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Havlasek J, Vrba J, Zatloukalova M, Papouskova B, Modriansky M, Storch J, Vacek J. Hepatic biotransformation of non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids and activity screening on cytochromes P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 476:116654. [PMID: 37574147 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the biotransformation of phytocannabinoids in human hepatocytes. The susceptibility of the tested compounds to transformations in hepatocytes exhibited the following hierarchy: cannabinol (CBN) > cannabigerol (CBG) > cannabichromene (CBC) > cannabidiol (CBD). Biotransformation included hydroxylation, oxidation to a carboxylic acid, dehydrogenation, hydrogenation, dehydration, loss/shortening of alkyl, glucuronidation and sulfation. CBN was primarily metabolized by oxidation of a methyl to a carboxylic acid group, while CBD, CBG and CBC were preferentially metabolized by direct glucuronidation. The study also screened for the activity of recombinant human cytochromes P450 (CYPs) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), which could catalyze the hydroxylation and glucuronidation of the tested compounds, respectively. We found that CBD was hydroxylated mainly by CYPs 2C8, 2C19, 2D6; CBN by 1A2, 2C9, 2C19 and 2D6; and CBG by 2B6, 2C9, 2C19 and 2D6. CBC exhibited higher susceptibility to CYP-mediated transformation than the other tested compounds, mainly with CYPs 1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4 being involved. Further, CBD was primarily glucuronidated by UGTs 1A3, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9 and 2B7; CBN by 1A7, 1A8, 1A9 and 2B7; CBG by 1A3, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9, 2B4, 2B7 and 2B17; and the glucuronidation of CBC was catalyzed by UGTs 1A1, 1A8, 1A9 and 2B7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Havlasek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Vrba
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Martina Zatloukalova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Papouskova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. Listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Modriansky
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Storch
- Department of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojova 135, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vacek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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2
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Docampo-Palacios ML, Ramirez GA, Tesfatsion TT, Okhovat A, Pittiglio M, Ray KP, Cruces W. Saturated Cannabinoids: Update on Synthesis Strategies and Biological Studies of These Emerging Cannabinoid Analogs. Molecules 2023; 28:6434. [PMID: 37687263 PMCID: PMC10490552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural and non-natural hexahydrocannabinols (HHC) were first described in 1940 by Adam and in late 2021 arose on the drug market in the United States and in some European countries. A background on the discovery, synthesis, and pharmacology studies of hydrogenated and saturated cannabinoids is described. This is harmonized with a summary and comparison of the cannabinoid receptor affinities of various classical, hybrid, and non-classical saturated cannabinoids. A discussion of structure-activity relationships with the four different pharmacophores found in the cannabinoid scaffold is added to this review. According to laboratory studies in vitro, and in several animal species in vivo, HHC is reported to have broadly similar effects to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the main psychoactive substance in cannabis, as demonstrated both in vitro and in several animal species in vivo. However, the effects of HHC treatment have not been studied in humans, and thus a biological profile has not been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite L. Docampo-Palacios
- Colorado Chromatography Labs, 10505 S. Progress Way, Unit 105, Parker, CO 80134, USA; (G.A.R.); (T.T.T.); (A.O.); (M.P.); (K.P.R.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Westley Cruces
- Colorado Chromatography Labs, 10505 S. Progress Way, Unit 105, Parker, CO 80134, USA; (G.A.R.); (T.T.T.); (A.O.); (M.P.); (K.P.R.)
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3
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Sukandar ER, Kaennakam S, Wongsuwan S, Chatwichien J, Krobthong S, Yingchutrakul Y, Mahatnirunkul T, Mulya F, Parasuk V, Harding DJ, Poldorn P, Rungrotmongkol T, Tip-Pyang S, Aonbangkhen C, Chavasiri W. Schomburginones A‒J, geranylated benzophenones from the leaves of Garcinia schomburgkiana and their cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 211:113701. [PMID: 37127017 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ten undescribed benzophenones, schomburginones A-J, together with 14 known analogs were isolated from the leaves of Garcinia schomburgkiana, an edible plant native to the Indochina region. The structures of the undescribed compounds were elucidated by NMR combined with HRMS spectroscopy, while their absolute configurations were determined using ECD and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The isolated metabolites represent benzophenone derivatives containing a modified monoterpene unit, including tri- and tetracyclic skeletons, which are rarely found in genus Garcinia. The cytotoxic evaluation on three cancerous cell lines demonstrated that schomburginone G, schomburginone H, and 3-geranyl-2,4,6-trihydroxybenzophenone were active against HeLa cells with IC50 values in the range of 12.2-15.7 μM, respectively, and selective compared to the non-cancerous L929 cells (SI > 3.5). In addition, the three cytotoxic compounds together with clusiacyclol A showed significant NO inhibitory activity in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells over 85% inhibition without obvious cytotoxicity at a final concentration of 100 μM. The promising activities of these compounds in cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory assays make them attractive for further study in the development of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Sukandar
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Sutin Kaennakam
- Department of Agro-Industrial, Food, and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Sutthida Wongsuwan
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jaruwan Chatwichien
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Sucheewin Krobthong
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Yodying Yingchutrakul
- Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; National Omics Center (NOC), NSTDA, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Thanisorn Mahatnirunkul
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Fadjar Mulya
- Center of Excellence in Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Vudhichai Parasuk
- Center of Excellence in Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - David J Harding
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Preeyaporn Poldorn
- Center of Excellence in Biocatalyst and Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Center of Excellence in Biocatalyst and Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Santi Tip-Pyang
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chanat Aonbangkhen
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Warinthorn Chavasiri
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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4
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Nguyen GN, Jordan EN, Kayser O. Synthetic Strategies for Rare Cannabinoids Derived from Cannabis sativa. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:1555-1568. [PMID: 35648593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient syntheses of eight key cannabinoids were established and optimized. Predominant cannabinoids such as cannabigerol (CBG-C5) and cannabidiol (CBD-C5) were prepared from olivetol via regioselective condensation. Further treatments of CBD led to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-C5), Δ8-iso-tetrahydrocannabinol (iso-THC-C5), and cannabinol (CBN-C5). Alternatively, a [3 + 3] annulation between olivetol and citral yielded the minor cannabinoid cannabichromene (CBC-C5), which was converted into two very rare polycycles, cannabicyclol (CBL-C5) and cannabicitran (CBT-C5), in a one-pot reaction. Finally, all eight syntheses were extended by utilizing resorcinol and two phenolic analogues, achieving a cannabinoid group with more than 30 compounds through a facile synthesis strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gia-Nam Nguyen
- Technical Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical, University Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- MINDbioscience GmbH, Emil-Figge-Strasse 76a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Erin Noel Jordan
- Technical Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical, University Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oliver Kayser
- Technical Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical, University Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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5
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Agua AR, Barr PJ, Marlowe CK, Pirrung MC. Cannabichromene Racemization and Absolute Stereochemistry Based on a Cannabicyclol Analog. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8036-8040. [PMID: 34078070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cannabichromene (CBC) is unusual among cannabinoids in having been described as both a racemic and a scalemic compound from natural Cannabis sources. Several explanations are available for this circumstance, including facile racemization. Cannabichromene was resolved chromatographically, and the enantiomer matching CBC from local Cannabis was identified. To preclude racemization, CBC was converted to cannabicyclol for further stereochemical analysis. This permitted the (R) absolute stereochemistry to be assigned to natural CBC based on chiroptical data for related natural products and the absolute configuration of a cannabicyclol analog determined by X-ray crystallography. The racemization of CBC was found to be rather slow in the laboratory, but handling practices for natural cannabis products can be inferred to promote the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon R Agua
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Philip J Barr
- BayMedica, 458 Carlton Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Charles K Marlowe
- BayMedica, 458 Carlton Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Michael C Pirrung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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6
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Vacek J, Vostalova J, Papouskova B, Skarupova D, Kos M, Kabelac M, Storch J. Antioxidant function of phytocannabinoids: Molecular basis of their stability and cytoprotective properties under UV-irradiation. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:258-270. [PMID: 33453360 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, a comprehensive study of the redox transformation, electronic structure, stability and photoprotective properties of phytocannabinoids is presented. The non-psychotropic cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinol (CBN), cannabichromene (CBC), and psychotropic tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) isomers and iso-THC were included in the study. The results show that under aqueous ambient conditions at pH 7.4, non-psychotropic cannabinoids are slight or moderate electron-donors and they are relatively stable, in the following order: CBD > CBG ≥ CBN > CBC. In contrast, psychotropic Δ9-THC degrades approximately one order of magnitude faster than CBD. The degradation (oxidation) is associated with the transformation of OH groups and changes in the double-bond system of the investigated molecules. The satisfactory stability of cannabinoids is associated with the fact that their OH groups are fully protonated at pH 7.4 (pKa is ≥ 9). The instability of CBN and CBC was accelerated after exposure to UVA radiation, with CBD (or CBG) being stable for up to 24 h. To support their topical applications, an in vitro dermatological comparative study of cytotoxic, phototoxic and UVA or UVB photoprotective effects using normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and keratinocytes (HaCaT) was done. NHDF are approx. twice as sensitive to the cannabinoids' toxicity as HaCaT. Specifically, toxicity IC50 values for CBD after 24 h of incubation are 7.1 and 12.8 μM for NHDF and HaCaT, respectively. None of the studied cannabinoids were phototoxic. Extensive testing has shown that CBD is the most effective protectant against UVA radiation of the studied cannabinoids. For UVB radiation, CBN was the most effective. The results acquired could be used for further redox biology studies on phytocannabinoids and evaluations of their mechanism of action at the molecular level. Furthermore, the UVA and UVB photoprotectivity of phytocannabinoids could also be utilized in the development of new cannabinoid-based topical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vacek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jitka Vostalova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Papouskova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Skarupova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kos
- Department of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojova 135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kabelac
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Storch
- Department of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojova 135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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7
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Burchill L, Day AJ, Yahiaoui O, George JH. Biomimetic Total Synthesis of the Rubiginosin Meroterpenoids. Org Lett 2021; 23:578-582. [PMID: 33372801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Total synthesis of the Rhododendron meroterpenoids rubiginosins A and G, which both contain unusual 6-6-6-4 ring systems, has been achieved using a bioinspired cascade approach. Stepwise synthesis of these natural products, and the related 6-6-5-4 meroterpenoids fastinoid B and rhodonoid B, from naturally occurring chromene precursors is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Burchill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Aaron J Day
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Oussama Yahiaoui
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Jonathan H George
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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8
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Gao D, Wang F, Liu X, Feng K, Zhao J, Wang Y, Yang X, Tian P, Lin G. Synthesis of Decahydrocyclobuta[
cd
]indene Skeletons: Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Hydroarylation and Relay Thiophene‐Promoted Intramolecular [2+2] Cycloaddition. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dingding Gao
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Feng Wang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Xing‐Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Kai‐Rui Feng
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Jia‐Ying Zhao
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yu‐Hui Wang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Xiao‐Di Yang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Ping Tian
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Guo‐Qiang Lin
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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9
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Riveira MJ. Studies on Biomimetic Singlet Oxygen Oxidations: Application to the Synthesis of the Alkaloid Simulenoline. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:1309-1313. [PMID: 32233438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of the biologically active alkaloid simulenoline, isolated from the roots of Zanthoxylum simulans, is reported. The natural product was assembled from simple commercial reagents via initial domino Knoevenagel/oxa-6π-electrocyclization followed by a one-pot singlet-oxygen ene-reaction/reduction sequence. New insights of singlet oxygen reactivity with olefinic substrates have been revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín J Riveira
- Instituto de Química Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
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10
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Hancock EN, Wiest JM, Brown MK. Recent advances in the synthesis of gem-dimethylcyclobutane natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:1383-1393. [PMID: 30855044 PMCID: PMC6739199 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00083b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: January 2000 to July 2018 gem-Dimethylcyclobutanes are a common motif found in a multitude of natural products, and thus these structures have captivated synthetic chemists for years. However, until the turn of the century, most synthetic efforts relied upon the use of widely available terpenes, such as pinene or caryophyllene, that already contain the gem-dimethylcyclobutane motif. This approach limits the scope of molecules that can be accessed readily. This review highlights recent syntheses in which the gem-dimethylcyclobutane is assembled via de novo approaches. An outlook on the future of this research area is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N. Hancock
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave. Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Johannes M. Wiest
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave. Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - M. Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave. Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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11
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Caprioglio D, Mattoteia D, Minassi A, Pollastro F, Lopatriello A, Muňoz E, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Appendino G. One-Pot Total Synthesis of Cannabinol via Iodine-Mediated Deconstructive Annulation. Org Lett 2019; 21:6122-6125. [PMID: 31339327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The thermal degradation of cannabichromene (CBC, 3) is dominated by cationic reactions and not by the pericyclic rearrangements observed in model compounds. The rationalization of these differences inspired the development of a process that coupled, in an aromatization-driven single operational step, the condensation of citral and alkylresorciniols to homoprenylchromenes and their in situ deconstructive annulation to benzo[c]chromenes. This process was applied to a total synthesis of cannabinol (CBN, 5) and to its molecular editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Caprioglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Largo Donegani 2 , 28100 Novara , Italy
| | - Daiana Mattoteia
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Largo Donegani 2 , 28100 Novara , Italy
| | - Alberto Minassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Largo Donegani 2 , 28100 Novara , Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Largo Donegani 2 , 28100 Novara , Italy
| | - Annalisa Lopatriello
- Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università di Napoli Federico II , Via Montesano 49 , 80131 Napoli , Italy
| | - Eduardo Muňoz
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba , University of Córdoba , Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n , 14004 Córdoba , Spain
| | | | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Largo Donegani 2 , 28100 Novara , Italy
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12
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13
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Wu H, Hsung RP, Tang Y. Total Syntheses of (±)-Rhodonoids C, D, E, F, and G and Ranhuadujuanine B. Org Lett 2017; 19:3505-3507. [PMID: 28604000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe the divergent, biosynthetically inspired syntheses of (±)-rhodonoids C-G and (±)-ranhuadujuanine B. The key steps of the syntheses include the construction of the chromene unit through a formal oxa-[3 + 3] annulation and a biomimetic acid-catalyzed ring cyclization. Cationic [2 + 2] cycloaddition is accomplished to form the cyclobutane core of (±)-rhodonoids E and F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Richard P Hsung
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Yu Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
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14
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Wu H, Hsung RP, Tang Y. Total Syntheses of (±)-Rhodonoids A and B and C12-epi-Rhodonoid B. J Org Chem 2017; 82:1545-1551. [PMID: 28034311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Total syntheses of (±)-rhodonoids A and B and C12-epi-rhodonoid B are described here. A unified strategy employed in these syntheses is an intramolecular oxa-[3 + 3] annulation for accessing the chromene unit. A Fe(OTf)3-promoted diastereoselective cationic [2 + 2] cycloaddition and a photochemical [2 + 2] cycloaddition were featured to construct the cyclobutane core of (±)-rhodonoids A and B and C12-epi-rhodonoid B, respectively. Fe(OTf)3 also leads to an interesting bridged tetracycle, which was unambiguously confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin, 300072 P. R. China
| | - Richard P Hsung
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Yu Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin, 300072 P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
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15
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Riveira MJ, La-Venia A, Mischne MP. Pericyclic Cascade toward Isochromenes: Application to the Synthesis of Alkaloid Benzosimuline. J Org Chem 2016; 81:7977-83. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martín J. Riveira
- Instituto
de Química
Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Agustina La-Venia
- Instituto
de Química
Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mirta P. Mischne
- Instituto
de Química
Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
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16
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Subba Reddy BV, Srivastava N, Begum Z, Lakshmi JK, Sridhar B. Tandem Prins Cyclization for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Bridged Benzopyran Derivatives. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basi V. Subba Reddy
- Centre for Semiochemicals; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500 007 India
| | - Nikhil Srivastava
- Centre for Semiochemicals; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500 007 India
| | - Zubeda Begum
- Centre for Semiochemicals; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500 007 India
| | - Jerripothula K. Lakshmi
- Centre for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500 007 India
| | - Balasubramanian Sridhar
- Laboratory for X-ray crystallography; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500 007 India
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17
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Norris MD, Perkins MV. Total Synthesis of Plakilactones C, B and des-Hydroxyplakilactone B by the Oxidative Cleavage of Gracilioether Furanylidenes. J Org Chem 2016; 81:6848-54. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Norris
- School of Chemical and Physical
Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Michael V. Perkins
- School of Chemical and Physical
Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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18
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Mándi A, Swamy MMM, Taniguchi T, Anetai M, Monde K. Reducing Molecular Flexibility by Cyclization for Elucidation of Absolute Configuration by CD Calculations: Daurichromenic Acid. Chirality 2016; 28:453-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Mándi
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | | | - Tohru Taniguchi
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Masaki Anetai
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Kenji Monde
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
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19
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Xia L, Cai H, Lee YR. Microwave-assisted catalyst-free synthesis of diversely functionalized 2-amino-2H-chromene-3-carboxylates. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Cai H, Xia L, Lee YR, Shim JJ, Kim SH. Construction of Diverse and Functionalized 2H-Chromenes by Organocatalytic Multicomponent Reactions. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Xia L, Idhayadhulla A, Lee YR, Kim SH, Wee YJ. Synthesis and biological evaluation of diverse tetrahydrobenzofuran-4-ones as potent antibacterial agents. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2014.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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22
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Kim KH, Lim JW, Lee J, Go MJ, Kim JN. Thermal Intramolecular [2+2] Cycloaddition: Synthesis of 3-Azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes from Morita-Baylis-Hillman Adduct-Derived 4,4-Diaryl-1,3-dienes. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Pandit RP, Lee YR. Direct Oxidative Arylation of C(sp3)H Bonds Adjacent to Oxygen of Ethers and Alcohols. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Xia L, Cai H, Lee YR. Catalyst-controlled regio- and stereoselective synthesis of diverse 12H-6,12-methanodibenzo[d,g][1,3]dioxocines. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:4386-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00691g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of 12H-6,12-methanodibenzo[d,g][1,3]dioxocines has been accomplished by the EDDA and PTSA-catalyzed cascade reactions of resorcinols and 2-hydroxychalcones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likai Xia
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyun Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
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