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Ivachtchenko AV, Khvat AV, Shkil DO. Development and Prospects of Furin Inhibitors for Therapeutic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9199. [PMID: 39273149 PMCID: PMC11394684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Furin, a serine protease enzyme located in the Golgi apparatus of animal cells, plays a crucial role in cleaving precursor proteins into their mature, active forms. It is ubiquitously expressed across various tissues, including the brain, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, and reproductive organs. Since its discovery in 1990, furin has been recognized as a significant therapeutic target, leading to the active development of furin inhibitors for potential use in antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer, and other therapeutic applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the progress in the development and characterization of furin inhibitors, encompassing peptides, linear and macrocyclic peptidomimetics, and non-peptide compounds, highlighting their potential in the treatment of both infectious and non-infectious diseases.
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2
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Cornier PG, Delpiccolo CM, Martiren NL, Mata EG, Mendez L, Permingeat Squizatto C, Pizzio MG. Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Reactions and Solid‐Phase Synthesis: A Convenient Blend. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G. Cornier
- Instituto de Química Rosario: Instituto de Quimica Rosario Organic Chemistry Suipacha 531 2000 Rosario ARGENTINA
| | - Carina M.L. Delpiccolo
- Instituto de Química Rosario: Instituto de Quimica Rosario Organic Chemistry Suipacha 531 2000 Rosario ARGENTINA
| | - Nadia L. Martiren
- Instituto de Química Rosario: Instituto de Quimica Rosario Organic Chemistry Suipacha 531 S2000 Rosario ARGENTINA
| | - Ernesto G Mata
- Instituto de Química Rosario Chemistry Suipacha 531 2000 Rosario ARGENTINA
| | - Luciana Mendez
- Instituto de Química Rosario: Instituto de Quimica Rosario Organic Chemistry Suipacha 531 S2000 ROSARIO ARGENTINA
| | | | - Marianela G. Pizzio
- Instituto de Química Rosario: Instituto de Quimica Rosario Organic Chemistry Suipacha 531 S2000 Rosario ARGENTINA
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3
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Buntkowsky G, Theiss F, Lins J, Miloslavina YA, Wienands L, Kiryutin A, Yurkovskaya A. Recent advances in the application of parahydrogen in catalysis and biochemistry. RSC Adv 2022; 12:12477-12506. [PMID: 35480380 PMCID: PMC9039419 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01346k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are analytical and diagnostic tools that are essential for a very broad field of applications, ranging from chemical analytics, to non-destructive testing of materials and the investigation of molecular dynamics, to in vivo medical diagnostics and drug research. One of the major challenges in their application to many problems is the inherent low sensitivity of magnetic resonance, which results from the small energy-differences of the nuclear spin-states. At thermal equilibrium at room temperature the normalized population difference of the spin-states, called the Boltzmann polarization, is only on the order of 10-5. Parahydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) is an efficient and cost-effective hyperpolarization method, which has widespread applications in Chemistry, Physics, Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Medical Imaging. PHIP creates its signal-enhancements by means of a reversible (SABRE) or irreversible (classic PHIP) chemical reaction between the parahydrogen, a catalyst, and a substrate. Here, we first give a short overview about parahydrogen-based hyperpolarization techniques and then review the current literature on method developments and applications of various flavors of the PHIP experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Franziska Theiss
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Jonas Lins
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Yuliya A Miloslavina
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Laura Wienands
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Alexey Kiryutin
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Alexandra Yurkovskaya
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
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4
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Pravdivtsev AN, Buntkowsky G, Duckett SB, Koptyug IV, Hövener J. Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization of Amino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23496-23507. [PMID: 33635601 PMCID: PMC8596608 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has become a universal method for biochemical and biomedical studies, including metabolomics, proteomics, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). By increasing the signal of selected molecules, the hyperpolarization of nuclear spin has expanded the reach of NMR and MRI even further (e.g. hyperpolarized solid-state NMR and metabolic imaging in vivo). Parahydrogen (pH2 ) offers a fast and cost-efficient way to achieve hyperpolarization, and the last decade has seen extensive advances, including the synthesis of new tracers, catalysts, and transfer methods. The portfolio of hyperpolarized molecules now includes amino acids, which are of great interest for many applications. Here, we provide an overview of the current literature and developments in the hyperpolarization of amino acids and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey N. Pravdivtsev
- Section Biomedical ImagingMolecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC)Department of Radiology and NeuroradiologyUniversity Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH)Kiel UniversityAm Botanischen Garten 1424118KielGermany
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- Technical University DarmstadtEduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic and Physical ChemistryAlarich-Weiss-Strasse 864287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Department Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM)Department of ChemistryUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkYO10 5NYUK
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography CenterSB RAS3A Institutskaya st.630090NovosibirskRussia
- Novosibirsk State University2 Pirogova st.630090NovosibirskRussia
| | - Jan‐Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical ImagingMolecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC)Department of Radiology and NeuroradiologyUniversity Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH)Kiel UniversityAm Botanischen Garten 1424118KielGermany
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5
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Pravdivtsev AN, Buntkowsky G, Duckett SB, Koptyug IV, Hövener J. Parawasserstoff‐induzierte Polarisation von Aminosäuren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey N. Pravdivtsev
- Section Biomedical Imaging Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC) Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Kiel University Am Botanischen Garten 14 24118 Kiel Deutschland
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- Technical University Darmstadt Eduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8 64287 Darmstadt Deutschland
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Department Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) Department of Chemistry University of York, Heslington York YO10 5NY Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS 3A Institutskaya st. 630090 Novosibirsk Russland
- Novosibirsk State University 2 Pirogova st. 630090 Novosibirsk Russland
| | - Jan‐Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC) Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Kiel University Am Botanischen Garten 14 24118 Kiel Deutschland
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6
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Staśkiewicz A, Ledwoń P, Rovero P, Papini AM, Latajka R. Triazole-Modified Peptidomimetics: An Opportunity for Drug Discovery and Development. Front Chem 2021; 9:674705. [PMID: 34095086 PMCID: PMC8172596 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.674705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidomimetics play a fundamental role in drug design due to their preferential properties regarding natural peptides. In particular, compounds possessing nitrogen-containing heterocycles have been intensively studied in recent years. The triazolyl moiety incorporation decreases the molecule susceptibility to enzymatic degradation, reduction, hydrolysis, and oxidation. In fact, peptides containing triazole rings are a typical example of peptidomimetics. They have all the advantages over classic peptides. Both efficient synthetic methods and biological activity make these systems an interesting and promising object of research. Peptide triazole derivatives display a diversity of biological properties and can be obtained via numerous synthetic strategies. In this review, we have highlighted the importance of the triazole-modified peptidomimetics in the field of drug design. We present an overview on new achievements in triazolyl-containing peptidomimetics synthesis and their biological activity as inhibitors of enzymes or against cancer, viruses, bacteria, or fungi. The relevance of above-mentioned compounds was confirmed by their comparison with unmodified peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Staśkiewicz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Patrycja Ledwoń
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paolo Rovero
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Rafal Latajka
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
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7
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de Veer SJ, White AM, Craik DJ. Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1): Sowing Seeds in the Fields of Chemistry and Biology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:8050-8071. [PMID: 32621554 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nature-derived cyclic peptides have proven to be a vast source of inspiration for advancing modern pharmaceutical design and synthetic chemistry. The focus of this Review is sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1), one of the smallest disulfide-bridged cyclic peptides found in nature. SFTI-1 has an unusual biosynthetic pathway that begins with a dual-purpose albumin precursor and ends with the production of a high-affinity serine protease inhibitor that rivals other inhibitors much larger in size. Investigations on the molecular basis for SFTI-1's rigid structure and adaptable function have planted seeds for thought that have now blossomed in several different fields. Here we survey these applications to highlight the growing potential of SFTI-1 as a versatile template for engineering inhibitors, a prototypic peptide for studying inhibitory mechanisms, a stable scaffold for grafting bioactive peptides, and a model peptide for evaluating peptidomimetic motifs and platform technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J de Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew M White
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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8
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Veer SJ, White AM, Craik DJ. Der Sonnenblumen‐Trypsin‐Inhibitor 1 (SFTI‐1) in der Chemie und Biologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australien
| | - Andrew M. White
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australien
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australien
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9
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Truncation of Huia versabilis Bowman-Birk inhibitor increases its selectivity, matriptase-1 inhibitory activity and proteolytic stability. Biochimie 2020; 171-172:178-186. [PMID: 32169666 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A gradual truncation of the primary structure of frog skin-derived Huia versabilis Bowman-Birk peptidic inhibitor (HV-BBI) resulted in 18-times stronger inhibitor of matriptase-1 (peptide 6, Ki = 8 nm) in comparison to the full-length HV-BBI (Ki = 155 nm). Analogous increase in the inhibitory activity in correlation with the peptide length reduction was not observed in case of other serine proteases, bovine trypsin (Ki = 151 nm for peptide 6 and Ki = 120 nm for HV-BBI) and plasmin (Ki = 120 nm for peptide 6 and 82 nm for HV-BBI). Weaker binding affinity to these enzymes emphasized an inhibitory specificity of peptide 6. Molecular dynamic analysis revealed that the observed variations in the binding affinity of peptide 6 and HV-BBI with matriptase-1 are associated with the entropic differences of the unbound peptides. Moreover, several aspects explaining differences in the inhibition of matriptase-1 by peptide 6 (bearing the C-terminal amide group) and its two analogues, peptide 6∗ (having the C-terminal carboxyl group, Ki = 473 nm) and cyclic peptide 6∗∗ (Ki = 533 nm), both exhibiting more than 50-fold reduced inhibitory potency, were discovered. It was also shown that peptide 6 presented significantly higher resistance to proteolytic degradation in human serum than HV-BBI. Additional investigations revealed that, in contrast to some amphibian-derived inhibitors, HV-BBI and its truncated analogues do not possess bactericidal activity, thus they cannot be considered as bifunctional agents.
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10
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Zuo K, Qi Y, Yuan C, Jiang L, Xu P, Hu J, Huang M, Li J. Specifically targeting cancer proliferation and metastasis processes: the development of matriptase inhibitors. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:507-524. [PMID: 31471691 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Matriptase is a type II transmembrane serine protease, which has been suggested to play critical roles in numerous pathways of biological developments. Matriptase is the activator of several oncogenic proteins, including urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2). The activations of these matriptase substrates subsequently lead to the generation of plasmin, matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), and the triggers for many other signaling pathways related to cancer proliferation and metastasis. Accordingly, matriptase is considered an emerging target for the treatments of cancer. Thus far, inhibitors of matriptase have been developed as potential anti-cancer agents, which include small-molecule inhibitors, peptide-based inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies. This review covers established literature to summarize the chemical and biochemical aspects, especially the inhibitory mechanisms and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of matriptase inhibitors with the goal of proposing the strategies for their future developments in anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zuo
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Qi
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Longguang Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Dr, 138673, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jianping Hu
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingdong Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinyu Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Li CY, Yap K, Swedberg JE, Craik DJ, de Veer SJ. Binding Loop Substitutions in the Cyclic Peptide SFTI-1 Generate Potent and Selective Chymase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2020; 63:816-826. [PMID: 31855419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chymase is a serine protease that is predominantly expressed by mast cells and has key roles in immune defense and the cardiovascular system. This enzyme has also emerged as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease due to its ability to remodel cardiac tissue and generate angiotensin II. Here, we used the nature-derived cyclic peptide sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1) as a template for designing novel chymase inhibitors. The key binding contacts of SFTI-1 were optimized by combining a peptide substrate library screen with structure-based design, which yielded several variants with potent activity. The lead variant was further modified by replacing the P1 Tyr residue with para-substituted Phe derivatives, generating new inhibitors with improved potency (Ki = 1.8 nM) and higher selectivity over closely related enzymes. Several variants were shown to block angiotensin I cleavage in vitro, highlighting their potential for further development and future evaluation as pharmaceutical leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choi Yi Li
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Kuok Yap
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Joakim E Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Simon J de Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
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12
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Franke B, Mylne JS, Rosengren KJ. Buried treasure: biosynthesis, structures and applications of cyclic peptides hidden in seed storage albumins. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:137-146. [PMID: 29379937 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1999 up to the end of 2017The small cyclic peptide SunFlower Trypsin Inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1) from sunflower seeds is the prototypic member of a novel family of natural products. The biosynthesis of these peptides is intriguing as their gene-encoded peptide backbone emerges from a precursor protein that also contains a seed storage albumin. The peptide sequence is cleaved out from the precursor and cyclised by the albumin-maturing enzymatic machinery. Three-dimensional solution NMR structures of a number of these peptides, and of the intact precursor protein preproalbumin with SFTI-1, have now been elucidated. Furthermore, the evolution of the family has been described and a detailed understanding of the biosynthetic steps, which are necessary to produce cyclic SFTI-1, is emerging. Macrocyclisation provides peptide stability and thus represents a key strategy in peptide drug development. Consequently the constrained structure of SFTI-1 has been explored as a template for protein engineering, for tuning selectivity towards clinically relevant proteases and for grafting in sequences with completely novel functions. Here we review the discovery of the SFTI-1 peptide family, their evolution, biosynthetic origin, and structural features, as well as highlight the potential applications of this unique class of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Franke
- The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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13
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Wei W, Ma J, Xie D, Zhou Y. Linking inhibitor motions to proteolytic stability of sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1. RSC Adv 2019; 9:13776-13786. [PMID: 35519558 PMCID: PMC9063939 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02114k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable capability of an enzyme isn't only determined by its active site but also controlled by the environment. To unravel the environment role in catalysis, the dynamic motions as well as the static mechanism need to be studied. In this work, QM/MM MD simulations were employed to study the proteolysis process of SFTI-1 and BiKF, which revealed that a combination of static non-bonded interactions and dynamic motions along the reaction coordinate can account for the different hydrolysis rates between them. A comparison among SFTI-1 and three analogs with similar non-bonded interactions further revealed a positive correlation between the mobility of inhibitors and the hydrolysis rates. Apart from the cyclic backbone and disulfide bond, intramolecular hydrogen bonds also increase the rigidity of the backbone of inhibitors, and therefore hinder inhibitor motions to resist proteolysis. These new detailed mechanistic insights suggest the need to consider inhibitor motions in the rational design of peptide inhibitors. Besides the non-bonded interactions, inhibitor motions especially rotation of the scissile bond also influence proteolytic stability.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Wei
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jing Ma
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Daiqian Xie
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yanzi Zhou
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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14
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Li CY, de Veer SJ, White AM, Chen X, Harris JM, Swedberg JE, Craik DJ. Amino Acid Scanning at P5' within the Bowman-Birk Inhibitory Loop Reveals Specificity Trends for Diverse Serine Proteases. J Med Chem 2019; 62:3696-3706. [PMID: 30888159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1) is a 14-amino acid cyclic peptide that shares an inhibitory loop with a sequence and structure similar to a larger family of serine protease inhibitors, the Bowman-Birk inhibitors. Here, we focus on the P5' residue in the Bowman-Birk inhibitory loop and produce a library of SFTI variants to characterize the P5' specificity of 11 different proteases. We identify seven amino acids that are generally preferred by these enzymes and also correlate with P5' sequence diversity in naturally occurring Bowman-Birk inhibitors. Additionally, we show that several enzymes have divergent specificities that can be harnessed in engineering studies. By optimizing the P5' residue, we improve the potency or selectivity of existing inhibitors for kallikrein-related peptidase 5 and show that a variant with substitutions at 7 of the scaffold's 14 residues retains a similar structure to SFTI-1. These findings provide new insights into P5' specificity requirements for the Bowman-Birk inhibitory loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choi Yi Li
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Simon J de Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Andrew M White
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Xingchen Chen
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane QLD 4059 , Australia
| | - Jonathan M Harris
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane QLD 4059 , Australia
| | - Joakim E Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072 , Australia
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15
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Kamal AAM, Habib M, Haupenthal J, Hartmann RW, Empting M. Hit evaluation of an α-helical peptide: Ala-scan, truncation and sidechain-to-sidechain macrocyclization of an RNA polymerase Inhibitor. Biol Chem 2019; 400:333-342. [PMID: 30657738 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA polymerase (RNAP) remains a relatively underexplored target with only rifampicin and fidaxomicin in clinical use. Hence, the concurrent rise in bacterial resistance rate urges the search for novel RNAP inhibitors with a novel mode of action. In this work, we investigated the impact of several systematic modifications including sidechain-to-sidechain macrocylization in the α-helical content and biological activity of a previously identified inhibitory sigma factor fragment. Ala-scan results, peptide truncation from both the N- and C-terminus and modifications inspired by other RNAP inhibitors revealed novel structure activity relationships but did not yield a superior sequence. Additionally, four insertion points for non-natural amino acids bearing side chains required for macrocylization were explored. Linear precursors showed improved stabilization of the α-helical content compared to the original sequence as demonstrated by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. However, this increase in α-helicity did not translate into improved biological activity. Instead, complete abolishment of RNAP inhibitory activity occurred. We hypothesize three possible reasons for such a discrepancy and offer the basis for further optimization efforts for this peptidic RNAP inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ashraf Moustafa Kamal
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Campus E8.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Monica Habib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt.,Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Joerg Haupenthal
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Campus E8.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Wolfgang Hartmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Campus E8.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Martin Empting
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Campus E8.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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16
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Kiryutin AS, Sauer G, Tietze D, Brodrecht M, Knecht S, Yurkovskaya AV, Ivanov KL, Avrutina O, Kolmar H, Buntkowsky G. Ultrafast Single‐Scan 2D NMR Spectroscopic Detection of a PHIP‐Hyperpolarized Protease Inhibitor. Chemistry 2019; 25:4025-4030. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S. Kiryutin
- International Tomography Center Institutskaya 3A Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University Pirogova 2 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Grit Sauer
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische ChemieTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Daniel Tietze
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische ChemieTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Martin Brodrecht
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische ChemieTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Stephan Knecht
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische ChemieTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Alexandra V. Yurkovskaya
- International Tomography Center Institutskaya 3A Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University Pirogova 2 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Konstantin L. Ivanov
- International Tomography Center Institutskaya 3A Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University Pirogova 2 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische ChemieTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8 64287 Darmstadt Germany
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17
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Abstract
Matriptase-2 (MT2) is a membrane-anchored proteolytic enzyme. It acts as the proteolytic key regulator in human iron homeostasis. A high expression level can lead to iron overload diseases, whereas mutations in the gene encoding MT2, TMPRSS6, may result in various forms of iron deficiency anemia. Recently, MT2 has been reported as a positive prognostic factor in breast and prostate cancers. However, the exact functions of MT2 in various pathophysiological conditions are still not fully understood. In this review, we describe the synthetic tools designed and synthesized to regulate or monitor MT2 proteolytic activity and present the latest knowledge about the role of MT2 in iron homeostasis and cancer.
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18
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Xu P, Huang M. Small Peptides as Modulators of Serine Proteases. Curr Med Chem 2018; 27:3686-3705. [PMID: 30332941 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181016163630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Serine proteases play critical roles in many physiological and pathological processes, and are proven diagnostic and therapeutic targets in a number of clinical indications. Suppression of the aberrant proteolytic activities of these proteases has been clinically used for the treatments of relevant diseases. Polypeptides with 10-20 residues are of great interests as medicinal modulators of serine proteases, because these peptides demonstrate the characteristics of both small molecule drugs and macromolecular drugs. In this review, we summarized the recent development of peptide-based inhibitors against serine proteases with potent inhibitory and high specificity comparable to monoclonal antibodies. In addition, we also discussed the strategies of enhancing plasma half-life and bioavailability of peptides in vivo, which is the main hurdle that limits the clinical translation of peptide-based drugs. This review advocates new avenue for the development of effective serine protease inhibitors and highlights the prospect of the medicinal use of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Mingdong Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
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19
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de Veer SJ, Li CY, Swedberg JE, Schroeder CI, Craik DJ. Engineering potent mesotrypsin inhibitors based on the plant-derived cyclic peptide, sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:695-704. [PMID: 29936356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce a diverse range of peptides and proteins that inhibit the activity of different serine proteases. The value of these inhibitors not only stems from their native role(s) in planta, but they are also regarded as promising templates for inhibitor engineering. Interest in this field has grown rapidly in recent years, particularly for therapeutic applications. The serine protease mesotrypsin has been implicated in several cancers, but is a challenging target for inhibitor engineering as a number of serine protease inhibitors that typically display broad-range activity show limited activity against mesotrypsin. In this study, we use a cyclic peptide isolated from sunflower seeds, sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1), as a scaffold for engineering potent mesotrypsin inhibitors. SFTI-1 comprises 14-amino acids and is a potent inhibitor of human cationic trypsin (Ki = 30 ± 0.8 pM) but shows 165,000-fold weaker activity against mesotrypsin (Ki = 4.96 ± 0.2 μM). Using an inhibitor library based on SFTI-1, we show that the inhibitor's P2' residue (Ile) is a key contributor to SFTI-1's limited activity against mesotrypsin. Substituting P2' Ile with chemically diverse amino acids, including non-canonical aromatic residues, produced new inhibitor variants that maintained a similar structure to SFTI-1 and showed marked improvements in activity (exceeding 100-fold). An assessment of the activity of the new inhibitors against closely-related trypsin paralogs revealed that the improved activity against mesotrypsin was accompanied by a loss in activity against off-target proteases, such that several engineered variants showed comparable activity against mesotrypsin and human cationic trypsin. Together, these findings identify potent mesotrypsin inhibitors that are suitable for further optimisation studies and demonstrate the potential gains in activity and selectivity that can be achieved by optimising the P2' residue, particularly for engineered SFTI-based inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J de Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Choi Yi Li
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Joakim E Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Christina I Schroeder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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20
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Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Garten W, Klenk HD. The Antiviral Potential of Host Protease Inhibitors. ACTIVATION OF VIRUSES BY HOST PROTEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122247 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75474-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The replication of numerous pathogenic viruses depends on host proteases, which therefore emerged as potential antiviral drug targets. In some cases, e.g., for influenza viruses, their function during the viral propagation cycle is relatively well understood, where they cleave and activate viral surface glycoproteins. For other viruses, e.g., Ebola virus, the function of host proteases during replication is still not clear. Host proteases may also contribute to the pathogenicity of virus infection by activating proinflammatory cytokines. For some coronaviruses, human proteases can also serve in a nonproteolytical fashion simply as receptors for virus entry. However, blocking of such protein-protein contacts is challenging, because receptor surfaces are often flat and difficult to address with small molecules. In contrast, many proteases possess well-defined binding pockets. Therefore, they can be considered as well-druggable targets, especially, if they are extracellularly active. The number of their experimental crystal structures is steadily increasing, which is an important prerequisite for a rational structure-based inhibitor design using computational chemistry tools in combination with classical medicinal chemistry approaches. Moreover, host proteases can be considered as stable targets, and their inhibition should prevent rapid resistance developments, which is often observed when addressing viral proteins. Otherwise, the inhibition of host proteases can also affect normal physiological processes leading to a higher probability of side effects and a narrow therapeutic window. Therefore, they should be preferably used in combination therapies with additional antiviral drugs. This strategy should provide a stronger antiviral efficacy, allow to use lower drug doses, and minimize side effects. Despite numerous experimental findings on their antiviral activity, no small-molecule inhibitors of host proteases have been approved for the treatment of virus infections, so far.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Garten
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Germany
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21
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Chan-Seng D, Louwsma J, Lutz JF, Joly S. Synthesis of Macromolecules Containing Phenylalanine and Aliphatic Building Blocks. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1700764. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Chan-Seng
- Université de Strasbourg; CNRS; Institut Charles Sadron; F-67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Jeroen Louwsma
- PSA Groupe; Site de Vélizy; Chemin de Gisy 78943 Vélizy-Villacoublay France
| | - Jean-François Lutz
- Université de Strasbourg; CNRS; Institut Charles Sadron; F-67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Stéphane Joly
- PSA Groupe; Site de Vélizy; Chemin de Gisy 78943 Vélizy-Villacoublay France
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22
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Riley BT, Ilyichova O, Costa MGS, Porebski BT, de Veer SJ, Swedberg JE, Kass I, Harris JM, Hoke DE, Buckle AM. Direct and indirect mechanisms of KLK4 inhibition revealed by structure and dynamics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35385. [PMID: 27767076 PMCID: PMC5073354 DOI: 10.1038/srep35385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) family of proteases is involved in many aspects of human health and disease. One member of this family, KLK4, has been implicated in cancer development and metastasis. Understanding mechanisms of inactivation are critical to developing selective KLK4 inhibitors. We have determined the X-ray crystal structures of KLK4 in complex with both sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1) and a rationally designed SFTI-1 derivative to atomic (~1 Å) resolution, as well as with bound nickel. These structures offer a structural rationalization for the potency and selectivity of these inhibitors, and together with MD simulation and computational analysis, reveal a dynamic pathway between the metal binding exosite and the active site, providing key details of a previously proposed allosteric mode of inhibition. Collectively, this work provides insight into both direct and indirect mechanisms of inhibition for KLK4 that have broad implications for the enzymology of the serine protease superfamily, and may potentially be exploited for the design of therapeutic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake T Riley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Olga Ilyichova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mauricio G S Costa
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Benjamin T Porebski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Simon J de Veer
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Joakim E Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Itamar Kass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Harris
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - David E Hoke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ashley M Buckle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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23
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Thomann A, Zapp J, Hutter M, Empting M, Hartmann RW. Steering the azido-tetrazole equilibrium of 4-azidopyrimidines via substituent variation - implications for drug design and azide-alkyne cycloadditions. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:10620-30. [PMID: 26340222 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01006c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on an interesting constitutional isomerism called azido-tetrazole equilibrium which is observed in azido-substituted N-heterocycles. We present a systematic investigation of substituent effects on the isomer ratio within a 2-substituted 4-azidopyrimidine model scaffold. NMR- and IR-spectroscopy as well as X-ray crystallography were employed for thorough analysis and characterization of synthesized derivatives. On the basis of this data, we demonstrate the possibility to steer this valence tautomerism towards the isomer of choice by means of substituent variation. We show that the tetrazole form can act as an efficient disguise for the corresponding azido group masking its well known reactivity in azide-alkyne cycloadditions (ACCs). In copper(I)-catalyzed AAC reactions, substituent-stabilized tetrazoles displayed a highly decreased or even abolished reactivity whereas azides and compounds in the equilibrium were directly converted. By use of an acid sensitive derivative, we provide, to our knowledge, the first experimental basis for a possible exploitation of this dynamic isomerism as a pH-dependent azide-protecting motif for selective SPAAC conjugations in aqueous media. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of stabilized tetrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines for Fragment-Based Drug Design (FBDD) in the field of quorum sensing inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Thomann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department for Drug Design and Optimization (DDOP), Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - J Zapp
- Saarland University, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Campus C2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - M Hutter
- Saarland University, Center for Bioinformatics, Campus E2.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - M Empting
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department for Drug Design and Optimization (DDOP), Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - R W Hartmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department for Drug Design and Optimization (DDOP), Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. and Saarland University, Department for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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24
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Castro V, Rodríguez H, Albericio F. CuAAC: An Efficient Click Chemistry Reaction on Solid Phase. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2016; 18:1-14. [PMID: 26652044 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.5b00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Click chemistry is an approach that uses efficient and reliable reactions, such as Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), to bind two molecular building blocks. CuAAC has broad applications in medicinal chemistry and other fields of chemistry. This review describes the general features and applications of CuAAC in solid-phase synthesis (CuAAC-SP), highlighting the suitability of this kind of reaction for peptides, nucleotides, small molecules, supramolecular structures, and polymers, among others. This versatile reaction is expected to become pivotal for meeting future challenges in solid-phase chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Castro
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hortensia Rodríguez
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- School
of Chemistry, Yachay Tech, Yachay City of Knowledge, Urcuqui, Ecuador
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 4001-Durban, South Africa
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25
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Fittler H, Depp A, Avrutina O, Dahms SO, Than ME, Empting M, Kolmar H. Engineering a Constrained Peptidic Scaffold towards Potent and Selective Furin Inhibitors. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2441-4. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Fittler
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für organische und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Alexander Depp
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für organische und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für organische und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Sven O. Dahms
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI); Beutenbergstrasse 11 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Manuel E. Than
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI); Beutenbergstrasse 11 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Martin Empting
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS); Campus C2.3 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für organische und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
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26
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de Veer SJ, Wang CK, Harris JM, Craik DJ, Swedberg JE. Improving the Selectivity of Engineered Protease Inhibitors: Optimizing the P2 Prime Residue Using a Versatile Cyclic Peptide Library. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8257-68. [PMID: 26393374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Standard mechanism inhibitors are attractive design templates for engineering reversible serine protease inhibitors. When optimizing interactions between the inhibitor and target protease, many studies focus on the nonprimed segment of the inhibitor's binding loop (encompassing the contact β-strand). However, there are currently few methods for screening residues on the primed segment. Here, we designed a synthetic inhibitor library (based on sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1) for characterizing the P2' specificity of various serine proteases. Screening the library against 13 different proteases revealed unique P2' preferences for trypsin, chymotrypsin, matriptase, plasmin, thrombin, four kallikrein-related peptidases, and several clotting factors. Using this information to modify existing engineered inhibitors yielded new variants that showed considerably improved selectivity, reaching up to 7000-fold selectivity over certain off-target proteases. Our study demonstrates the importance of the P2' residue in standard mechanism inhibition and unveils a new approach for screening P2' substitutions that will benefit future inhibitor engineering studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J de Veer
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, Queensland QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , 306 Carmody Road, Building 80, Queensland Bioscience Presinct, Brisbane, Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Harris
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, Queensland QLD 4059, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , 306 Carmody Road, Building 80, Queensland Bioscience Presinct, Brisbane, Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Joakim E Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , 306 Carmody Road, Building 80, Queensland Bioscience Presinct, Brisbane, Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
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27
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Gitlin A, Dębowski D, Karna N, Łęgowska A, Stirnberg M, Gütschow M, Rolka K. Inhibitors of Matriptase-2 Based on the Trypsin Inhibitor SFTI-1. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1601-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Franco FM, Jones DE, Harris PK, Han Z, Wildman SA, Jarvis CM, Janetka JW. Structure-based discovery of small molecule hepsin and HGFA protease inhibitors: Evaluation of potency and selectivity derived from distinct binding pockets. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2328-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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De novo discovery of bioactive cyclic peptides using bacterial display and flow cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1248:139-53. [PMID: 25616331 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2020-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides are increasingly desired for their enhanced stability and pharmacologic properties. Due to their limited conformational flexibility, cyclic peptides with C-to-N-terminal peptide bond and a disulfide bridge can confer high target binding affinity and resistance to proteolytic enzymes. Challenging drug targets including protein interaction surfaces can be successfully targeted using peptides rather than small molecules or proteins. Peptides, capable of antibody-like affinities with increased potency, can be designed to fill in the gap between small molecules and larger proteins. However, cysteine-rich peptides with several disulfide bonds have limitations in production and purification. Therefore, we devised a strategy to identify cyclic peptides with single disulfide connectivity that offers desired properties along with ease in synthesis and production. Here, de novo design of cyclic peptides is demonstrated through screening of peptide libraries using bacterial display and cell sorting. Herein, a step-by-step protocol is presented to design and screen diverse peptide libraries to identify cyclic peptides with desired specificity and affinity towards arbitrary target proteins.
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30
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Abstract
This review highlights known disulfide-bridged peptide bicycles and the studies on their unique structural and biological features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrei K. Yudin
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada M5S 3H6
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31
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Tan X, Soualmia F, Furio L, Renard JF, Kempen I, Qin L, Pagano M, Pirotte B, El Amri C, Hovnanian A, Reboud-Ravaux M. Toward the first class of suicide inhibitors of kallikreins involved in skin diseases. J Med Chem 2014; 58:598-612. [PMID: 25489658 DOI: 10.1021/jm500988d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of kallikreins 5 and 7, and possibly kallikrein 14 and matriptase, (that initiates the kallikrein proteolytic cascade) constitutes an innovative way to treat some skin diseases such as Netherton syndrome. We present here the inhibitory properties of coumarin-3-carboxylate derivatives against these enzymes. Our small collection of these versatile organic compounds was enriched by newly synthesized derivatives in order to obtain molecules selective against one, two, three enzymes or acting on the four ones. We evidenced a series of compounds with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. A suicide mechanism was observed against kallikrein 7 whereas the inactivation was either definitive (suicide type) or transient for kallikreins 5 and 14, and matriptase. Most of these potent inhibitors were devoid of cytotoxicity toward healthy human keratinocytes. In situ zymography investigations on skin sections from human kallikrein 5 transgenic mouse revealed significant reduction of the global proteolytic activity by several compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 8256, B2A, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Integrated Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, Molecular & Functional Enzymology, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine , 7 Quai St Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
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32
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Duchêne D, Colombo E, Désilets A, Boudreault PL, Leduc R, Marsault E, Najmanovich R. Analysis of Subpocket Selectivity and Identification of Potent Selective Inhibitors for Matriptase and Matriptase-2. J Med Chem 2014; 57:10198-204. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5015633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Duchêne
- Departments of Biochemistry and ‡Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Eloïc Colombo
- Departments of Biochemistry and ‡Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Antoine Désilets
- Departments of Biochemistry and ‡Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Pierre-Luc Boudreault
- Departments of Biochemistry and ‡Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Richard Leduc
- Departments of Biochemistry and ‡Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Eric Marsault
- Departments of Biochemistry and ‡Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Rafael Najmanovich
- Departments of Biochemistry and ‡Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
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Sauer G, Nasu D, Tietze D, Gutmann T, Englert S, Avrutina O, Kolmar H, Buntkowsky G. Effective PHIP Labeling of Bioactive Peptides Boosts the Intensity of the NMR Signal. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12941-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Sauer G, Nasu D, Tietze D, Gutmann T, Englert S, Avrutina O, Kolmar H, Buntkowsky G. Effektive Markierung von bioaktiven Peptiden mit PHIP-Markern zur Steigerung der Empfindlichkeit von NMR-Signalen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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35
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Traoré M, Doan ND, Lubell WD. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Azapeptides with Basic Amino Acid Residues: Aza-Lysine, Aza-Ornithine, and Aza-Arginine. Org Lett 2014; 16:3588-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ol501586y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Traoré
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Ngoc-Duc Doan
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - William D. Lubell
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
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36
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Fittler H, Avrutina O, Empting M, Kolmar H. Potent inhibitors of human matriptase-1 based on the scaffold of sunflower trypsin inhibitor. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:415-20. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Fittler
- Clemens-Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Clemens-Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Martin Empting
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS); Department Drug Design and Optimization; Campus C2.3 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Clemens-Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
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37
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Gray K, Elghadban S, Thongyoo P, Owen KA, Szabo R, Bugge TH, Tate EW, Leatherbarrow RJ, Ellis V. Potent and specific inhibition of the biological activity of the type-II transmembrane serine protease matriptase by the cyclic microprotein MCoTI-II. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:402-11. [PMID: 24696092 DOI: 10.1160/th13-11-0895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Matriptase is a type-II transmembrane serine protease involved in epithelial homeostasis in both health and disease, and is implicated in the development and progression of a variety of cancers. Matriptase mediates its biological effects both via as yet undefined substrates and pathways, and also by proteolytic cleavage of a variety of well-defined protein substrates, several of which it shares with the closely-related protease hepsin. Development of targeted therapeutic strategies will require discrimination between these proteases. Here we have investigated cyclic microproteins of the squash Momordica cochinchinensis trypsin-inhibitor family (generated by total chemical synthesis) and found MCoTI-II to be a high-affinity (Ki 9 nM) and highly selective (> 1,000-fold) inhibitor of matriptase. MCoTI-II efficiently inhibited the proteolytic activation of pro-hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) by matriptase but not by hepsin, in both purified and cell-based systems, and inhibited HGF-dependent cell scattering. MCoTI-II also selectively inhibited the invasion of matriptase-expressing prostate cancer cells. Using a model of epithelial cell tight junction assembly, we also found that MCoTI-II could effectively inhibit the re-establishment of tight junctions and epithelial barrier function in MDCK-I cells after disruption, consistent with the role of matriptase in regulating epithelial integrity. Surprisingly, MCoTI-II was unable to inhibit matriptase-dependent proteolytic activation of prostasin, a GPI-anchored serine protease also implicated in epithelial homeostasis. These observations suggest that the unusually high selectivity afforded by MCoTI-II and its biological effectiveness might represent a useful starting point for the development of therapeutic inhibitors, and further highlight the role of matriptase in epithelial maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - V Ellis
- Vincent Ellis, PhD, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK, Tel.: +44 1603 592570, E-mail:
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38
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Overexpression of matriptase correlates with poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2013; 464:19-27. [PMID: 24248283 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-013-1504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Matriptase is one of the type II transmembrane serine proteases and is known to be involved in cancer progression. Increased matriptase expression has been reported in a variety of human cancers, and its association with poor prognosis has been highlighted in some cancer types. However, its exact role in cancer progression and its effect on patient survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are still unclear. We performed immunohistochemical staining of matriptase in 171 ESCC samples after antibody validation and evaluated the association of its expression with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. High matriptase expression was observed in 38.6 % (66/171) of ESCC samples and more frequently in N3 stage and in poorly differentiated tumors. Both overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were significantly lower for patients with high expression of matriptase than for patients with low expression (5-year OS rate, 38.6 vs 55.3 %; p=0.034 and 5-year DFS rate, 30.5 vs 49.4 %; p=0.007). High matriptase expression was an independent prognostic factor for OS [hazard ratio (HR), 1.65 (95 % confidence interval (CI), 1.01-2.68); p=0.045] and for DFS [HR, 1.79 (95 % CI, 1.14-2.81); p=0.012]. In conclusion, higher expression of matriptase is an independent prognostic factor involved in the progression of ESCC, which suggests that matriptase is a factor in ESCC tumor progression and also a potential molecular therapeutic target.
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Li H, Aneja R, Chaiken I. Click chemistry in peptide-based drug design. Molecules 2013; 18:9797-817. [PMID: 23959192 PMCID: PMC4155329 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18089797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Click chemistry is an efficient and chemoselective synthetic method for coupling molecular fragments under mild reaction conditions. Since the advent in 2001 of methods to improve stereochemical conservation, the click chemistry approach has been broadly used to construct diverse chemotypes in both chemical and biological fields. In this review, we discuss the application of click chemistry in peptide-based drug design. We highlight how triazoles formed by click reactions have been used for mimicking peptide and disulfide bonds, building secondary structural components of peptides, linking functional groups together, and bioconjugation. The progress made in this field opens the way for synthetic approaches to convert peptides with promising functional leads into structure-minimized and more stable forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 N 15th Street, New College Building, Room 11102, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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40
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Stolze SC, Meltzer M, Ehrmann M, Kaiser M. Ahp cyclodepsipeptides: the impact of the Ahp residue on the "canonical inhibition" of S1 serine proteases. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1301-8. [PMID: 23794257 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
S1 serine proteases are by far the largest and most diverse family of proteases encoded in the human genome. Although recent decades have seen an enormous increase in our knowledge, the biological functions of most of these proteases remain to be elucidated. Chemical inhibitors have proven to be versatile tools for studying the functions of proteases, but this approach is hampered by the limited availability of inhibitor scaffold structures with the potential to allow rapid discovery of selective, noncovalent small-molecule protease inhibitors. The natural product class of Ahp cyclodepsipeptides is an unusual class of small-molecule canonical inhibitors; the incorporation of protease cleavage sequences into their molecular scaffolds enables the design of specific small-molecule inhibitors that simultaneously target the S and S' subsites of the protease through noncovalent mechanisms. Their synthesis is tedious, however, so in this study we have investigated the relevance of the Ahp moiety for achieving potent inhibition. We found that although the Ahp residue plays an important role in inhibition potency, appropriate replacement with β-hydroxy amino acids results in structurally less complex derivatives that inhibit serine proteases in the low micromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Stolze
- Chemical Biology, Zentrum für Medizinische Biotechnologie, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
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Quimbar P, Malik U, Sommerhoff CP, Kaas Q, Chan LY, Huang YH, Grundhuber M, Dunse K, Craik DJ, Anderson MA, Daly NL. High-affinity cyclic peptide matriptase inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13885-96. [PMID: 23548907 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.460030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1) and Momordica cochinchinensis trypsin inhibitor-II (MCoTI-II) are potent protease inhibitors comprising a cyclic backbone. RESULTS Elucidation of structure-activity relationships for SFTI-1 and MCoTI-II was used to design inhibitors with enhanced inhibitory activity. CONCLUSION An analog of MCoTI-II is one of the most potent inhibitors of matriptase. SIGNIFICANCE These results provide a solid basis for the design of selective peptide inhibitors of matriptase with therapeutic potential. The type II transmembrane serine protease matriptase is a key activator of multiple signaling pathways associated with cell proliferation and modification of the extracellular matrix. Deregulated matriptase activity correlates with a number of diseases, including cancer and hence highly selective matriptase inhibitors may have therapeutic potential. The plant-derived cyclic peptide, sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1), is a promising drug scaffold with potent matriptase inhibitory activity. In the current study we have analyzed the structure-activity relationships of SFTI-1 and Momordica cochinchinensis trypsin inhibitor-II (MCoTI-II), a structurally divergent trypsin inhibitor from Momordica cochinchinensis that also contains a cyclic backbone. We show that MCoTI-II is a significantly more potent matriptase inhibitor than SFTI-1 and that all alanine mutants of both peptides, generated using positional scanning mutagenesis, have decreased trypsin affinity, whereas several mutations either maintain or result in enhanced matriptase inhibitory activity. These intriguing results were used to design one of the most potent matriptase inhibitors known to date with a 290 pm equilibrium dissociation constant, and provide the first indication on how to modulate affinity for matriptase over trypsin in cyclic peptides. This information might be useful for the design of more selective and therapeutically relevant inhibitors of matriptase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Quimbar
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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