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Chandrasekar N, Balaji R, Perala RS, Nik Humaidi NZ, Shanmugam K, Liao YC, Hwang MT, Govindaraju S. A Brief Review of Graphene-Based Biosensors Developed for Rapid Detection of COVID-19 Biomarkers. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 13:bios13030307. [PMID: 36979519 PMCID: PMC10046683 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of mutated species of COVID-19 antigens has provided a strong impetus for identifying a cost-effective, rapid and facile strategy for identifying the viral loads in public places. The ever-changing genetic make-up of SARS-CoV-2 posts a significant challenfge for the research community to identify a robust mechanism to target, bind and confirm the presence of a viral load before it spreads. Synthetic DNA constructs are a novel strategy to design complementary DNA sequences specific for antigens of interest as in this review's case SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Small molecules, complementary DNA and protein-DNA complexes have been known to target analytes in minimal concentrations. This phenomenon can be exploited by nanomaterials which have unique electronic properties such as ballistic conduction. Graphene is one such candidate for designing a device with a very low LOD in the order of zeptomolar and attomolar concentrations. Surface modification will be the significant aspect of the device which needs to have a high degree of sensitivity at the same time as providing a rapid signaling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendhar Chandrasekar
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramachandran Balaji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ramaswamy Sandeep Perala
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Nik Zulkarnine Nik Humaidi
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Kirubanandan Shanmugam
- Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Ying-Chih Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Michael Taeyoung Hwang
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Saravanan Govindaraju
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India
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