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da Cruz Rodrigues A, Bilha JK, Pereira PRM, de Souza CWO, Passarini MRZ, Uliana MP. Photoinactivation of microorganisms using bacteriochlorins as photosensitizers. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1139-1150. [PMID: 38378880 PMCID: PMC11153405 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, some microorganisms have shown resistance to conventional treatments. Considering this increase in resistant pathogens, treatment alternatives are needed to promote greater treatment efficiency. In this sense, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been an alternative treatment. This technique uses a photosensitizer that is activated by light with a specific wavelength producing reactive species, leading to the death of pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, bacteriochlorophyll derivatives such as bacteriochlorin metoxi (Bchl-M) and bacteriochlorin trizma (Bchl-T) obtained from purple bacterium (Rhodopseudomonas faecalis), were evaluated as photosensitizers in the aPDT. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of the microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated with both bacteriochlorins (Bchl-M and Bchl-T) at different concentrations (1, 15 and 30 µM for S. aureus; 1, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 µM for M. luteus; 30, 60, 90, 105, 120 and 150 µM for C. albicans; and 200 µM for P. aeruginosa) and different doses of light (20 and 30 J/cm2 for S. aureus and M. luteus; 30 and 45 J/cm2 for C. albicans; and 45 J/cm2 for P. aeruginosa) to inactivate them. Both photosensitizers showed good activation against S. aureus and for M. luteus, we observed the inactivation of these microorganisms at approximately 3 log, showing to be a good photosensitizers for these microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia da Cruz Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Caixa Postal 2044, Foz Do Iguaçu, PR, CEP 85866-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana Kafka Bilha
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Caixa Postal 2044, Foz Do Iguaçu, PR, CEP 85866-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marciana Pierina Uliana
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Caixa Postal 2044, Foz Do Iguaçu, PR, CEP 85866-000, Brazil.
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Jernej L, Frost DSM, Walker AS, Liu J, Fefer M, Plaetzer K. Photodynamic Inactivation in agriculture: combating fungal phytopathogens resistant to conventional treatment. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1117-1128. [PMID: 38750328 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a severe threat in agriculture, as it can infect over 200 different crop species with gray mold affecting food yields and quality. The conventional treatment using fungicides lead to emerging resistance over the past decades. Here, we introduce Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) as a strategy to combat B. cinerea infections, independent of fungicide resistance. PDI uses photoactive compounds, which upon illumination create reactive oxygen species toxic for killing target organisms. This study focuses on different formulations of sodium-magnesium-chlorophyllin (Chl, food additive E140) as photoactive compound in combination with EDTA disodium salt dihydrate (Na2EDTA) as cell-wall permeabilizer and a surfactant. In an in vitro experiment, three different photosensitizers (PS) with varying Chl and Na2EDTA concentrations were tested against five B. cinerea strains with different resistance mechanisms. We showed that all B. cinerea mycelial spheres of all tested strains were eradicated with concentrations as low as 224 µM Chl and 3.076 mM Na2EDTA (LED illumination with main wavelength of 395 nm, radiant exposure 106 J cm-2). To further test PDI as a Botrytis treatment strategy in agriculture a greenhouse trial was performed on B. cinerea infected bell pepper plants (Capsicum annum L). Two different rates (560 or 1120 g Ha-1) of PS formulation (0.204 M Chl and 1.279 M Na2EDTA) and a combination of PS formulation with 0.05% of the surfactant BRIJ L4 (560 g Ha-1) were applied weekly for 4 weeks by spray application. Foliar lesions, percentage of leaves affected, percentage of leaf area diseased and AUDPC were significantly reduced, while percentage of marketable plants were increased by all treatments compared to a water treated control, however, did not statistically differ from each other. No phytotoxicity was observed in any treatment. These results add to the proposition of employing PDI with the naturally sourced PS Chl in agricultural settings aimed at controlling B. cinerea disease. This approach seems to be effective regardless of the evolving resistance mechanisms observed in response to conventional antifungal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Jernej
- Laboratory of Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | - Jun Liu
- Suncor AgroScience, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kristjan Plaetzer
- Laboratory of Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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Meerovich GA, Akhlyustina EV, Romanishkin ID, Makarova EA, Tiganova IG, Zhukhovitsky VG, Kholina EG, Kovalenko IB, Romanova YM, Loschenov VB, Strakhovskaya MG. Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria: Why it is not enough to excite a photosensitizer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103853. [PMID: 37863377 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of multidrug resistance (MDR) in infectious agents is one of the most serious global problems facing humanity. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) shows encouraging results in the fight against MDR pathogens, including those in biofilms. METHODS Photosensitizers (PS), monocationic methylene blue, polycationic and polyanionic derivatives of phthalocyanines, electroneutral and polycationic derivatives of bacteriochlorin were used to study photodynamic inactivation of Gram-positive and Gram-negative planktonic bacteria and biofilms under LED irradiation. Zeta potential measurements, confocal fluorescence imaging, and coarse-grained modeling were used to evaluate the interactions of PS with bacteria. PS aggregation and photobleaching were studied using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. RESULTS The main approaches to ensure high efficiency of bacteria photosensitization are analyzed. CONCLUSIONS PS must maintain a delicate balance between binding to exocellular and external structures of bacterial cells and penetration through the cell wall so as not to get stuck on the way to photooxidation-sensitive structures of the bacterial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady A Meerovich
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Moscow 115409, Russia
| | | | - Igor D Romanishkin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | | | - Irina G Tiganova
- Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Vladimir G Zhukhovitsky
- Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia; Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education (RMANPO), Moscow 125993, Russia
| | | | - Ilya B Kovalenko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow 115682, Russia
| | - Yulia M Romanova
- Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Victor B Loschenov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Moscow 115409, Russia
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Garcia de Carvalho G, Maquera-Huacho PM, Silva Pontes C, Annunzio SRD, Fontana Mendonça CR, Nara de Souza Rastelli A, de Oliveira KT, Teughels W, Chorilli M, Leal Zandim-Barcelos D, Palomari Spolidorio DM. Chlorin-e6 conjugated to the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 loaded nanoemulsion enhances photodynamic therapy against multi-species biofilms related to periodontitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 43:103725. [PMID: 37500031 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
In our previous studies, Chlorin-e6 (Ce6) demonstrated a significant reduction of microorganisms' viability against multi-species biofilm related to periodontitis while irradiated with blue light. However, the conjugation of Ce6 and antimicrobial peptides, and the incorporation of this photosensitizer in a nanocarrier, is still poorly explored. We hypothesized that chlorin-e6 conjugated to the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 loaded nanoemulsion could inhibit a multi-species biofilm related to periodontitis during photodynamic therapy (PDT), the pre-treatment with hydrogen peroxide was also tested. The nanoemulsion (NE) incorporated with Ce6 was characterized regarding the physiochemical parameters. Images were obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Later, the Ce6 and LL-37 incorporated in NE was submitted to UV-Vis analysis and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) assay. Finally, the combined formulation (Ce6+LL-37 in nanoemulsion) was tested against multi-species biofilm related to periodontitis. The formed nanoformulation was kinetically stable, optically transparent with a relatively small droplet diameter (134.2 unloaded and 146.9 loaded), and weak light scattering. The NE system did not impact the standard UV-VIS spectra of Ce6, and the ROS production was improved while Ce6 was incorporated in the NE. The combination of Ce6 and LL-37 in NE was effective to reduce the viability of all bacteria tested. The treatment with hydrogen peroxide previous to PDT significantly impacted bacterial viability. The current aPDT regimen was the best already tested against periodontal biofilm by our research team. Our results suggest that this combined protocol must be exploited for clinical applications in localized infections such as periodontal disease. - Nanoemulsion demonstrated to be an excellent nanocarrier for photodynamic application. - Chlorin-e6 incorporated in nanoemulsion showed great physicochemical and biophotonic parameters. - The combination of chlorin-e6 and LL-37 peptide in nanoemulsion is effective to eliminate periodontal pathogenic bacteria. - The treatment with hydrogen peroxide previous to PDT significantly impacted bacterial viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Garcia de Carvalho
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Milagros Maquera-Huacho
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Silva Pontes
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah Raquel de Annunzio
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandra Nara de Souza Rastelli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Wim Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, International School of Pharmaceuticals Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Leal Zandim-Barcelos
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Madalena Palomari Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Garcia de Carvalho G, Pacheco Mateo R, Costa E Silva R, Maquera Huacho PM, de Souza Rastelli AN, de Oliveira KT, Chierici Marcantonio RA, Zandim-Barcelos DL, Palomari Spolidorio DM. Chlorin-based photosensitizer under blue or red-light irradiation against multi-species biofilms related to periodontitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 41:103219. [PMID: 36473689 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, Chlorin-e6 (Ce6) demonstrated a significant reduction of microorganisms' viability against single-species biofilm related to periodontitis once irradiated by red light (660 nm). Also, higher bacteria elimination was observed under blue light (450 nm) irradiation. However, the use of blue light irradiation of Ce6 for antimicrobial administration is poorly explored. This study evaluated the effect of chlorin-e6-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using different wavelengths (450 or 660 nm) against multi-species biofilms related to periodontitis. Streptococcus oralis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans composed the mature biofilm developed under proper conditions for five days. aPDT was performed using different concentrations of Ce6 (100 and 200 μM), wavelengths (450 or 660 nm), and comparisons were made after qPCR assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analysis. The greatest bacterial elimination was observed in the groups where Ce6 was used with blue light, for S. orallis (2.05 Log10 GeQ mL-1, p < 0.0001) and P. gingivalis (1.4 Log10 GeQ mL-1, p < 0.0001), aPDT with red light showed significant bacteria reduction only for S. orallis. aPDT with blue light demonstrated statistically higher elimination in comparison with aPDT with red light. The aPDT did not show a statistically significant effect when tested against A. actinomycetemcomitans and F. nucleatum (p=0.776 and 0.988, respectively). The aPDT using blue light showed a promising higher photobiological effect, encouraging researchers to consider it in the irradiation of Ce6 for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Garcia de Carvalho
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara, SP 14801-903, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Pacheco Mateo
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara, SP 14801-903, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Costa E Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Patricia Milagros Maquera Huacho
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara, SP 14801-903, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Nara de Souza Rastelli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara, SP 14801-903, Brazil
| | - Kleber Thiago de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Leal Zandim-Barcelos
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara, SP 14801-903, Brazil
| | - Denise Madalena Palomari Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara, SP 14801-903, Brazil.
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AlMokhatieb AA. The effect of 400 nm femtosecond laser and Zn(II)chlorin e6 methyl ester (Zn(II)e6Me) photosensitizer on disinfection of radicular dentin bonded to glass fiber post. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 40:103120. [PMID: 36116674 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess and compare push-out bond strength (PBS) when canal disinfected with 5.25% NaOCl, 400 nm femtosecond laser, and natural PS activated by PDT (CP and Zn (II) Ce6 methyl ester) on bond efficacy of radicular dentin bonded to glass fiber post. MATERIAL AND METHODS A sum of 40 non-traumatic, cautiously extracted with closed apex human mandibular premolars were collected and decoronated up to the cement-o-enamel junction. Canals of all specimens were cleaned and shaped using a Protaper universal NiTi system via a crown-down approach, then finally dried out and obturated with gutta-percha. Post alignment space was formed with peso reamers and sanitized. Then samples were randomly allocated into four groups as per the radicular dentin designated disinfection protocols. Group 1 disinfected with curcumin photosensitizer + EDTA, group 2: 5.25% NaOCl and EDTA, group 3: Zn (II) Ce6 methyl ester and EDTA and group 4 sanitized with 400 nm fs-laser + EDTA. GFP was cemented into the radicular canal space and specimens were placed in a thermocycler. Segmentation of the root was done at three levels (coronal, middle, and apical) and positioned in a universal testing machine for PBS analysis. Failure mode analysis was performed using a stereomicroscope and statistical analysis was executed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison tests at a statistically significant level of p < 0.05. RESULTS The highest PBS was revealed by group 2 canal disinfected with 5.25% NaOCl +17% EDTA (control) at coronal (9.49 ± 1.42 MPa) and middle (7.545 ± 0.15 MPa) root levels. Whereas, the lowest PBS was displayed by group 3: Zn (II) Ce6 methyl ester +17% EDTA at coronal (6.31 ± 0.54 MPa) middle (4.85 ± 0.11 MPa) root levels respectively. Intergroup comparison presented that radicular dentin disinfected with 400 nm femtosecond laser + 17% EDTA substantiated comparable PBS result to group 2 (control) at all three root levels (p > 0.05). Likewise, root surface disinfection with Curcumin activated by PDT+17% EDTA unveiled no statistically significant result for specimens disinfected with Zn(II) Ce6 methyl ester +17% EDTA(p > 0.05). Furthermore, apical root segments in all groups showed a substantial decrease in PBS value and were comparable (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The bond efficacy of glass fiber post to radicular dentin disinfected with 400 nm femtosecond laser has the potential to be used as an alternative to conventional sodium hypochlorite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A AlMokhatieb
- Conservative Dental Department, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
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Braga GÚL, Silva-Junior GJ, Brancini GTP, Hallsworth JE, Wainwright M. Photoantimicrobials in agriculture. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 235:112548. [PMID: 36067596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Classical approaches for controlling plant pathogens may be impaired by the development of pathogen resistance to chemical pesticides and by limited availability of effective antimicrobial agents. Recent increases in consumer awareness of and/or legislation regarding environmental and human health, and the urgent need to improve food security, are driving increased demand for safer antimicrobial strategies. Therefore, there is a need for a step change in the approaches used for controlling pre- and post-harvest diseases and foodborne human pathogens. The use of light-activated antimicrobial substances for the so-called antimicrobial photodynamic treatment is known to be effective not only in a clinical context, but also for use in agriculture to control plant-pathogenic fungi and bacteria, and to eliminate foodborne human pathogens from seeds, sprouted seeds, fruits, and vegetables. Here, we take a holistic approach to review and re-evaluate recent findings on: (i) the ecology of naturally-occurring photoantimicrobials, (ii) photodynamic processes including the light-activated antimicrobial activities of some plant metabolites, and (iii) fungus-induced photosensitization of plants. The inhibitory mechanisms of both natural and synthetic light-activated substances, known as photosensitizers, are discussed in the contexts of microbial stress biology and agricultural biotechnology. Their modes-of-antimicrobial action make them neither stressors nor toxins/toxicants (with specific modes of poisonous activity), but a hybrid/combination of both. We highlight the use of photoantimicrobials for the control of plant-pathogenic fungi and quantify their potential contribution to global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Ú L Braga
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil.
| | | | - Guilherme T P Brancini
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - John E Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom.
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Uliana MP, da Cruz Rodrigues A, Ono BA, Pratavieira S, de Oliveira KT, Kurachi C. Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms Using Semisynthetic Chlorophyll a Derivatives as Photosensitizers. Molecules 2022; 27:5769. [PMID: 36144496 PMCID: PMC9653790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe the semisynthesis of cost-effective photosensitizers (PSs) derived from chlorophyll a containing different substituents and using previously described methods from the literature. We compared their structures when used in photodynamic inactivation (PDI) against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans under different conditions. The PSs containing carboxylic acids and butyl groups were highly effective against S. aureus and C. albicans following our PDI protocol. Overall, our results indicate that these nature-inspired PSs are a promising alternative to selectively inactivate microorganisms using PDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marciana Pierina Uliana
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo CEP 13560-970, Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235-SP-310, São Carlos, São Paulo CEP 13565-905, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu CEP 85866-000, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Andrade Ono
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo CEP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Pratavieira
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo CEP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Kleber Thiago de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235-SP-310, São Carlos, São Paulo CEP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Cristina Kurachi
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo CEP 13560-970, Brazil
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Hou L, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Fang Z, Sang G, Chen T, Ma Z, Yang F. Coupling Chlorin-Based Photosensitizers and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors for Photodynamic Chemotherapy. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2807-2817. [PMID: 35758904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy combined with chemotherapy is a promising strategy to improve the antitumor efficacy. On the basis of coupling the chlorin-based photosensitizer pyropheophorbide a (Pyro) and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) to fabricate dual-mode antitumor molecules, a series of dual-mode antitumor prodrug molecules were synthesized and assessed for antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. The data demonstrated that compound 4, with the most favorable phototoxicity and dark toxicity, could significantly inhibit the cell migration and upregulate the expression of acetyl-H3 protein, functioning as a photosensitizer and HDACi, respectively. Furthermore, compared with talaporfin, Pyro, and SAHA, compound 4 demonstrated the best inhibitory effect on tumor growth and metastasis in tumor-bearing mice; therefore, represented by compound 4, this pharmacophore coupling strategy is much more promising and effective than the pharmacophore fusion strategy for fabricating photodynamic and chemotherapeutical dual-mode molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, P.R. China
| | - Yunchang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Guangze Sang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Tianheng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, P.R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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Choi J, Kim SY. Synthesis of near-infrared-responsive hexagonal-phase upconversion nanoparticles with controllable shape and luminescence efficiency for theranostic applications. J Biomater Appl 2022; 37:646-658. [PMID: 35699103 DOI: 10.1177/08853282221108483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, photodynamic therapy has been studied as a therapeutic method by generating singlet oxygen through activation of a photosensitizer (PS) to kill cancer cells. However, the light within the activating wavelength range of commercial photosensitizers has a low penetration depth. In this study, we designed multifunctional upconversion nanoparticles (UCNs) that can emit high-energy light by absorbing low-energy near-infrared (NIR) light with excellent tissue permeability through a fluorescence resonance energy transfer procedure. This process can produce reactive oxygen species by activating the PS. We aimed to optimize the thermal decomposition synthesis procedure to produce lanthanide-doped UCNs with a uniform size and improve the photoluminescence efficiency for an NIR-regulated theranostic system. It was confirmed that the morphologies of UCNs can be controlled by varying the reaction time, reaction temperature, and feed molar ratio of the solvent and reactant. The crystalline morphology of the synthesized UCNs showed a thermodynamically stable hexagonal phase. The photoluminescence efficiency of the UCNs also was influenced by size, surface area, crystalline property, and stability in aqueous solution. Furthermore, the surface-modified UCNs with a folic acid-conjugated block copolymer and PS exhibited enhanced singlet oxygen generation and significantly improved aqueous solubility and photoluminescence efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongseon Choi
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemical engineering education, College of Education, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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da Silva AP, Uliana MP, Guimarães FEG, de Oliveira KT, Blanco KC, Bagnato VS, Inada NM. Investigation on the in vitro anti-Trichophyton activity of photosensitizers. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:1185-1192. [PMID: 35325444 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Onychomycosis is the most common disease caused by fungal nail infections, and often caused by dermatophytes. This infection is very resistant to antifungal treatments, and promising Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) mediated treatments has been presented as a multitarget tracking. Optimization of PDT guide for uptake time, concentration of photosensitizers (PS) and the light dose to inactivate Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Curcumin derivatives, porphyrin Chlorin e6 (CHL-E6) and Chlorin-P6-6-N-butylamide-7-methyl-ester (CHL-butyl) were evaluated. PS photobleaching was observed on the hyphae photosensitized over the time, correlating the PS concentration and light dose of antifungal PDT. Porphyrin, Curcumin, Chl-e6 and Chl-butyl concentrations of 2.5 µg/mL, 0.025 µg/mL, 10 µg/mL and 5 µg/mL respectively, under illumination of 10.5 J/cm2 were the best antifungal conditions found in the study. Curcumin, in low concentrations, and chlorin were the PSs with higher activity anti-T. mentagrophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula da Silva
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos Trabalhador São-carlense Av., 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Marciana Pierina Uliana
- Federal University for Latin American Integration, CEP 85866-000, Caixa Postal 2044, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil
| | - Francisco Eduardo Gontijo Guimarães
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos Trabalhador São-carlense Av., 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | | | - Kate Cristina Blanco
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos Trabalhador São-carlense Av., 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil. .,Texas A & University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos Trabalhador São-carlense Av., 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil.,Texas A & University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Natalia Mayumi Inada
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos Trabalhador São-carlense Av., 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
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12
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Hamminger C, Glueck M, Fefer M, Ckurshumova W, Liu J, Tenhaken R, Plaetzer K. Photodynamic Inactivation of plant pathogens part II: fungi. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:195-207. [PMID: 35044642 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The constantly increasing demand for agricultural produce from organic and conventional farming calls for new, sustainable, and biocompatible solutions for crop protection. The overuse of fungicides leading to contamination of both produce and environment and the emergence of plant pathogenic fungi that are resistant to conventional treatments warrant the need for new methods to combat fungal infections in the field. We here deliver the follow-up study to our research on the Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) of plant pathogenic bacteria (Glueck et al. in Photochem Photobiol Sci 18(7):1700-1708, 2019) by expanding the scope to fungal pathogens. Both fungal species employed in this study-Alternaria solani and Botrytis cinerea-cause substantial crop and economic losses. Sodium magnesium chlorophyllin (Chl, approved as food additive E140) in combination with Na2EDTA and the chlorin e6 derivative B17-0024 holding cationic moieties serve as eco-friendly photoactive compounds. Effectiveness of the antifungal PDI was measured by inhibition of growth of mycelial spheres (average diameter 2-3 mm) after incubation with the photosensitizer for 100 min and subsequent illumination using a LED array (395 nm, 106.6 J cm-2). One hundred micromolar Chl combined with 5 mM Na2EDTA was able to successfully photokill 94.1% of A. solani and 91.7% of B. cinerea samples. PDI based on B17-0024 can completely inactivate A. solani at 10 times lower concentration (10 µM); however, for B. cinerea, the concentration required for complete eradication was similar to that of Chl with Na2EDTA (100 µM). Using a plant compatibility assay based on Fragaria vesca, we further demonstrate that both photosensitizers neither affect host plant development nor cause significant leaf damage. The plants were sprayed with 300 µL of treatment solution used for PDI (one or three treatments on consecutive days) and plant growth was monitored for 21 days. Only minor leaf damage was observed in samples exposed to the chelators Na2EDTA and polyaspartic acid, but overall plant development was unaffected. In conclusion, our results suggest that sodium magnesium chlorophyllin in combination with EDTA and B17-0024 could serve as effective and safe photofungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hamminger
- Laboratory of Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Glueck
- Laboratory of Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Fefer
- Suncor AgroScience, 2489 North Sheridan Way, Mississauga, ON, L5K1A8, Canada
| | - Wenzi Ckurshumova
- Suncor AgroScience, 2489 North Sheridan Way, Mississauga, ON, L5K1A8, Canada
| | - Jun Liu
- Suncor AgroScience, 2489 North Sheridan Way, Mississauga, ON, L5K1A8, Canada
| | - Raimund Tenhaken
- Plant Physiology, Department of Environment and Biodiversity, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Kristjan Plaetzer
- Laboratory of Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, Austria.
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13
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Ludačka P, Kubát P, Bosáková Z, Mosinger J. Antibacterial Nanoparticles with Natural Photosensitizers Extracted from Spinach Leaves. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:1505-1513. [PMID: 35036813 PMCID: PMC8756605 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We prepared antibacterial polystyrene nanoparticles (NPs) with natural photosensitizers from chlorophyll (Chl) extract via a simple nanoprecipitation method using the same solvent for dissolution of the polystyrene matrix and extraction of Chls from spinach leaves. A high photo-oxidation and antibacterial effect was demonstrated on Escherichia coli and was based on the photogeneration of singlet oxygen O2(1Δg), which was directly monitored by NIR luminescence measurements and indirectly verified using a chemical trap. The photoactivity of NPs was triggered by visible light, with enhanced red absorption by Chls. To reduce the quenching effect of carotenoids (β-carotene, lutein, etc.) in the Chl extract, diluted and/or preirradiated samples, in which the photo-oxidized carotenoids lose their quenching effect, were used for preparation of the NPs. For enhanced photo-oxidation and antibacterial effects, a sulfonated polystyrene matrix was used for preparation of a stable dispersion of sulfonated NPs, with the quenching effect of carotenoids being suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Ludačka
- Faculty
of Science, Charles University, 2030 Hlavova, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kubát
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy
of Sciences, v.v.i.,
Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bosáková
- Faculty
of Science, Charles University, 2030 Hlavova, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Mosinger
- Faculty
of Science, Charles University, 2030 Hlavova, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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14
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Belik AY, Rybkin AY, Goryachev NS, Sadkov AP, Filatova NV, Buyanovskaya AG, Talanova VN, Klemenkova ZS, Romanova VS, Koifman MO, Terentiev AA, Kotelnikov AI. Nanoparticles of water-soluble dyads based on amino acid fullerene C 60 derivatives and pyropheophorbide: Synthesis, photophysical properties, and photodynamic activity. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 260:119885. [PMID: 33993022 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis, spectral properties, and photodynamic activity of water-soluble amino acid fullerene C60 derivatives (AFD) and four original AFD-PPa dyads, obtained by covalent addition of dye pyropheophorbide (PPa) to AFD, were studied. In aqueous solution, these AFD-PPa dyads form nanoassociates as a result of self-assembly. In this case, a significant change in the absorption spectra and strong quenching of the dye fluorescence in the structure of the dyads were observed. A comparison of superoxide or singlet oxygen generation efficiency of the studied compounds in an aqueous solution showed the photodynamic mechanism switching from type II (singlet oxygen generation of the native dye) to I type (superoxide generation of dyads). All dyads have pronounced phototoxicity on cells Hela with IC50 9.2 µM, 9.2 µM, 12.2 µM for dyads Val-C60-PPa, Ala-C60-PPa and Pro-C60-PPa, respectively. Such facilitation of type I photodynamic mechanism could be perspective against hypoxic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yu Belik
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Oblast 142432, Russia.
| | - A Yu Rybkin
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Oblast 142432, Russia
| | - N S Goryachev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Oblast 142432, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - A P Sadkov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Oblast 142432, Russia
| | - N V Filatova
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Oblast 142432, Russia
| | - A G Buyanovskaya
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117813, Russia
| | - V N Talanova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117813, Russia
| | - Z S Klemenkova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117813, Russia
| | - V S Romanova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117813, Russia
| | - M O Koifman
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Ivanovo 153000, Russia
| | - A A Terentiev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Oblast 142432, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - A I Kotelnikov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Oblast 142432, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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15
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Pucci C, Martinelli C, Degl'Innocenti A, Desii A, De Pasquale D, Ciofani G. Light-Activated Biomedical Applications of Chlorophyll Derivatives. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100181. [PMID: 34212510 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapyrroles are the basis of essential physiological functions in most living organisms. These compounds represent the basic scaffold of porphyrins, chlorophylls, and bacteriochlorophylls, among others. Chlorophyll derivatives, obtained by the natural or artificial degradation of chlorophylls, present unique properties, holding great potential in the scientific and medical fields. Indeed, they can act as cancer-preventing agents, antimutagens, apoptosis inducers, efficient antioxidants, as well as antimicrobial and immunomodulatory molecules. Moreover, thanks to their peculiar optical properties, they can be exploited as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy and as vision enhancers. Most of these molecules, however, are highly hydrophobic and poorly soluble in biological fluids, and may display undesired toxicity due to accumulation in healthy tissues. The advent of nanomedicine has prompted the development of nanoparticles acting as carriers for chlorophyll derivatives, facilitating their targeted administration with demonstrated applicability in diagnosis and therapy. In this review, the chemical and physical properties of chlorophyll derivatives that justify their usage in the biomedical field, with particular regard to light-activated dynamics are described. Their role as antioxidants and photoactive agents are discussed, introducing the most recent nanomedical applications and focusing on inorganic and organic nanocarriers exploited in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Pucci
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Chiara Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Degl'Innocenti
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Andrea Desii
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Daniele De Pasquale
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
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16
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Assessing the photodynamic efficacy of different photosensitizer-light treatments against foodborne bacteria based on the number of absorbed photons. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 221:112249. [PMID: 34237541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasing interests in photodynamic treatment (PDT) for food preservation require a holistic method to evaluate and compare different photosensitizer (PS)-light treatments. In this report, the absorbed photons were used as the basis to assess the antimicrobial photodynamic efficacy of two PSs, chlorophyllin sodium magnesium salt (Chl-Mg) and chlorophyllin sodium copper salt (Chl-Cu), under blue and white light against two typical foodborne pathogens, Gram-negative Escherichia coli, and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that the phototoxicity of a PS was predominantly decided by the absorbed photons rather than the characteristics of light sources. Photosensitized Chl-Mg exhibited superior antimicrobial activity as compared to that of ChlCu. The applied treatments were found to be more effective against S. aureus than E. coli. Bacterial inactivation kinetics as a function of the number of absorbed photons could be described by Weibull model with R2 from 0.947-0.962, and kinetics constants D in the range of 0.202 × 1017 photons/cm2-2.409 × 1018 photons/cm2. The kinetics models may find promising applications in the design, assessment, and optimization of PDT processes.
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17
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Indrawati R, Zubaidah E, Sutrisno A, Limantara L, Yusuf MM, Brotosudarmo THP. Visible Light-Induced Antibacterial Activity of Pigments Extracted from Dregs of Green and Black Teas. SCIENTIFICA 2021; 2021:5524468. [PMID: 34234972 PMCID: PMC8216794 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5524468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll and its derivatives are potential natural sensitizers frequently applied in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Chlorophyll derivatives are formed naturally during tea processing, but they do not contribute to the color of tea infusions and thus are presumably left in the tea dregs. The present study aimed to investigate (i) the chlorophyll remnants in the pigments recovered from dregs of green and black teas and (ii) the antibacterial activity of pigments extracted from the tea dregs upon illumination using a light-emitting diode (LED) as the light source. Pigment analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed the presence of main degradation products of chlorophylls, such as pheophytin and its epimers, pyropheophytin, and pheophorbides. In vitro assays demonstrated significant reductions in the number of viable bacteria in the presence of the pigments after 30 min of incubation with LED light irradiation. The descending order of bacterial susceptibility was Listeria monocytogenes > Staphylococcus aureus > Escherichia coli > Salmonella typhi. At an equivalent irradiation intensity, the blue and red LEDs could stimulate a comparable inactivation effect through photodynamic reactions. These findings demonstrated the valorization potential of tea dregs as a source of chlorophyll derivatives with visible light-induced antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renny Indrawati
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
- Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments, Universitas Ma Chung, Malang 65151, Indonesia
- Chemistry Study Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Ma Chung, Malang 65151, Indonesia
| | - Elok Zubaidah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Aji Sutrisno
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Leenawaty Limantara
- Center for Urban Studies, Universitas Pembangunan Jaya, South Tangerang 15413, Indonesia
| | - Melisa Megawati Yusuf
- Chemistry Study Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Ma Chung, Malang 65151, Indonesia
| | - Tatas Hardo Panintingjati Brotosudarmo
- Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments, Universitas Ma Chung, Malang 65151, Indonesia
- Chemistry Study Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Ma Chung, Malang 65151, Indonesia
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18
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Hirose M, Harada J, Tamiaki H. Detection of 13 2-carboxy-chlorin produced by the in vitro BciC enzymatic hydrolysis of zinc chlorophyllide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 40:127931. [PMID: 33705911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Green photosynthetic bacteria with an efficient light-harvesting system contain special chlorophyll molecules, called bacteriochlorophylls c, d, e, in their main antennae. In the biosynthetic pathway, a BciC enzyme is proposed to catalyze the hydrolysis of the C132-methoxycarbonyl group of chlorophyllide a, but the resulting C132-carboxy group has not been detected yet because it is spontaneously removed due to the instability of the β-keto-carboxylic acid. In this study, the in vitro BciC enzymatic reactions of zinc methyl (131R/S)-hydroxy-mesochlorophyllides a were examined and a carboxylic acid possessing the C132S-OH was first observed as the hydrolyzed product of the C132-COOCH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuaki Hirose
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Jiro Harada
- Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
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19
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Hirose M, Harada J, Maeda H, Tamiaki H. Physicochemical and biochemical properties of synthetic zinc 131-(un)substituted chlorophyll-a derivatives. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Vallejo MCS, Moura NMM, Gomes ATPC, Joaquinito ASM, Faustino MAF, Almeida A, Gonçalves I, Serra VV, Neves MGPMS. The Role of Porphyrinoid Photosensitizers for Skin Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4121. [PMID: 33923523 PMCID: PMC8072979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms, usually bacteria and fungi, grow and spread in skin wounds, causing infections. These infections trigger the immune system and cause inflammation and tissue damage within the skin or wound, slowing down the healing process. The use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to eradicate microorganisms has been regarded as a promising alternative to anti-infective therapies, such as those based on antibiotics, and more recently, is being considered for skin wound-healing, namely for infected wounds. Among the several molecules exploited as photosensitizers (PS), porphyrinoids exhibit suitable features for achieving those goals efficiently. The capability that these macrocycles display to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) gives a significant contribution to the regenerative process. ROS are responsible for avoiding the development of infections by inactivating microorganisms such as bacteria but also by promoting cell proliferation through the activation of stem cells which regulates inflammatory factors and collagen remodeling. The PS can act solo or combined with several materials, such as polymers, hydrogels, nanotubes, or metal-organic frameworks (MOF), keeping both the microbial photoinactivation and healing/regenerative processes' effectiveness. This review highlights the developments on the combination of PDT approach and skin wound healing using natural and synthetic porphyrinoids, such as porphyrins, chlorins and phthalocyanines, as PS, as well as the prodrug 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), the natural precursor of protoporphyrin-IX (PP-IX).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C. S. Vallejo
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.C.S.V.); (A.S.M.J.)
| | - Nuno M. M. Moura
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.C.S.V.); (A.S.M.J.)
| | - Ana T. P. C. Gomes
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.T.P.C.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Ana S. M. Joaquinito
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.C.S.V.); (A.S.M.J.)
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.T.P.C.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Maria Amparo F. Faustino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.C.S.V.); (A.S.M.J.)
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.T.P.C.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Idalina Gonçalves
- CICECO, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Vanda Vaz Serra
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Maria Graça P. M. S. Neves
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.C.S.V.); (A.S.M.J.)
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21
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Pratavieira S, Uliana MP, Dos Santos Lopes NS, Donatoni MC, Linares DR, de Freitas Anibal F, de Oliveira KT, Kurachi C, de Souza CWO. Photodynamic therapy with a new bacteriochlorin derivative: Characterization and in vitro studies. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102251. [PMID: 33705980 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy presents a therapeutic choice that can be utilized to treat diverse neoplasms. In this technique, the critical element is a photosensitive molecule that absorbs light energy and transfers it to molecular oxygen or biological molecules to form reactive oxygen species, thus inducing irreversible damage to target cells and ultimately leading to cell death. Bacteriochlorin derivatives are employed as photosensitizers (PSs), possessing light-absorbing capacity in the near-infrared region. The objective of this study was to prepare a semi-synthetic bacteriochlorin from Rhodopseudomonas faecalis and adding Trizma® to improve solubility. Cell viability tests, flow cytometry (apoptotic and necrotic cells were identified by Annexin V and propidium iodide), and confocal microscopy were used to evaluate the photoactivity of bacteriochlorin-Trizma (Bchl-T) in fibroblast (HFF-1-control cells) and breast cancer (MCF-7 cells-target cells) cells. At concentrations above 0.5 μM, Bchl-T demonstrated 80 % cell death, presenting the highest PS interaction (via fluorescence microscopy) with lysosomes, mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum; the cell death type was revealed as apoptosis (via cytometry). Our findings indicated the suitability of Bchl-T for future application in photodynamic therapy against cancer cells by inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastião Pratavieira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marciana Pierina Uliana
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, CEP 85866-000, Caixa Postal 2044, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil; Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Nahryda Samara Dos Santos Lopes
- Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Donatoni
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Diana Rodriguez Linares
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, CEP 85866-000, Caixa Postal 2044, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Freitas Anibal
- Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Kleber Thiago de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristina Kurachi
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Clovis Wesley Oliveira de Souza
- Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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22
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Efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for nonsurgical treatment of periodontal disease: a systematic review. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 36:1573-1590. [PMID: 33438165 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the standard treatment for periodontal disease is based on scaling and root planing (SRP), the use of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been studied as a complement to obtain better clinical results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of aPDT as adjuncts to SRP, compared with SRP alone, on clinical parameters of chronic periodontal patients. Only randomized controlled trials with at least 3-month follow-ups, of SRP alone and in association with aPDT, were included. The MEDLINE (PubMed), Google Scholar, and LILACS databases were searched for articles published up to July 2020. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for clinical attachment level (CAL) and probing pocket depth (PPD) change after treatment. Of 141 potentially relevant papers, 22 were included. The association between SRP and aPDT promoted a significant CAL gain and PPD reduction. Periodontal treatment was partially improved by aPDT, and a favorable effect of indocyanine green-mediated aPDT was observed, and high concentrations of phenothiazine chloride presented clinical improvement as well.
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23
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Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Absorption and Fluorescence Spectral Database of Chlorophylls and Analogues. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:136-165. [PMID: 32757305 DOI: 10.1111/php.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra are essential for use across the photosciences, yet such spectra along with the all-important values for molar absorption coefficient (ε) and fluorescence quantum yield (Φf ) often are found with great difficulty. Here, a literature survey concerning the vital class of chlorophyll compounds has led to identification of spectra for 150 members. Spectra in print form have been digitized (with baseline corrections) and assembled into a database along with literature references, solvent identity and values for ε and Φf (where available). The database encompasses photosynthetic tetrapyrroles wherein the chromophore is a porphyrin (e.g. chlorophyll c1 , protochlorophyll a), chlorin (e.g. chlorophyll a, bacteriochlorophyll c) or bacteriochlorin (e.g. bacteriochlorophyll a). Altogether, the database contains 305 absorption spectra (from 19 porphyrins, 109 chlorins and 22 bacteriochlorins) and 72 fluorescence spectra (from 10 porphyrins, 30 chlorins and 4 bacteriochlorins). The spectral database should facilitate comparisons and quantitative calculations. All spectra are available in print form in the Supporting Information. The entire database in digital form is available with the PhotochemCAD program for free downloading and further use at http://www.photochemcad.com.
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24
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Dias LD, Mfouo-Tynga IS. Learning from Nature: Bioinspired Chlorin-Based Photosensitizers Immobilized on Carbon Materials for Combined Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy. Biomimetics (Basel) 2020; 5:E53. [PMID: 33066431 PMCID: PMC7709684 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics5040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophylls, which are chlorin-type photosensitizers, are known as the key building blocks of nature and are fundamental for solar energy metabolism during the photosynthesis process. In this regard, the utilization of bioinspired chlorin analogs as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy constitutes an evolutionary topic of research. Moreover, carbon nanomaterials have been widely applied in photodynamic therapy protocols due to their optical characteristics, good biocompatibility, and tunable systematic toxicity. Herein, we review the literature related to the applications of chlorin-based photosensitizers that were functionalized onto carbon nanomaterials for photodynamic and photothermal therapies against cancer. Rather than a comprehensive review, we intended to highlight the most important and illustrative examples over the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D. Dias
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil;
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25
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Nie M, Deng DM, Wu Y, de Oliveira KT, Bagnato VS, Crielaard W, Rastelli ANDS. Photodynamic inactivation mediated by methylene blue or chlorin e6 against Streptococcus mutans biofilm. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 31:101817. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Sampaio LS, de Annunzio SR, de Freitas LM, Dantas LO, de Boni L, Donatoni MC, de Oliveira KT, Fontana CR. Influence of light intensity and irradiation mode on methylene blue, chlorin-e6 and curcumin-mediated photodynamic therapy against Enterococcus faecalis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 31:101925. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Li W, Wang S, Zhong D, Du Z, Zhou M. A Bioactive Living Hydrogel: Photosynthetic Bacteria Mediated Hypoxia Elimination and Bacteria‐Killing to Promote Infected Wound Healing. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanlin Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Yiwu 322000 China
- Institute of Translational Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310029 China
| | - Shoujie Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Yiwu 322000 China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Danni Zhong
- Institute of Translational Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310029 China
| | - Zhen Du
- Institute of Translational Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310029 China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Yiwu 322000 China
- Institute of Translational Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310029 China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention MOE The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310009 China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
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28
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Garcia de Carvalho G, Sanchez-Puetate JC, Donatoni MC, Maquera Huacho PM, de Souza Rastelli AN, de Oliveira KT, Palomari Spolidorio DM, Leal Zandim-Barcelos D. Photodynamic inactivation using a chlorin-based photosensitizer with blue or red-light irradiation against single-species biofilms related to periodontitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 31:101916. [PMID: 32645434 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chlorin-e6 (Ce6), as a photosensitizer (PS), has demonstrated significant reduction of microorganisms' viability when irradiated by red light. However, the main absorption peak of this PS is located at blue light spectrum, which is less investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pure-chlorin-e6-mediated photodynamic inactivation (PDI) using different light sources (450 or 660 nm) against biofilms related to periodontitis. Streptococcus oralis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans single-species biofilms were developed under proper conditions for five days. PDI was performed using different concentrations of Ce6 (100 and 200 mM), wavelengths (450 and 660 nm) and comparisons were made after colony forming unit and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analysis. The use of light and PS were also individually tested. The greatest bacterial elimination was observed in the group where PDI was employed with blue light and concentration of 200 mM for all bacterial strains tested (4.01 log10 for A. actinomycetemcomitans, and total elimination for P. gingivalis and S. oralis), except for F. nucleatum, where 3.46 log10 reduction was observed when red light and 200 mM Ce6 were applied (p < 0.05). The antimicrobial effects of PDI mediated by Ce6 for all single pathogenic biofilms were confirmed by live/dead staining under CLSM analysis. For all single-species biofilms, the use of PDI mediated by chlorin-e6 photosensitizer under blue or red-light irradiation (450 and 660 nm) demonstrated a significant reduction in bacterial viability, but blue light showed a promising higher photobiological effect, encouraging its adjuvant use to basic periodontitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Garcia de Carvalho
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Julio Cesar Sanchez-Puetate
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Carolina Donatoni
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Milagros Maquera Huacho
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra Nara de Souza Rastelli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Kleber Thiago de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Denise Madalena Palomari Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Leal Zandim-Barcelos
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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29
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Zago LHDP, de Annunzio SR, de Oliveira KT, Barbugli PA, Valdes BR, Feres M, Fontana CR. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against metronidazole-resistant dental plaque bactéria. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 209:111903. [PMID: 32531689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has stood out as an alternative and promising method of disinfection and has been exploited for the treatment of oral bacteria. In this study, we evaluate in vitro the action of aPDT, mediated by methylene blue, chlorin-e6, and curcumin against clinical subgingival plaques that were resistant to metronidazole. The sensitivity profile of the samples to metronidazole was analyzed by the agar dilution method. Cell viability in the planktonic and biofilm phase was assessed by CFU / mL. The composition of the biofilm was evaluated by the checkboard DNA-DNA Hibrydization technique. Photosensitizers internalization was qualitatively assessed by confocal fluorescence microscopy (CLSM). The aPDT mediated by the three photosensitizers tested was able to reduce the totality of the planktonic microbial load and partially reduce the biofilm samples. The analysis performed by CLSM showed that the photosensitizers used in the application of aPDT were able to permeate the interior of the biofilm. The aPDT has been shown to be useful in a supportive and effective approach to the treatment of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Raquel de Annunzio
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Aboud Barbugli
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Belen Retamal Valdes
- Guarulhos University, Dental Research Division, Department of Periodontology, 07011-040 Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Magda Feres
- Guarulhos University, Dental Research Division, Department of Periodontology, 07011-040 Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Raquel Fontana
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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30
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Mousavi M, Moriyama LT, Grecco C, Nogueira MS, Svanberg K, Kurachi C, Andersson-Engels S. Photodynamic therapy dosimetry using multiexcitation multiemission wavelength: toward real-time prediction of treatment outcome. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-14. [PMID: 32246614 PMCID: PMC7118359 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.6.063812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating the optical properties of biological tissues is needed to achieve accurate dosimetry during photodynamic therapy (PDT). Currently, accurate assessment of the photosensitizer (PS) concentration by fluorescence measurements during PDT is typically hindered by the lack of information about tissue optical properties. In the present work, a hand-held fiber-optic probe instrument monitoring fluorescence and reflectance is used for assessing blood volume, reduced scattering coefficient, and PS concentration facilitating accurate dosimetry for PDT. System validation was carried out on tissue phantoms using nonlinear least squares support machine regression analysis. It showed a high correlation coefficient (>0.99) in the prediction of the PS concentration upon a large variety of phantom optical properties. In vivo measurements were conducted in a PDT chlorine e6 dose escalating trial involving 36 male Swiss mice with Ehrlich solid tumors in which fluences of 5, 15, and 40 J cm - 2 were delivered at two fluence rates (100 and 40 mW cm - 2). Remarkably, quantitative measurement of fluorophore concentration was achieved in the in vivo experiment. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) system was also used to independently measure the physiological properties of the target tissues for result comparisons. Then, blood volume and scattering coefficient measured by the fiber-optic probe system were compared with the corresponding result measured by DRS and showed agreement. Additionally, tumor hemoglobin oxygen saturation was measured using the DRS system. Overall, the system is capable of assessing the implicit photodynamic dose to predict the PDT outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilian Tan Moriyama
- University of São Paulo, São Carlos Institute of Physics, Optics Group, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Clovis Grecco
- University of São Paulo, São Carlos Institute of Physics, Optics Group, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Saito Nogueira
- Tyndall National Institute, IPIC, Biophotonics@Tyndall, Lee Maltings, Cork, Ireland
- University College Cork, Department of Physics, Cork, Ireland
| | - Katarina Svanberg
- Lund University, Department of Physics, Biophotonics Group, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cristina Kurachi
- University of São Paulo, São Carlos Institute of Physics, Optics Group, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Stefan Andersson-Engels
- Lund University, Department of Physics, Biophotonics Group, Lund, Sweden
- Tyndall National Institute, IPIC, Biophotonics@Tyndall, Lee Maltings, Cork, Ireland
- University College Cork, Department of Physics, Cork, Ireland
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31
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Bui HTH, Pham TT, Nguyen HTT, Do TM, Nga VT, Bac ND, Huyen VTB, Le HM, Tran QC. Transformation Chlorophyll a of Spirulina platensis to Chlorin e6 Derivatives and Several Applications. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:4372-4377. [PMID: 32215097 PMCID: PMC7084023 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spirulina platensis contains a large amount of chlorophylls, chlorophyll a, that are starting materials to synthesize functionalized chlorins. Chlorin e6 (Ce6) as well as its derivatives are second generation sensitizers using in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of various cancers. In this study, we transfer chlorophyll a of S. platensis to Ce6 derivatives and determine their several applications. AIM We aimed to evaluate the effects of Ce6 derivatives to treat cancer cells. METHODS Ce6 trimethylester was created from methyl pheophorbide a2 in S. platensis provided by the Hidumi Company, Nghe An province, Viet Nam. Hela cells were incubated with Ce6 trimethylester and the irradiated with the diode laser dose of 1.2 J/cm2/min through the system of filters £ 650 nm. MTT assay and clonogenic assay were used to determine survival rate and cloning efficiency of cells. Antimicrobial effect of Ce6 trimethylester with halogen light were studied with Propionibacterium acnes VTCC 0218 and Staphylococcus aureus VTCC 0173. RESULTS From dry biomass (700 g) of S. platensis, after extracting chlorophyll a and methanolysis, 4.2 g of methyl pheophorbide a was obtained. The reaction to give Ce6 trimethylester with 82% yield was performed with potassium hydroxide (KOH) in MeOH/THF/CHCl3. After irradiation with a 650 nm laser at 1.2 J, the cell viability in all samples decreased with Ce6 trimethylester treatment, the survival declining trend of Hela cells treated with Ce6 trimethylester were proportional when concentration of Ce6 trimethylester increased. The rate of colony formation was declined as the concentration of Ce6 trimethylester treated was increased. The growth of both S. aureus and P. acnes can be inactivated by Ce6 trimethylester PDT. The MIC99 value against P. acnes VTCC 0218 and S. aureus VTCC 0173 of Ce6 trimethylester with halogen light was 1.25 μg/ml. CONCLUSION The Ce6 trimethylester from S. platensis cultivated in Viet Nam could be used as a potential photosentizer for photodynamic therapy for treatment of cancer and acne.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vu Thi Nga
- Institute for Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Danang, Vietnam
| | | | - Vu Thi Bich Huyen
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Nghe An, Vietnam
| | | | - Quang Canh Tran
- Center for Hygiene and Food Safety, Haiduong Medical Technical University, Hai Duong, Vietnam
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Gjuroski I, Girousi E, Meyer C, Hertig D, Stojkov D, Fux M, Schnidrig N, Bucher J, Pfister S, Sauser L, Simon HU, Vermathen P, Furrer J, Vermathen M. Evaluation of polyvinylpyrrolidone and block copolymer micelle encapsulation of serine chlorin e6 and chlorin e4 on their reactivity towards albumin and transferrin and their cell uptake. J Control Release 2019; 316:150-167. [PMID: 31689463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation of porphyrinic photosensitizers (PSs) into polymeric carriers plays an important role in enhancing their efficiency as drugs in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Porphyrin aggregation and low solubility as well as the preservation of the advantageous photophysical properties pose a challenge on the design of efficient PS-carrier systems. Block copolymer micelles (BCMs) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) are promising drug delivery vehicles for physical entrapment of PSs. BCMs exhibit enhanced dynamics as compared to the less flexible PVP network. In the current work the question is addressed how these different dynamics affect PS encapsulation, release from the carrier, reaction with serum proteins, and cellular uptake. The porphyrinic compounds serine-amide of chlorin e6 (SerCE) and chlorin e4 (CE4) were used as model PSs with different lipophilicity and aggregation properties. 1H NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy were applied to study their interactions with PVP and BCMs consisting of Kolliphor P188 (KP). Both chlorins were well encapsulated by the carriers and had improved photophysical properties. Compared to SerCE, the more lipophilic CE4 exhibited stronger hydrophobic interactions with the BCM core, stabilizing the system and preventing exchange with the surrounding medium as was shown by NMR NOESY and DOSY experiments. PVP and BCMs protected the encapsulated chlorins against interaction with human transferrin (Tf). However, SerCE and CE4 were released from BCMs in favor of binding to human serum albumin (HSA) while PVP prevented interaction with HSA. Fluorescence spectroscopic studies revealed that HSA binds to the surface of PVP forming a protein corona. PVP and BCMs reduced cellular uptake of the chlorins. However, encapsulation into BCMs resulted in more efficient cell internalization for CE4 than for SerCE. HSA significantly lowered both, free and carrier-mediated cell uptake for CE4 and SerCE. In conclusion, PVP appears as the more universal delivery system covering a broad range of host molecules with respect to polarity, whereas BCMs require a higher drug-carrier compatibility. Poorly soluble hydrophobic PSs benefit stronger from BCM-type carriers due to enhanced bioavailability through disaggregation and solubilization allowing for more efficient cell uptake. In addition, increased PS-carrier hydrophobic interactions have a stabilizing effect. For more hydrophilic PSs, the main advantage of polymeric carriers like PVP or poloxamer micelles lies in their protection during the transport through the bloodstream. HSA binding plays an important role for drug release and cell uptake in carrier-mediated delivery to the target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilche Gjuroski
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Eleftheria Girousi
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Meyer
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Damian Hertig
- Department of BioMedical Research and Radiology, University of Bern and Inselspital, sitem-insel AG, Freiburgstrasse 3, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern and Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Darko Stojkov
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern and Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Fux
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern and Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Schnidrig
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Bucher
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sara Pfister
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luca Sauser
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern and Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Vermathen
- Department of BioMedical Research and Radiology, University of Bern and Inselspital, sitem-insel AG, Freiburgstrasse 3, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien Furrer
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martina Vermathen
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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Takahashi T, Ogasawara S, Shinozaki Y, Tamiaki H. Synthesis of Cationic Pyridinium-(Bacterio)Chlorophyll Conjugates Bearing a Bacteriochlorin, Chlorin, or Porphyrin π-Skeleton and their Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Takahashi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Shin Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Yoshinao Shinozaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
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Calixto GMF, de Annunzio SR, Victorelli FD, Frade ML, Ferreira PS, Chorilli M, Fontana CR. Chitosan-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Optimization of Photodynamic Therapy: a Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:253. [PMID: 31309346 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems (DDS) can be designed to enrich the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of several drugs. Many of the initial obstacles that impeded the clinical applications of conventional DDS have been overcome with nanotechnology-based DDS, especially those formed by chitosan (CS). CS is a linear polysaccharide obtained by the deacetylation of chitin, which has potential properties such as biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, biodegradability, non-toxicity, high bioavailability, simplicity of modification, aqueous solubility, and excellent chemical resistance. Furthermore, CS can prepare several DDS as films, gels, nanoparticles, and microparticles to improve delivery of drugs, such as photosensitizers (PS). Thus, CS-based DDS are broadly investigated for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer and fungal and bacterial diseases. In PDT, a PS is activated by light of a specific wavelength, which provokes selective damage to the target tissue and its surrounding vasculature, but most PS have low water solubility and cutaneous photosensitivity impairing the clinical use of PDT. Based on this, the application of nanotechnology using chitosan-based DDS in PDT may offer great possibilities in the treatment of diseases. Therefore, this review presents numerous applications of chitosan-based DDS in order to improve the PDT for cancer and fungal and bacterial diseases.
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35
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de Souza JM, Brocksom TJ, McQuade DT, de Oliveira KT. Continuous Endoperoxidation of Conjugated Dienes and Subsequent Rearrangements Leading to C-H Oxidized Synthons. J Org Chem 2018; 83:7574-7585. [PMID: 29860826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the continuous flow photooxidation of several conjugated dienes and subsequent rearrangement using a practical and safe continuous-flow homemade engineered setup. End-to-end approaches involving endoperoxidation, Kornblum-DeLaMare rearrangement, and additional rearrangements are comprehensively detailed with optimization, scope, and scale-up to obtain useful hydroxyenones, furans, and 1,4-dicarbonyl building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M de Souza
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , São Carlos , SP 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - Timothy J Brocksom
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , São Carlos , SP 13565-905 , Brazil.,Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas , Universidade Federal do ABC , Santo André , SP 09210-580 , Brazil
| | - D Tyler McQuade
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia 23284-3068 , United States
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , São Carlos , SP 13565-905 , Brazil
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36
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Diogo P, Mota M, Fernandes C, Sequeira D, Palma P, Caramelo F, Neves MGP, Faustino MAF, Gonçalves T, Santos JM. Is the chlorophyll derivative Zn(II)e 6 Me a good photosensitizer to be used in root canal disinfection? Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 22:205-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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37
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de Freitas LM, Lorenzón EN, Santos-Filho NA, Zago LHDP, Uliana MP, de Oliveira KT, Cilli EM, Fontana CR. Antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy enhanced by the peptide aurein 1.2. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29523862 PMCID: PMC5844988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, the World Health Organization has been warning that the post-antibiotic era is an increasingly real threat. The rising and disseminated resistance to antibiotics made mandatory the search for new drugs and/or alternative therapies that are able to eliminate resistant microorganisms and impair the development of new forms of resistance. In this context, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and helical cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are highlighted for the treatment of localized infections. This study aimed to combine the AMP aurein 1.2 to aPDT using Enterococcus faecalis as a model strain. Our results demonstrate that the combination of aPDT with aurein 1.2 proved to be a feasible alternative capable of completely eliminating E. faecalis employing low concentrations of both PS and AMP, in comparison with the individual therapies. Aurein 1.2 is capable of enhancing the aPDT activity whenever mediated by methylene blue or chlorin-e6, but not by curcumin, revealing a PS-dependent mechanism. The combined treatment was also effective against different strains; noteworthy, it completely eliminated a vancomycin-resistant strain of Enterococcus faecium. Our results suggest that this combined protocol must be exploited for clinical applications in localized infections as an alternative to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marise de Freitas
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara, SP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, km 1, Campus Ville, CEP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Esteban Nicolás Lorenzón
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Campus II Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Norival Alves Santos-Filho
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Química, Araraquara, SP, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, 55, Quitandinha, CEP, 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Lucas Henrique de Paula Zago
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara, SP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, km 1, Campus Ville, CEP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Marciana Pierina Uliana
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Química Bioorgânica, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235 - SP-310, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13565-905, Brazil.,Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana (UNILA), Avenida Silvio Américo Sasdelli, 1842 - Vila A, Edifício Comercial Lorivo, CEP, 85866-000, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil
| | - Kleber Thiago de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Química Bioorgânica, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235 - SP-310, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Maffud Cilli
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Química, Araraquara, SP, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, 55, Quitandinha, CEP, 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Carla Raquel Fontana
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara, SP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, km 1, Campus Ville, CEP, 14800-903, Brazil.
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38
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20-(N-Methylpyridiniumyl)ethynylated chlorophyll-a derivative with an intense Qx absorption band at a green to orange region. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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39
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de Annunzio SR, de Freitas LM, Blanco AL, da Costa MM, Carmona-Vargas CC, de Oliveira KT, Fontana CR. Susceptibility of Enterococcus faecalis and Propionibacterium acnes to antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 178:545-550. [PMID: 29253813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to available antibiotics nowadays is a global threat leading researchers around the world to study new treatment modalities for infections. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been considered an effective and promising therapeutic alternative in this scenario. Briefly, this therapy is based on the activation of a non-toxic photosensitizing agent, known as photosensitizer (PS), by light at a specific wavelength generating cytotoxic singlet oxygen and free radicals. Virtually all studies related to aPDT involve a huge screening to identify ideal PS concentration and light dose combinations, a laborious and time-consuming process that is hardly disclosed in the literature. Herein, we describe an antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) study against Enterococcus faecalis and Propionibacterium acnes employing methylene blue, chlorin-e6 or curcumin as PS. Similarities and discrepancies between the two bacterial species were pointed out in an attempt to speed up and facilitate futures studies against those clinical relevant strains. Susceptibility tests were performed by the broth microdilution method. Our results demonstrate that aPDT mediated by the three above-mentioned PS was effective in eliminating both gram-positive bacteria, although P. acnes showed remarkably higher susceptibility to aPDT when compared to E. faecalis. PS uptake assays revealed that P. acnes is 80 times more efficient than E. faecalis in internalizing all three PS molecules. Our results evidence that the cell wall structure is not a limiting feature when predicting bacterial susceptibility to aPDT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Raquel de Annunzio
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara. Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km1, Campus Ville, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Laura Marise de Freitas
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara. Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km1, Campus Ville, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Ana Lígia Blanco
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara. Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km1, Campus Ville, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Mardoqueu Martins da Costa
- Universidade Brasil (UniBrasil), Departamento de Engenharia Biomédica, Rua Carolina Fonseca, 235, Vila Santana, São Paulo, SP CEP: 08230-030, Brazil.
| | - Christian C Carmona-Vargas
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Química Bioorgânica, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235 - SP-310, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Kleber Thiago de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Química Bioorgânica, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235 - SP-310, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Carla Raquel Fontana
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara. Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km1, Campus Ville, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14800-903, Brazil.
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40
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Biofilm formation by Candida albicans is inhibited by photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT), using chlorin e6: increase in both ROS production and membrane permeability. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 33:647-653. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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41
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Semi-synthesis and PDT activities of a new amphiphilic chlorin derivative. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 17:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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42
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Chlorophyll a Covalently Bonded to Organo-Modified Translucent Silica Xerogels: Optimizing Fluorescence and Maximum Loading. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070961. [PMID: 27455223 PMCID: PMC6273260 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyll is a pyrrolic pigment with important optical properties, which is the reason it has been studied for many years. Recently, interest has been rising with respect to this molecule because of its outstanding physicochemical properties, particularly applicable to the design and development of luminescent materials, hybrid sensor systems, and photodynamic therapy devices for the treatment of cancer cells and bacteria. More recently, our research group has been finding evidence for the possibility of preserving these important properties of substrates containing chlorophyll covalently incorporated within solid pore matrices, such as SiO2, TiO2 or ZrO2 synthesized through the sol-gel process. In this work, we study the optical properties of silica xerogels organo-modified on their surface with allyl and phenyl groups and containing different concentrations of chlorophyll bonded to the pore walls, in order to optimize the fluorescence that these macrocyclic species displays in solution. The intention of this investigation was to determine the maximum chlorophyll a concentration at which this molecule can be trapped inside the pores of a given xerogel and to ascertain if this pigment remains trapped as a monomer, a dimer, or aggregate. Allyl and phenyl groups were deposited on the surface of xerogels in view of their important effects on the stability of the molecule, as well as over the fluorescence emission of chlorophyll; however, these organic groups allow the trapping of either chlorophyll a monomers or dimers. The determination of the above parameters allows finding the most adequate systems for subsequent in vitro or in vivo studies. The characterization of the obtained xerogels was performed through spectroscopic absorption, emission and excitation spectra. These hybrid systems can be employed as mimics of natural systems; the entrapment of chlorophyll inside pore matrices indicates that it is possible to exploit some of the most physicochemical properties of trapped chlorophyll for diverse technological applications. The data herein collected suggest the possibility of applying the developed methodology to other active, captive molecules in order to synthesize new hybrid materials with optimized properties, suitable to be applied in diverse technological fields.
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Rizzi V, Fini P, Semeraro P, Cosma P. Detailed investigation of ROS arisen from chlorophyll a/Chitosan based-biofilm. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 142:239-247. [PMID: 26966998 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to study the nature of reactive oxygen species, ROS, arisen from Chitosan/2-HP-β-Cyclodextrin/Chlorophyll a (CH/CD/Chla) blended biofilm under a photodynamic activity. Suitable molecules, called primary acceptors, able to react selectively with ROS, in turn generated by the photosensitizer (PS), herein Chla, are used to attempt this purpose. The changes of the absorption and the emission spectra of these acceptors after the irradiation of aqueous solution containing the active biofilm have provided the specific nature of ROS and thus the main pathway of reaction followed by PS, in our condition. The (1)O2 formation was unveiled using Uric Acid (UA) and 9,10-diphenilanthracene (DPA). On the other hand, 2,7- dichlorofluorescin and Ferricytochrome c (Cyt-c) were used to detect the formation of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical anion, respectively. Results suggest that among the possible pathways of reaction, namely Type I and Type II, potentially followed by PSs, in our condition the hybrid biofilm CH/CD/Chla follows mainly Type II mechanism with the formation of (1)O2. However, the latter is involved in subsequent pathway of reaction involving Chla inducing, in addition, the formation of O2(-) and H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Rizzi
- Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro" di Bari, Dip. Chimica, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Fini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR-IPCF, UOS Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Semeraro
- Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro" di Bari, Dip. Chimica, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Pinalysa Cosma
- Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro" di Bari, Dip. Chimica, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR-IPCF, UOS Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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44
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de Oliveira KT, Miller LZ, McQuade DT. Exploiting photooxygenations mediated by porphyrinoid photocatalysts under continuous flow conditions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00285d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photooxygenations of naphthols under continuous flow conditions using porphyrinoids as photocatalysts are described. Reaction conditions, long-term experiments and scope were performed, thus allowing the production of substituted naphthoquinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleber T. de Oliveira
- Florida State University
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Tallahassee
- USA
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos
| | - L. Zane Miller
- Florida State University
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - D. Tyler McQuade
- Florida State University
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Tallahassee
- USA
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45
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Omarova EO, Nazarov PA, Firsov AM, Strakhovskaya MG, Arkhipova AY, Moisenovich MM, Agapov II, Ol’shevskaya VA, Zaitsev AV, Kalinin VN, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN. Carboranyl-Chlorin e6 as a Potent Antimicrobial Photosensitizer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141990. [PMID: 26535905 PMCID: PMC4633095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation is currently being widely considered as alternative to antibiotic chemotherapy of infective diseases, attracting much attention to design of novel effective photosensitizers. Carboranyl-chlorin-e6 (the conjugate of chlorin e6 with carborane), applied here for the first time for antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation, appeared to be much stronger than chlorin e6 against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphyllococcus aureus and Mycobacterium sp. Confocal fluorescence spectroscopy and membrane leakage experiments indicated that bacteria cell death upon photodynamic treatment with carboranyl-chlorin-e6 is caused by loss of cell membrane integrity. The enhanced photobactericidal activity was attributed to the increased accumulation of the conjugate by bacterial cells, as evaluated both by centrifugation and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Gram-negative bacteria were rather resistant to antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation mediated by carboranyl-chlorin-e6. Unlike chlorin e6, the conjugate showed higher (compared to the wild-type strain) dark toxicity with Escherichia coli ΔtolC mutant, deficient in TolC-requiring multidrug efflux transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena O. Omarova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Nazarov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Firsov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina G. Strakhovskaya
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Specialized Medical Service and Medical Technologies, FMBA, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Igor I. Agapov
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Shumakov Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Andrey V. Zaitsev
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery N. Kalinin
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A. Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuri N. Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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46
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Ogasawara S, Tamiaki H. Synthesis of methyl C132-alkylated pheophorbides a/a′ and their stereochemical characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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47
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Ryan AA, Senge MO. How green is green chemistry? Chlorophylls as a bioresource from biorefineries and their commercial potential in medicine and photovoltaics. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:638-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00435c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophylls are the natural green pigments par excellence and offer potential as therapeutics and in energy generation. This perspective outlines the state-of-the-art, their possible applications and indicates future directions in the context of green chemistry and their production from biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife A. Ryan
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- 152-160 Pearse Street
- Trinity College Dublin
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- 152-160 Pearse Street
- Trinity College Dublin
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