbed signatures and pathways. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:65-73. [PMID: 24150485 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70352e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics can capture global changes and the overall physiological status in biochemical networks and pathways in order to elucidate sites of perturbations. High-throughput metabolomics and acupuncturology have similar characteristics such as entirety, comprehensiveness and dynamic changes, and can identify potential candidates for acupuncture effects and provide valuable information towards understanding therapy mechanisms. Saliva has recently gained popularity as a potential tool for biomarker monitoring, as its composition may potentially reflect plasma metabolite levels and, therefore, may be used as an indicator of the physiological state. However, the underlying mechanism of acupuncture, remains largely unknown, which hinders its widespread use. Acupuncture would produce unique characterization of metabolic perturbations. In this study, UPLC/ESI-HDMS in high-accuracy mode coupled with pattern recognition analysis was carried out to investigate the mechanism and saliva metabolite biomarkers for acupuncture treatment at 'Zusanli' acupoint (ST-36) as a case study. Putative metabolite identifications for these ions were obtained through a mass-based database search. As a result, the top canonical pathways including phenylalanine metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, d-glutamine and d-glutamate metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis pathways were acutely perturbed. 26 differential metabolites were identified by chemical profiling, and may be useful to clarify the physiological basis and mechanism of ST-36. More importantly, network construction has led to the integration of metabolites associated with the multiple perturbation pathways. These results provide useful insights into biomarker discovery utilizing metabolomics as an efficient and cost effective platform. This study opens new possibilities for the selection of saliva as a source of metabolite biomarkers representative of specific disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Zhang
- National TCM Key Lab of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Key Lab of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China.
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19
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Zhang A, Sun H, Yan G, Wang P, Han Y, Wang X. Metabolomics in diagnosis and biomarker discovery of colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 345:17-20. [PMID: 24333717 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), a major public health concern, is the second leading cause of cancer death in developed countries. There is a need for better preventive strategies to improve the patient outcome that is substantially influenced by cancer stage at the time of diagnosis. Patients with early stage colorectal have a significant higher 5-year survival rates compared to patients diagnosed at late stage. Although traditional colonoscopy remains the effective means to diagnose CRC, this approach generally suffers from poor patient compliance. Thus, it is important to develop more effective methods for early diagnosis of this disease process, also there is an urgent need for biomarkers to diagnose CRC, assess disease severity, and prognosticate course. Increasing availability of high-throughput methodologies open up new possibilities for screening new potential candidates for identifying biomarkers. Fortunately, metabolomics, the study of all metabolites produced in the body, considered most closely related to a patient's phenotype, can provide clinically useful biomarkers applied in CRC, and may now open new avenues for diagnostics. It has a largely untapped potential in the field of oncology, through the analysis of the cancer metabolome to identify marker metabolites defined here as surrogate indicators of physiological or pathophysiological states. In this review we take a closer look at the metabolomics used within the field of colorectal cancer. Further, we highlight the most interesting metabolomics publications and discuss these in detail; additional studies are mentioned as a reference for the interested reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Zhang
- National TCM Key Lab of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Key Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hui Sun
- National TCM Key Lab of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Key Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Guangli Yan
- National TCM Key Lab of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Key Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ping Wang
- National TCM Key Lab of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Key Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ying Han
- National TCM Key Lab of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Key Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xijun Wang
- National TCM Key Lab of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Key Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China.
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Zhang AH, Qiu S, Xu HY, Sun H, Wang XJ. Metabolomics in diabetes. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 429:106-10. [PMID: 24321733 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of metabolic changes is key to early detection, treatment, and understanding molecular mechanisms of diabetes. Diabetes represents one of the most important global health problems. Approximately 90% of diabetics have type 2 diabetes. Identification of effective screening markers is critical for early treatment and intervention that can delay and/or prevent complications associated with this chronic disease. Fortunately, metabolomics has introduced new insights into the pathology of diabetes as well as to predict disease onset and revealed new biomarkers to improve diagnostics in a range of diseases. Small-molecule metabolites have an important role in biological systems and represent attractive candidates to understand T2D phenotypes. Characteristic patterns of metabolites can be revealed that broaden our understanding of T2D disorder. This technique-driven review aims to demystify the mechanisms of T2D, to provide updates on the applications of metabolomics in addressing T2D with a focus on metabolites based biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinmedomics and Metabolomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Chinmedomics and Metabolomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hong-ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chinmedomics and Metabolomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chinmedomics and Metabolomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xi-jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinmedomics and Metabolomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China.
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WANG XJ, YAN GL, ZHANG AH, SUN H, PIAO CY, LI WY, SUN C, WU XH, LI XH, CHEN Y. Metabolomics and proteomics approaches to characterize and assess proteins of bear bile powder for hepatitis C virus. Chin J Nat Med 2013; 11:653-65. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(13)60076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Metabolomics and proteomics annotate therapeutic properties of geniposide: targeting and regulating multiple perturbed pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71403. [PMID: 23967205 PMCID: PMC3744542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Geniposide is an important constituent of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, a famous Chinese medicinal plant, and has displayed bright prospects in prevention and therapy of hepatic injury (HI). Unfortunately, the working mechanisms of this compound are difficult to determine and thus remain unknown. To determine the mechanisms that underlie this compound, we conducted a systematic analysis of the therapeutic effects of geniposide using biochemistry, metabolomics and proteomics. Geniposide significantly intensified the therapeutic efficacy as indicated by our modern biochemical analysis. Metabolomics results indicate 9 ions in the positive mode as differentiating metabolites which were associated with perturbations in primary bile acid biosynthesis, butanoate metabolism, citrate cycle (TCA cycle), alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism. Of note, geniposide has potential pharmacological effect through regulating multiple perturbed pathways to normal state. In an attempt to address the benefits of geniposide based on the proteomics approaches, the protein-interacting networks were constructed to aid identifying the drug targets of geniposide. Six identified differential proteins appear to be involved in antioxidation and signal transduction, energy production, immunity, metabolism, chaperoning. These proteins were closely related in the protein-protein interaction network and the modulation of multiple vital physiological pathways. These data will help to understand the molecular therapeutic mechanisms of geniposide on hepatic damage rats. We also conclude that metabolomics and proteomics are powerful and versatile tools for both biomarker discovery and exploring the complex relationships between biological pathways and drug response, highlighting insights into drug discovery.
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