A Brief Review of Graphene-Based Biosensors Developed for Rapid Detection of COVID-19 Biomarkers

The prevalence of mutated species of COVID-19 antigens has provided a strong impetus for identifying a cost-effective, rapid and facile strategy for identifying the viral loads in public places. The ever-changing genetic make-up of SARS-CoV-2 posts a significant challenfge for the research community to identify a robust mechanism to target, bind and confirm the presence of a viral load before it spreads. Synthetic DNA constructs are a novel strategy to design complementary DNA sequences specific for antigens of interest as in this review's case SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Small molecules, complementary DNA and protein-DNA complexes have been known to target analytes in minimal concentrations. This phenomenon can be exploited by nanomaterials which have unique electronic properties such as ballistic conduction. Graphene is one such candidate for designing a device with a very low LOD in the order of zeptomolar and attomolar concentrations. Surface modification will be the significant aspect of the device which needs to have a high degree of sensitivity at the same time as providing a rapid signaling mechanism.

Super Bright Red Upconversion in NaErF4:0.5%Tm@NaYF4:20%Yb Nanoparticles for Anti-counterfeit and Bioimaging Applications

Nanocrystals having single-band red emission under near-infrared (NIR) excitation through the upconversion process offer great advantages in terms of enhanced cellular imaging in in vitro and in vivo experiments in the biological window (600-900 nm), as a security ink, in photothermal therapy (PTT), in photodynamic therapy (PDT), and so forth but are challenging for materials scientists. In this work, we report for the first time the preparation of a super bright red emitter at 655 nm from monodispersed NaErF₄:0.5%Tm@NaYF₄:20%Yb nanocrystals (core@active shell). This phosphor exhibits 35 times stronger photoluminescence as compared to NaErF₄:0.5%Tm@NaYF₄ (core@inactive shell). Here, an Er³⁺-enriched host matrix works simultaneously as an activator and a sensitizer under NIR excitation. Upconversion red emission at 655 nm arises due to the electronic transition of Er³⁺ via the involvement of a three-photon absorption (expected to be a two-photon absorption), which has been confirmed via a power-dependent luminescence study. Tm³⁺ ions incorporated into the core with the active shell act as trapping centers, which promote the red band emission via the back-energy transfer process. Moreover, the active shell containing Yb³⁺ ions efficiently transfers the energy to the Er³⁺-enriched core, which suppresses the nonradiative channel rate, and Tm³⁺ ions act as trapping centers, which reduce the luminescence quenching via reduction of energy migration to the surface of the host lattice. Also, we have shown the potential applications of these nanocrystals: cellular imaging through downconversion and upconversion processes and security ink.