Novel candidate theranostic radiopharmaceutical based on strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles conjugated with azacrown ligand

In this article, we report to the best of our knowledge the first modification of NPs with ligands for combined radiopharmaceuticals. Nanoparticles with suitable magnetic properties can be used both for diagnostics as a contrast for MRI and for therapy, including the insufficiently studied magneto-mechanical therapy. Strontium hexaferrite is one of the few hard-magnetic materials for which stable biocompatible colloidal solutions can be obtained. Strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles coated with silicon dioxide (SHF@SiO₂) were modified with an amino silane coupling agent (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and azacrown ether derivatives with six heteroatoms in rings were covalently linked to the amine group through the carboxyl group. The hard magnetic nanoparticles were then radiolabeled with ²⁰⁷Bi with a labelling yield of up to 99.8%. In vitro experiments showed that the complex SHF@SiO₂-APTES-L2-²⁰⁷Bi is stable enough to be a potential theranostic radiopharmaceutical.

Nanoparticles: Taking a Unique Position in Medicine

The human nature of curiosity, wonder, and ingenuity date back to the age of humankind. In parallel with our history of civilization, interest in scientific approaches to unravel mechanisms underlying natural phenomena has been developing. Recent years have witnessed unprecedented growth in research in the area of pharmaceuticals and medicine. The optimism that nanotechnology (NT) applied to medicine and drugs is taking serious steps to bring about significant advances in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease-a shift from fantasy to reality. The growing interest in the future medical applications of NT leads to the emergence of a new field for nanomaterials (NMs) and biomedicine. In recent years, NMs have emerged as essential game players in modern medicine, with clinical applications ranging from contrast agents in imaging to carriers for drug and gene delivery into tumors. Indeed, there are instances where nanoparticles (NPs) enable analyses and therapies that cannot be performed otherwise. However, NPs also bring unique environmental and societal challenges, particularly concerning toxicity. Thus, clinical applications of NPs should be revisited, and a deep understanding of the effects of NPs from the pathophysiologic basis of a disease may bring more sophisticated diagnostic opportunities and yield more effective therapies and preventive features. Correspondingly, this review highlights the significant contributions of NPs to modern medicine and drug delivery systems. This study also attempted to glimpse the future impact of NT in medicine and pharmaceuticals.

Development of Core@Shell γ-Fe2O3@MnxOy@SiO2 Nanoparticles for Hyperthermia, Targeting, and Imaging Applications

Monodispersed core@shell γ-Fe₂O₃@Mn_xO_y nanoparticles have been prepared through thermolysis of iron and manganese oleate. Further, these prepared nanoparticles are coated with biocompatible substances such as silica and polyethylene glycol. These particles are highly biocompatible for different cell lines such as normal and cancer cell lines. The nanoparticles are used as hyperthermia agents, and successful hyperthermia treatment in cancer cells is carried out. As compared to γ-Fe₂O₃@SiO₂, γ-Fe₂O₃@Mn_xO_y@SiO₂ shows the enhanced killing of cancer cells through hyperthermia. In order to make them potential candidates for targeting to cancer cells, folic acid (FA) is tagged to the nanoparticles. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) is also tagged onto these nanoparticles for imaging. The developed γ-Fe₂O₃@Mn_xO_y@SiO₂ nanoparticle can act as a single entity for therapy through AC magnetic field, imaging through FITC and targeting through folic acid simultaneously. This is the first report on this material, which is highly biocompatible for hyperthermia, imaging, and targeting.

Enrichment of Crystal Field Modification via Incorporation of Alkali K+ Ions in YVO4:Ho3+/Yb3+ Nanophosphor and Its Hybrid with Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Optical, Advanced Anticounterfeiting, Uranyl Detection, and Hyperthermia Applications

In this work, we report a polyol route for easy synthesis of upconversion (UC) phosphor nanoparticles, YVO₄:Ho³⁺-Yb³⁺-K⁺, which enables large-scale production and enhancement of luminescence. Upon 980 nm laser excitation, the UC emission spectrum shows a sharp bright peak at ∼650 nm of Ho³⁺ ion; and the luminescence intensity increases twofold upon K⁺ codoping. Upon 300 nm excitation, the downconversion emission spectrum shows a broad peak in the 400-500 nm range (related to the charge transfer band of V-O) along with Ho³⁺ peaks. In addition, the polyethylene glycol-coated UC nanoparticles are highly water-dispersible and their hybrid with Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles shows magnetic-luminescence properties. A hyperthermia temperature is achieved from this hybrid. Both UC and hybrid nanoparticles show interesting security ink properties upon excitation by a 980 nm laser. The particles are invisible in normal light but visible upon 980 nm excitation and are useful in display devices, advanced anticounterfeiting purposes, and therapy of cancer via hyperthermia and bioimaging (since it shows red emission at ∼650 nm). Using UC nanoparticles, detection of uranyl down to 20 ppm has been achieved.

Brilliant Nonlinear Optical Response of Ho3+ and Yb3+ Activated YVO4 Nanophosphor and Its Conjugation with Fe3O4 for Smart Anticounterfeit and Hyperthermia Applications

YVO4:Ho3+/Yb3+ nanophosphors prepared by an effective polyol-mediated route show dual-mode behavior in photoluminescence. Upon 980 nm excitation, the upconversion red emission spectrum exhibits a bright red peak at ∼650 nm, characteristic of the electronic transition of the Ho3+ ion via involvement of two-photon absorption, which has been confirmed by the power-dependent luminescence study. Moreover, at 300 nm excitation, downconversion emission peaks are observed at 550, 650, and ∼755 nm. The nonradiative resonant energy transfer occurs from the V-O charge transfer band to Ho3+ ions, resulting in an improved emission of Ho3+ ions. Moreover, polyethylene glycol-coated nanoparticles make it suitable for water dispersibility; and these particles are conjugated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles to form magnetic-luminescent hybrid nanoparticles. Highly water-dispersible magnetic-luminescent hybrid material attained the hyperthermia temperature (∼42 °C) under an applied AC magnetic field. The specific absorption rate value is found to be high (138 W/g), which is more than that of pure superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles. At 300 nm excitation, the high quantum yield value of ∼27% is obtained from YVO4:Ho3+/Yb3+, which suggests that it is a good phosphor material. By employing the neutron activation analysis technique, it is shown that nanophosphor particles can absorb Au3+ up to the ppm level. Interestingly, such nanophosphor also shows the potentiality for anticounterfeiting applications.

Therapeutic response differences between 2D and 3D tumor models of magnetic hyperthermia

Magnetic hyperthermia-based cancer therapy (MHCT) has surfaced as one of the promising techniques for inaccessible solid tumors. It involves generation of localized heat in the tumor tissues on application of an alternating magnetic field in the presence of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Unfortunately, lack of precise temperature and adequate MNP distribution at the tumor site under in vivo conditions has limited its application in the biomedical field. Evaluation of in vitro tumor models is an alternative for in vivo models. However, generally used in vitro two-dimensional (2D) models cannot mimic all the characteristics of a patient's tumor and hence, fail to establish or address the experimental variables and concerns. Considering that three-dimensional (3D) models have emerged as the best possible state to replicate the in vivo conditions successfully in the laboratory for most cell types, it is possible to conduct MHCT studies with higher clinical relevance for the analysis of the selection of magnetic parameters, MNP distribution, heat dissipation, action and acquired thermotolerance in cancer cells. In this review, various forms of 3D cultures have been considered and the successful implication of MHCT on them has been summarized, which includes tumor spheroids, and cultures grown in scaffolds, cell culture inserts and microfluidic devices. This review aims to summarize the contrast between 2D and 3D in vitro tumor models for pre-clinical MHCT studies. Furthermore, we have collated and discussed the usefulness, suitability, pros and cons of these tumor models. Even though numerous cell culture models have been established, further investigations on the new pre-clinical models and selection of best fit model for successful MHCT applications are still necessary to confer a better understanding for researchers.

Rapid tumor inhibition via magnetic hyperthermia regulated by caspase 3 with time-dependent clearance of iron oxide nanoparticles

Among conventional cancer therapies, radio-frequency magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) has widely been investigated for use with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). However, the majority of in vivo biodistribution studies have tested very low MNP dosages (equivalent to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications) to check for clearance rate; which is far below the clinical dose of MHT. Due to this poor validation in preclinical scenarios, quite a few MNPs already in clinical use were later discontinued, on grounds of unexpected clinical outcomes in terms of inflammation, and prolonged clearance in vivo. By exploiting an economical method of synthesis, we have developed chitosan-coated Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles with high heating efficiency performance. Their anti-tumor response was evaluated in an ectopic tumor model of C6 glioblastoma by MHT. The intratumoral injection of MNPs on days 1 and 7 resulted in rapid tumor inhibition rate of 69.4% within 8 days, with complete inhibition within 32 days, and no recurrence recorded over a 5-month follow-up. Notably, the MNP-mediated MHT therapy achieved the highest degree of therapeutic efficacy required for complete tumor ablation by combining controlled temperature range (<44 °C), reduced MNP dosage; much lower than in most reported studies, and AMF parameters (time of exposure and frequency) within the clinical safety limit. Periodic body weight measurements confirmed negligible adverse side effects in rats. The anti-tumor activity was validated by severe apoptosis (TUNEL, cleaved Caspase-3), reduced proliferation (Ki 67) and disrupted vasculature (CD 31) in the Fe₃O₄-MHT-treated group. Real-time gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β) confirmed the intratumoral activation of IL-6, suggesting the role of immunomodulation in triggering the adaptive immune response for faster tumor regression in the treated group. In addition, the biodistribution and clearance rate of MNPs monitored using ICP-OES confirmed their time-dependent biodegradation via excretion (urine, feces), phagocytosis (liver) and circulatory system (blood), with negligible deposition in other major organs (kidney, heart, lungs). Although we could not show complete clearance of our MNPs within the time frame tested, future studies should focus on combining MHT with immunotherapy, and target tumors at a much-reduced iron dose, consequently improving in vivo clearance rate, and hence overcoming the limitations of MHT in clinical therapy.

Smart magnetic nanopowder based on the manganite perovskite for local hyperthermia

For many medical applications related to diagnosis and treatment of cancer disease, hyperthermia plays an increasingly important role as a local heating method, where precise control of temperature and parameters of the working material is strongly required. Obtaining a smart material with "self-controlled" heating in a desirable temperature range is a relevant task. For this purpose, the nanopowder of manganite perovskite with super-stoichiometric manganese has been synthesized, which consists of soft spherical-like ferromagnetic nanoparticles with an average size of 65 nm and with a narrow temperature range of the magnetic phase transition at 42 °C. Based on the analysis of experimental magnetic data, a specific loss power has been calculated for both quasi-stable and relaxation hysteresis regions. It has been shown that the local heating of the cell structures to 42 °C may occur for a short time (∼1.5 min.) Upon reaching 42 °C, the heating is stopped due to transition of the nanopowder to the paramagnetic state. The obtained results demonstrate the possibility of using synthesized nanopowder as a smart magnetic nanomaterial for local hyperthermia with automatic heating stabilization in the safe range of hyperthermia without the risk of mechanical damage to cell structures.

Magnetic Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis

There is urgency for the development of nanomaterials that can meet emerging biomedical needs. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) offer high magnetic moments and surface-area-to-volume ratios that make them attractive for hyperthermia therapy of cancer and targeted drug delivery. Additionally, they can function as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and can improve the sensitivity of biosensors and diagnostic tools. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have resulted in the realization of the next generation of MNPs suitable for these and other biomedical applications. This review discusses methods utilized for the fabrication and engineering of MNPs. Recent progress in the use of MNPs for hyperthermia therapy, controlling drug release, MRI, and biosensing is also critically reviewed. Finally, challenges in the field and potential opportunities for the use of MNPs toward improving their properties are discussed.

RF hyperthermia by encapsulated Fe3O4 nanoparticles induces cancer cell death via time-dependent caspase-3 activation

Aim: To explore the optimum temperature for cancer cell death using magnetic hyperthermia (MH), which in turn will affect the mode of cell death. Method: The focus of this study is to improve upon the existing methodology for the synthesis of chitosan encapsulated Fe3O4. MH was done at different temperatures. The cell death pathway was explored using flow cytometry and western blot. Results: Coated Fe3O4 exhibited low cytotoxicity, high stability and heating efficiency. MH at 43°C was the optimum temperature for robust cell death. Cell death pathway suggested that during the initial stages of recovery, apoptosis was the main mode of cell death. While at later stages, major apoptosis and minor necrosis were observed. Conclusion: It is important to find out the long-term effect of hyperthermia treatment on cancer cells and their consequences on surrounding healthy cells.

Recent advancements in manganite perovskites and spinel ferrite-based magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical theranostic applications

Recently, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) based on manganite perovskites (La_1-xSr_xMnO₃ or LSMO) and/or spinel ferrites (i.e. SPFs with the formula MFe₂O₄; M=Co, Mg, Mn, Ni and Zn and mixed SPFs (e.g. Co-Zn, Mg-Mn, Mn-Zn and/or Ni-Zn)) have garnered great interest in magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) as heat-inducing agents due to their tuneable magnetic properties including Curie temperature (T _c) to generate controllable therapeutic temperatures (i.e. 42 °C-45 °C)-under the application of an alternating magnetic field (AMF)-for the treatment of cancer. In addition, these nanoparticles are also utilized in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as contrast-enhancing agents. However, the employment of the LSMO/SPF-based MNPs in these MHT/MRI applications is majorly influenced by their inherent properties, which are mainly tuned by the synthesis factors. Therefore, in this review article, we have systematically discussed the significant chemical methods used to synthesize the LSMO/SPF-based MNPs and their corresponding intrinsic physicochemical properties (size/shape/crystallinity/dispersibility) and/or magnetic properties (including saturation magnetization (M _s)/T _c). Then, we have analyzed the usage of these MNPs for the effective imaging of cancerous tumors via MRI. Finally, we have reviewed in detail the heating capability (in terms of specific absorption rate) of the LSMO/SPF-based MNPs under calorimetric/biological conditions for efficient cancer treatment via MHT. Herein, we have mainly considered the significant parameters-such as size, surface coating (nature and amount), stoichiometry, concentration and the applied AMFs (including amplitude (H) and frequency (f))-that influence the heat induction ability of these MNPs.

Synthesis and structural characterization of CoxFe3−xC (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications

The ferrofluids of pure and Co-substituted iron carbides exhibited heating abilities suitable for bioapplications.

Functionalization of La0.33Ca0.67MnO3 with biologically active small ligand at room temperature

We report the structural, morphological and optical activities of a paramagnetic manganite (La_0.33Ca_0.67MnO₃) synthesized at 900 °C. A simple method of formation of complex was employed. A complex was formed between a pre-prepared manganite dissolved in HCl and reacted with an organic ligand (ethyl 4-nitrobenzoate). The optical and antimicrobial properties of a complex were determined. The Ultraviolet-visible and Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy were used in monitoring optical activities of the resulting product. It was observed to absorb in the visible region (205 nm and 256 nm). The peaks observed from the infra-red spectra indicated that the reaction occurred at the nitroso end of the ethyl 4-nitrobenzoate. The bacterial inhibitory property of the LCMO-ethyl 4-nitrobenzoate was determined against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albican, Aspergillus niger and Staphylococcus auerus. It was observed to inhibit the growth of all the microbes with zone of inhibitions of 60 mm, 56 mm, 45 mm and 32 mm, for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albican, Aspergillus niger and Staphylococcus auerus, respectively.

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The method used was simple and a complex was formed within 6 h without the use of complicated equipment.

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The method requires no heat treatment and can be prepared at room temperature.

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LCMO-ethyl 4-nitrobenzoate was biologically active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albican, Aspergillus niger and Staphylococcus aureus.

Localized cancer treatment by radio-frequency hyperthermia using magnetic nanoparticles immobilized on graphene oxide: from novel synthesis to in vitro studies

We have produced an innovative, theranostic hybrid nanocomposite of graphene oxide and iron oxide (GO-Fe₃O₄) for radio-frequency hyperthermia therapy. A new electrochemical synthesis route for the GO-Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite is employed. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles used for magnetic hyperthermia for biomedical application face longstanding obstacles, including the large number of nanoparticles required to achieve the desired therapeutic temperature, poor colloidal stability in aqueous suspension or physiological media, poor biocompatibility and, most importantly, low specific absorption rate (SAR). To limit the dosage of nanoparticles for therapeutic use, efforts are being made to increase the heating efficiency of nanoparticles. We have introduced an alternative way to increase the SAR value by improving the colloidal stability of magnetic nanoparticles. It is necessary to immobilize these nanoparticles on a support to prevent their agglomeration and precipitation in aqueous suspension. To address these issues, we report a reproducible electrochemical synthesis route for the GO-Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite. Our nanocomposite demonstrated good colloidal stability and low cytotoxicity in vitro. Due to its good colloidal stability, the nanocomposite had a high SAR of 543 W g^-1 and corresponding intrinsic loss power of 5.98 nH m² kg^-1, which is 46% better than the best commercial equivalents. In vitro cytotoxicity studies demonstrated almost 70% cell viability at 200 μg mL^-1 GO-Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite, a comparable concentration for clinical use according to FDA standards. We also showed the therapeutic potential of the nanocomposite using magnetic hyperthermia. We observed cancer cell (A549 human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma) ablation at 41, 42 and 43 °C for 30, 45, and 60 min. A maximum cancer cell death rate of 80.5% was observed at 43 °C for 60 min under alternating magnetic field exposure. Thus, the nanocomposites could be used in the efficient treatment of cancer.

Magnetic Hyperthermia and Radiation Therapy: Radiobiological Principles and Current Practice †

Hyperthermia, though by itself generally non-curative for cancer, can significantly increase the efficacy of radiation therapy, as demonstrated by in vitro, in vivo, and clinical results. Its limited use in the clinic is mainly due to various practical implementation difficulties, the most important being how to adequately heat the tumor, especially deep-seated ones. In this work, we first review the effects of hyperthermia on tissue, the limitations of radiation therapy and the radiobiological rationale for combining the two treatment modalities. Subsequently, we review the theory and evidence for magnetic hyperthermia that is based on magnetic nanoparticles, its advantages compared with other methods of hyperthermia, and how it can be used to overcome the problems associated with traditional techniques of hyperthermia.

Hyperthermia properties of hyaluronic acid-coated La0.7Sr0.3−xBaxMnO3 nanoparticles

The heating efficiency of LSMO nanoparticles for hyperthermia was improved drastically by doping Ba ions.

Studies on enhanced colloidal stability and heating ability of glycine functionalized LSMO nanoparticles for cancer hyperthermia therapy

The heating ability of glycine functionalized LSMO nanoparticles for cancer hyperthermia is measured in different physiological media.

Multimodal Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles with Unusually Enhanced Specific Absorption Rate for Synergetic Cancer Therapeutics and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPMNPs) used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) cancer therapy frequently face trade off between a high magnetization saturation and their good colloidal stability, high specific absorption rate (SAR), and most importantly biological compatibility. This necessitates the development of new nanomaterials, as MFH and MRI are considered to be one of the most promising combined noninvasive treatments. In the present study, we investigated polyethylene glycol (PEG) functionalized La1-xSrxMnO3 (LSMO) SPMNPs for efficient cancer hyperthermia therapy and MRI application. The superparamagnetic nanomaterial revealed excellent colloidal stability and biocompatibility. A high SAR of 390 W/g was observed due to higher colloidal stability leading to an increased Brownian and Neel's spin relaxation. Cell viability of PEG capped nanoparticles is up to 80% on different cell lines tested rigorously using different methods. PEG coating provided excellent hemocompatibility to human red blood cells as PEG functionalized SPMNPs reduced hemolysis efficiently compared to its uncoated counterpart. Magnetic fluid hyperthermia of SPMNPs resulted in cancer cell death up to 80%. Additionally, improved MRI characteristics were also observed for the PEG capped La1-xSrxMnO3 formulation in aqueous medium compared to the bare LSMO. Taken together, PEG capped SPMNPs can be useful for diagnosis, efficient magnetic fluid hyperthermia, and multimodal cancer treatment as the amphiphilicity of PEG can easily be utilized to encapsulate hydrophobic drugs.

In vitro study on apoptotic cell death by effective magnetic hyperthermia with chitosan-coated MnFe₂O₄

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been widely investigated as a hyperthermic agent for cancer treatment. In this study, thermally responsive Chitosan-coated MnFe2O4 (Chitosan-MnFe2O4) nanoparticles were developed to conduct localized magnetic hyperthermia for cancer treatment. Hydrophobic MnFe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized via thermal decomposition and modified with 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) for further conjugation of chitosan. Chitosan-MnFe2O4 nanoparticles exhibited high magnetization and excellent biocompatibility along with low cell cytotoxicity. During magnetic hyperthermia treatment (MHT) with Chitosan-MnFe2O4 on MDA-MB 231 cancer cells, the targeted therapeutic temperature was achieved by directly controlling the strength of the external AC magnetic fields. In vitro Chitosan-MnFe2O4-assisted MHT at 42 °C led to drastic and irreversible changes in cell morphology and eventual cellular death in association with the induction of apoptosis through heat dissipation from the excited magnetic nanoparticles. Therefore, the Chitosan-MnFe2O4 nanoparticles with high biocompatibility and thermal capability can be an effective nano-mediated agent for MHT on cancer.

Self-assembled monolayers based spintronics: from ferromagnetic surface functionalization to spin-dependent transport

Chemically functionalized surfaces are studied for a wide range of applications going from medicine to electronics. Whereas non-magnetic surfaces have been widely studied, functionalization of magnetic surfaces is much less common and has almost never been used for spintronics applications. In this article we present the functionalization of La2/3Sr1/3MnO3, a ferromagnetic oxide, with self-assembled monolayers for spintronics. La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 is the prototypical half-metallic manganite used in spintronics studies. First, we show that La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 can be functionalized by alkylphosphonic acid molecules. We then emphasize the use of these functionalized surfaces in spintronics devices such as magnetic tunnel junctions fabricated using a nano-indentation based lithography technique. The observed exponential increase of tunnel resistance as a function of alkyl chain length is a direct proof of the successful connection of molecules to ferromagnetic electrodes. For all alkyl chains studied we obtain stable and robust tunnel magnetoresistance, with effects ranging from a few tens to 10 000%. These results show that functionalized electrodes can be integrated in spintronics devices and open the door to a molecular engineering of spintronics.

Role of functionalization: strategies to explore potential nano-bio applications of magnetic nanoparticles

Strategies to bridge the gap between magnetic nanoparticles for their nano bio applications.

Synthesis, characterization and biocompatibility of chitosan functionalized superparamagnetic nanoparticles for heat activated curing of cancer cells

Surface functionalization, colloidal stability and biocompatibility of magnetic nanoparticles are crucial for their biological applications. Here, we report a synthetic approach for the direct preparation of superparamagnetic nanoparticles consisting of a perovskite LSMO core modified with a covalently linked chitosan shell that provides colloidal stability in aqueous solutions for cancer hyperthermia therapy. The characterization of the core-shell nanostructure using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; thermo-gravimetric analysis to assess the chemical bonding of chitosan to nanoparticles; field-emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy for its size and coating efficiency estimation; and magnetic measurement for their magnetization properties was performed. Zeta potential and light scattering studies of the core shell revealed it to possess good colloidal stability. Confocal microscopy and MTT assay are performed for qualitative and quantitative measurement of cell viability and biocompatibility. In depth cell morphology and biocompatibility is evaluated by using multiple-staining of different dyes. The magnetic@chitosan nanostructure system is found to be biocompatible up to 48 h with 80% cell viability. Finally, an in vitro cancer hyperthermia study is done on the MCF7 cell line. During in vitro hyperthermia treatment of cancer cells, cell viability is reduced upto 40% within 120 min with chitosan coated nanoparticles. Our results demonstrate that this simplified and facile synthesis strategy shows potential for designing a colloidal stable state and biocompatible core shell nanostructures for cancer hyperthermia therapy.

Innovative Developments in Bacterial Detection with Magnetic Nanoparticles

It has been seen from the last decade that many bacterial strains are becoming insensitive to conventional detection techniques and it has its own limitations. Current developments in nanoscience and nanotechnology have expanded the ability to design and construct nanomaterials with targeting, therapeutic, and diagnostic functions. These multifunctional nanomaterials have attracted researchers, to be used as the promising tool for selective bacterial sensing applications. An important advantage of using magnetic nanoparticles to capture bacteria is the simple separation of bacteria from biological samples using magnets. This review includes significance of magnetic nanoparticles in bacterial detection. Relevant to topic, properties, designing strategies for magnetic nanoparticle, and innovative techniques used for detection are discussed. This review provides the readers how magnetic properties of nanoparticles can be utilized systematically for bacterial identification.

Lanthanum strontium manganese oxide (LSMO) nanoparticles: a versatile platform for anticancer therapy

Multiple uses of LSMO nanoparticles in anticancer therapy.

Cancer cell extinction through a magnetic fluid hyperthermia treatment produced by superparamagnetic Co–Zn ferrite nanoparticles

TEG mediated synthesis of CZF MNPs for cancer cell extinction by using magnetic fluid hyperthermia therapy.

Facile synthesis of multifunctional La1−xSrxMnO3@Au core–shell nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Multifunctional high-performance La_1−xSrxMnO₃@Au core–shell nanoparticles were synthesized by nanoemulsion with polymers, showing sharp Curie transition, excellent amphiphilic dispersibility and optical properties as well as biocompatibility.