Fabrication and characterization of multi-layered coaxial agar-based electrospun biocomposite mat, novel replacement for transdermal patches

In the performed study, a novel fabrication of agar-based nanofibers was electrospun in an asymmetric bilayer dressing for biomedical transdermal patches. The optimal parameters for the fabrication of agar-based nanofibers after optimization were a feed rate of 10 μL/min, a 7 cm collector-to-nozzle distance, a 15 kV applied voltage, and a 700-rpm rotating collector speed. Coaxial nanofibers, as a second asymmetric layer, were produced using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with cephalexin hydrate, an antibacterial drug, as the core and agar-PCL as the sheath. The morphology of the developed uniaxial and coaxial nanofibrous layers was analysed using a scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. For the formation of bilayer asymmetric structures, the agar-PCL uniaxial layer was fabricated over the layer of coaxial PVA and agar-PCL layers for sustained drug release. The agar-based nanofibrous mats exhibited tensile strength of 7 MPa with 40 % elongation failure, 8-fold increased swelling, enhanced wettability (60° contact angle), and a moisture transmission rate of 2174 g/m2/day. The developed coaxial bilayer mats exhibited antimicrobial activity, hemocompatibility, and cytocompatibility. Overall, this novel agar nanofibrous dressing offers promising potential for advanced biomedical applications, particularly as transdermal patches for efficient drug delivery systems.

Effect of the pre-crosslinking of Ba2+ ions on wet spinning of agar fibers

Decreased coagulation bath concentration and difficult recovery are classical issues observed during the wet spinning of fibers. In this paper, a novel method was presented for preparing environment-friendly agar fibers using deionized water as the coagulation and stretch baths. The addition of Ba2+ into the spinning solution increased the crosslinking time and improved the performance of spinning solution. The results showed that the introduction of Ba2+ in the spinning solution increased the viscosity of the spinning solution. Particularly, when the concentration of BaCl2 in the spinning solution was 7 wt%, the viscosity increased to 39.29 Pa·s, which made the molecular chain arrangement of agar more compact and ordered and promoted the gelation transformation of the spinning solution, resulting in an increase in the gel temperature from 0.2 °C (Ba-0/agar) to 5.4 °C (Ba-7/agar). The spinning solution was more conducive to the formation of fibers in deionized water. In addition, the physical and chemical properties of agar fibers were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, tensile testing, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the use of deionized water as the coagulation bath can improve the color of fiber and solve the problem of fiber adhesion, whereas the mechanical strength of agar fibers with pre-cross-linking metal ions was also improved. For example, the breaking strength of Ba-7/agar/DIW was 0.73 cN/dtex while the breaking strength of Ba-0/agar/DIW was only 0.62 cN/dtex.

High-strength hydrophilic N-halamines chitosan and cellulose nanofibers membranes with repeated bactericidal properties

Direct addition of disinfectants and membrane separation techniques have been common methods to address microbial contamination in water. However, disinfectants may generate toxic by-products, and even minor damage or biofilm formation on filtration membranes can lead to a heightened risk of microbial contamination. Consequently, how to quickly and safely disinfect microbial contaminated water sources remains a huge challenge. In this study, the high-strength broad-spectrum antibacterial CNF/CS composite membrane was fabricated by utilizing cellulose nanofibers (CNF) to reinforce the structure of chitosan (CS). The resulting CNF/CS composite membrane exhibits an impressive tensile strength of 148 MPa and boasts an active chlorine content of 5.29 %. Notably, even after undergoing 50 washing cycles and 10 repeated chlorination procedures, the structural integrity and high active chlorine content of the composite membrane remain preserved, validating its exceptional strength, stability, and chlorine rechargeability. Additionally, the CNF/CS antibacterial materials demonstrate remarkable attributes in terms of rapid sterilization, sustained and consistent release of active chlorine, and efficient inhibition of biofilm formation, demonstrating great potential in efficient, green, and safe sterilization.

Marine Biopolymers as Bioactive Functional Ingredients of Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications

Marine biopolymers, abundantly present in seaweeds and marine animals, feature diverse structures and functionalities, and possess a wide range of beneficial biological activities. Characterized by high biocompatibility and biodegradability, as well as unique physicochemical properties, marine biopolymers are attracting a constantly increasing interest for the development of advanced systems for applications in the biomedical field. The development of electrospinning offers an innovative technological platform for the production of nonwoven nanofibrous scaffolds with increased surface area, high encapsulation efficacy, intrinsic interconnectivity, and structural analogy to the natural extracellular matrix. Marine biopolymer-based electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds with multifunctional characteristics and tunable mechanical properties now attract significant attention for biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound healing. The present review, covering the literature up to the end of 2021, highlights the advancements in the development of marine biopolymer-based electrospun nanofibers for their utilization as cell proliferation scaffolds, bioadhesives, release modifiers, and wound dressings.

Electrospun fibers based on botanical, seaweed, microbial, and animal sourced biomacromolecules and their multidimensional applications

This review summarizes and broadly classifies all of the major sustainable natural carbohydrate bio-macromolecular manifestations in nature - from botanical (cellulose, starch, and pectin), seaweed (alginate, carrageenan, and agar), microbial (bacterial cellulose, dextran, and pullulan), and animal (hyaluronan, heparin, chitin, and chitosan) sources - that have been contrived into electrospun fibers. Furthermore, a relative study of these biomaterials for the fabrication of nanofibers by electrospinning and their characteristics viz. solution behavior, blending nature, as well as rheological and fiber attributes are discussed. The potential multidimensional applications of nanofibers (filtration, antimicrobial, biosensor, gas sensor, energy storage, catalytic, and tissue engineering) originating from these polysaccharides and their major impacts on the properties, functionalities, and uses of these electrospun fibers are compared and critically examined.

Nanocomposites for the delivery of bioactive molecules in tissue repair: vital structural features, application mechanisms, updated progress and future perspectives

In recent years, nanocomposites have attracted great attention in tissue repair as carriers for bioactive molecule delivery due to their biochemical and nanostructural similarity to that of physiological tissues, and controlled delivery of bioactive molecules. In this review, we aim to comprehensively clarify how the applications of nanocomposites for bioactive molecule delivery in tissue repair are achieved by focusing on the following aspects: (1) vital structural features (size, shape, pore, etc.) of nanocomposites that have crucial effects on the biological properties and function of bioactive molecule-delivery systems, (2) delivery performance of bioactive molecules possessing high entrapment efficiency of bioactive molecules and good controlled- and sustained-release of bioactive molecules, (3) application mechanisms of nanocomposites to deliver and release bioactive molecules in tissue repair, (4) updated research progress of nanocomposites for bioactive molecule delivery in hard and soft tissue repair, and (5) future perspectives in the development of bioactive molecule-delivery systems based on nanocomposites.

Encapsulation of tangeretin in PVA/PAA crosslinking electrospun fibers by emulsion-electrospinning: Morphology characterization, slow-release, and antioxidant activity assessment

In this work, water-resistant poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) electrospun fibers encapsulating tangeretin (Tan) were fabricated by emulsion-electrospinning. To optimize the electrospinning condition, the size and morphology of electrospun fibers were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), optical light microscope, fluorescence microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The optimized initial concentration of PVA/PAA was 10% (w/w) with a mass ratio of 3:7. The time and temperature of optimized thermal crosslinking treatment were 2 h and 145 °C, respectively. The results of XRD and SEM showed that the Tan was successfully incorporated into smooth PVA/PAA electrospun fibers and those fibers possessed nano-diameter size and high porosity. The encapsulation of Tan had no significant impact on the antioxidant activity of PVA/PAA/Tan crosslinking electrospun fibers. The in vitro release test showed the PVA/PAA/Tan crosslinking electrospun fibers achieved durable release profiles and lower burst release rates than that from the pure Tan emulsion. Based on these results, it is concluded that PVA/PAA/Tan crosslinking electrospun fibers prepared by emulsion-electrospinning serve as a promising technique in the fields of water-insoluble drug delivery and slow-release.

Electrospun vancomycin-loaded nanofibers for management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced skin infections

Skin damage exposes the underlying layers to bacterial invasion, leading to skin and soft tissue infections. Several pathogens have developed resistance against conventional topical antimicrobial treatments and rendered them less effective. Recently, several nanomedical strategies have emerged as a potential approach to improve therapeutic outcomes of treating bacterial skin infections. In the current study, nanofibers were utilized for topical delivery of the antimicrobial drug vancomycin and evaluated as a promising tool for treatment of topical skin infections. Vancomycin-loaded nanofibers were prepared via electrospinning technique, and vancomycin-loaded nanofibers of the optimal composition exhibited nanosized uniform smooth fibers (ca. 200 nm diameter), high drug entrapment efficiency and sustained drug release patterns over 48 h. In vitro cytotoxicity assays, using several cell lines, revealed the biocompatibility of the drug-loaded nanofibers. In vitro antibacterial studies showed sustained antibacterial activity of the vancomycin-loaded nanofibers against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), in comparison to the free drug. The nanofibers were then tested in animal model of superficial MRSA skin infection and demonstrated a superior antibacterial efficiency, as compared to animals treated with the free vancomycin solution. Hence, nanofibers might provide an efficient nanodevice to overcome MRSA-induced skin infections and a promising topical delivery vehicle for antimicrobial drugs.

Three-dimensionally printed polylactic acid/cellulose acetate scaffolds with antimicrobial effect

This study aimed to develop novel, biodegradable, antiseptic-loaded and low-cost scaffolds using a direct ink writing (DIW) technique for antibacterial applications. Polylactic acid/cellulose acetate (PLA/CA) mixtures with different composition ratios were prepared, and the effect of CA content on the rheological behaviors of the inks was investigated. The printability of the prepared DIW inks was improved with the addition of the appropriate amount of CA, since the formation of hydrogen bonding 3D network between PLA and CA. As a result, a liquid form ink consisting of majority of PLA and minority of CA which was prepared and printed for the first time through DIW technique. Afterwards, the antimicrobial agent, 1-chloro-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-4-imidazolidinone (MC) was incorporated into the inks for preventing bacterial infections, which showed excellent stability and effective antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli O157:H7 in a short time. Owning the ease of fabrication and the biocidal property, our 3D printed scaffolds will have a wide range of potential applications in the field of food packaging, communal facilities, medical equipments, and biomedical materials.

The three-dimensional and antiseptic-loaded scaffold possessed a high biocidal efficacy.

Engineering Sustainable Antimicrobial Release in Silica-Cellulose Membrane with CaCO3-Aided Processing for Wound Dressing Application

The sustained release of antimicrobial therapeutics for wound dressing has become an attractive design strategy for prolonging the timespan of wound dressings and for reducing the risk of chronic wound infection. Recently, cellulose-based membrane has become a preferred option of wound dressings for the treatment of burn wounds and skin ulcers. In this work, novel cellulose membrane incorporated with mesoporous silica particles (SBA-15) was developed as an antimicrobial wound dressing with desirable sustained release functionality for targeting persistent bacterial pathogens. Attributed to a coated layer of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), SBA-15 particles were free from corrosion in alkaline condition during the preparation of cellulose-based composite membranes. SEM, TEM and BET results showed that the morphology, specific surface area, pore size and pore volume of pristine SBA-15 were preserved after the incorporation of CaCO₃-coated SBA-15 into the cellulose matrix, while the mesoporous structure of SBA-15 was significantly disrupted without the use of CaCO₃ coating. The resultant composite membranes containing 30 wt% SBA-15 (denoted as CM-Ca2-SBA(30%)) achieved 3.6 wt% of antimicrobial drug loading. Interestingly, CM-Ca2-SBA(30%) demonstrated the sustained release property of chloramphenicol for 270 h, driven by a two-stage drug release processes of SBA-15/cellulose. The water vapor permeability (WVTR) and swelling properties of composite membranes were shown to have complied with the primary requirements of wound dressing. Antibacterial assays revealed that strong antibacterial activities (144 h) of the composite membranes against Staphylococcus aureus and Eschericia coli were achieved. All results displayed that the strategy of coating silica with CaCO₃ helps to obtain cellulose–silica composite membranes with desirable sustained release profiles and strong antibacterial activities. The antibacterial SBA-15/cellulose composite membranes show potential for the application of wound dressing.

Tree gum-based renewable materials: Sustainable applications in nanotechnology, biomedical and environmental fields

The prospective uses of tree gum polysaccharides and their nanostructures in various aspects of food, water, energy, biotechnology, environment and medicine industries, have garnered a great deal of attention recently. In addition to extensive applications of tree gums in food, there are substantial non-food applications of these commercial gums, which have gained widespread attention due to their availability, structural diversity and remarkable properties as 'green' bio-based renewable materials. Tree gums are obtainable as natural polysaccharides from various tree genera possessing exceptional properties, including their renewable, biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic nature and their ability to undergo easy chemical modifications. This review focuses on non-food applications of several important commercially available gums (arabic, karaya, tragacanth, ghatti and kondagogu) for the greener synthesis and stabilization of metal/metal oxide NPs, production of electrospun fibers, environmental bioremediation, bio-catalysis, biosensors, coordination complexes of metal-hydrogels, and for antimicrobial and biomedical applications. Furthermore, polysaccharides acquired from botanical, seaweed, animal, and microbial origins are briefly compared with the characteristics of tree gum exudates.

Simultaneous functionalization and magnetization of biochar via NH3 ambiance pyrolysis for efficient removal of Cr (VI)

Enhancing biochar adsorption capabilities and recollection ability is essential for efficient biochar application. In this study, Nitrogen-doped magnetic biochar was prepared via one-step heating of FeCl₃-laden agar biomass under NH₃ environment. Synthesized magnetic biochar ABF-N₈₀₀ shows a maximum Cr (VI) adsorption capacity up to 142.86 mg g^-1, outperforming that of magnetic biochar and many other previously reported materials. Moreover, a significant increase of magnetic properties obtained by NH₃ ambiance pyrolysis enables easy separation of the adsorbent from the solution after treated with Cr (VI). The physiochemical properties of composites characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD, XPS, VSM, BET surface and pore, Elemental content, and FTIR analysis. The NH₃ ambiance pyrolysis confirmed as an efficient process for surface modification, increased magnetic properties and activated N-functional groups. The Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order model are applicable for describing adsorption behavior. The thermodynamic study shows that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. The present results warrant the application of simultaneous functionalized and magnetized biochar for Cr (VI) contaminated wastewater treatment.

Electrostatic Assemblies of Well-Dispersed AgNPs on the Surface of Electrospun Nanofibers as Highly Active SERS Substrates for Wide-Range pH Sensing

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has shown high promise in analysis and bioanalysis, wherein noble metal nanoparticles (NMNPs) such as silver nanoparticles were employed as substrates because of their strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties. However, SERS-based pH sensing was restricted because of the aggregation of NMNPs in acidic medium or biosamples with high ionic strength. Herein, by using the electrostatic interaction as a driving force, AgNPs are assembled on the surface of ethylene imine polymer (PEI)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) electrospun nanofibers, which are then applied as highly sensitive and reproducible SERS substrate with an enhancement factor (EF) of 10(7)-10(8). When p-aminothiophenol (p-ATP) is used as an indicator with its b2 mode, a good and wide linear response to pH ranging from 2.56 to 11.20 could be available, and the as-prepared nanocomposite fibers then could be fabricated as excellent pH sensors in complicated biological samples such as urine, considering that the pH of urine could reflect the acid-base status of a person. This work not only emerges a cost-effective, direct, and convenient approach to homogeneously decorate AgNPs on the surface of polymer nanofibers but also supplies a route for preparing other noble metal nanofibrous sensing membranes.

Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile-Ionic Liquid Nanofibers for Superior PM2.5 Capture Capacity

Ambient fine particulate matter (PM) affects both human health and climate. To reduce the PM2.5 (mass of particles below 2.5 μm in diameter) concentration of an individual's living environment, ionic liquid-modified polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers with superior PM2.5 capture capacity were prepared by electrospinning. Ionic liquid diethylammonium dihydrogen phosphate (DEAP) with high viscosity and hydrophilicity was involved during the electrospinning process. Observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and water contact angle measurement suggested that the modification of DEAP on PAN effectively altered the morphology (roughness) and surface properties (hydrophilicity) of the PAN nanofibers. The PM2.5 capture measurement was performed in a closed and static system, which mimicked the static hazy weather without wind flow. As a result, DEAP-modified PAN nanofibers exhibited significantly enhanced PM2.5 capture capacity compared to that of the bare PAN nanofibers. This can be attributed to the improved surface roughness (i.e., improved adsorption sites), hydrophilicity, and dipole moment of PAN upon DEAP modification.

New understanding on the reaction pathways of the polyacrylonitrile copolymer fiber pre-oxidation: online tracking by two-dimensional correlation FTIR spectroscopy

FTIR spectroscopy in combination with scaling-MW2D and 2D correlation analysis is used to study the reaction pathways of polyacrylonitrile copolymer fibers pre-oxidation.

Nanofibrous polylactide composite scaffolds with electroactivity and sustained release capacity for tissue engineering

A conveniently fabricated electroactive nanofibrous composite scaffold serves as a sustained drug release system and promotes myoblast differentiation.

Modulation of bactericidal action in polymer nanocomposites: light-tuned Ag+ release from electrospun PMMA fibers

Silver rate release from electrospun PMMA fibers tuned by combination of silver ions and silver nanoparticles produced by UV irradiation.

Synergetic catalytic effect of Cu2-xSe nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide coembedded in electrospun nanofibers for the reduction of a typical refractory organic compound

A new heterogeneous catalytic composite composed of nonstoichiometric Cu2-xSe nanoparticles (NPs) with high copper deficiency and graphene oxide (GO) is prepared by coembedding in electrospun nanofibers of a poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) support, wherein GO in the nanofibers is converted into reduced GO (rGO) via heat treatment. The as-prepared composite Cu2-xSe/rGO/PVP nanofibers have demonstrated superior catalytic activity toward the reduction of a refractory organic compound by taking 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) as an example. In the presence of NaBH4, the Cu2-xSe/rGO/PVP nanofibers display a synergetic effect between Cu2-xSe and rGO in PVP nanofibers compared to their independent components or corresponding nanofibers. Furthermore, the Cu2-xSe/rGO/PVP nanofibers exhibit a favorable water-stable property via heat treatment to solidify the hydrophilic PVP matrix, which makes the composite display good reusability, stability in aqueous solution, and separability from a water medium. This work not only presents a direct, convenient, and effective approach to doping semiconductor nanomaterials into polymer nanofibers but also provides fundamental routes for further investigations about the synergetic effect between different materials based on the platform of electrospun nanofibers.

Fabrication of drug-loaded anti-infective guided tissue regeneration membrane with adjustable biodegradation property

For guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membrane, synchronization of the membrane biodegradation rate and tissue regeneration rate is important. Besides, the major reason for GTR membrane failure in clinical application is infection which can be prevented by loading anti-bacterial drug. To realize the consistency in membrane degradation rate and tissue regeneration rate of the anti-infective membrane, we developed metronidazole-loaded electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone)-gelatin nanofiber membranes with different poly(ɛ-caprolactone)/gelatin ratios (95:5, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50). Homogeneous nanofibers were successfully fabricated. The mechanical strength of the membranes increased with the poly(ɛ-caprolactone) content, while the hydrophilicity decreased. The controlled and sustained release of metronidazole from all the membranes prevented the colonization of anaerobic bacteria. At all poly(ɛ-caprolactone)/gelatin ratios, all the membranes presented good biocompatibility while the increase of gelatin content resulted in enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation. Subcutaneous implantation in rabbits for 8 months demonstrated that all the membranes showed good biocompatibility without infection. Both in vitro and in vivo results showed that the biodegradation rate of the membranes was accelerated with the increase of gelatin content. The biodegradation rate and biocompatibility of the membranes can be adjusted by changing the PCL/gelatin ratio. The optimal membrane can be chosen based on the patient and tissue type to realize the synchronization of membrane degradation with tissue regeneration for the best treatment effect.

Hydrogen-bond-mediated in situ fabrication of AgNPs/agar/PAN electrospun nanofibers as reproducible SERS substrates

Reproducibility in surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements is a challenge. This work developed a facile way to make highly dispersed uniform silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) loaded in the agar/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers by the coupling the electrospinning technology from metal complex-containing polymer solution and in situ photoreductive technique. Agar, as hydrophilic component, was introduced into the electrospinning solution considering that its abundant hydroxyl group sites could greatly improve the contents of silver ions in the polymers because of the rich silver ion chelated with the hydroxyl group, whereas hydrophilic agar was integrated with hydrophobic PAN by -OH···N≡C- hydrogen bonds as a bridge. Meanwhile, the in situ photoreductive reaction was made under different light irradiations such as desk lamp, 365 nm UV-lamp, and 254 nm UV-lamp. High yield of stable AgNPs with highly uniform and dispersion are available in the agar/PAN nanofibers after the in situ photoreductive reaction, supplying the possibility of reproducible SERS signals. To identify that concept of proof, a facile approach for the determination of malachite green (MG) in three environmental practical samples was demonstrated by using the composite nanofibrous material irradiated by 365 nm UV-lamp, giving the minimum detection concentration of MG as low as 0.1 μmol/L with a good linear response ranging from 0.1-100 μmol/L (R(2) = 0.9960).

Reactive and ‘clickable’ electrospun polymeric nanofibers

This mini-review summarizes the design, synthesis and modification of various reactive and ‘clickable’ electrospun polymeric nanofibers to render them functional.

A study of the catalytic ability of in situ prepared AgNPs–PMAA–PVP electrospun nanofibers

The catalysis of nanomaterials is interesting and attractive. Herein, electrospinning was employed to afford poly(methyl acrylate) (PMAA)–poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) electrospun nanofibers.

Biomolecules-conjugated nanomaterials for targeted cancer therapy

Biomolecules perform vital functions in biology. These functional biomolecules with diverse modifications hold great promise for further applications in bioanalysis and cancer therapy. However, these functional biomolecules face challenges, especially in the field of drug delivery for cancer therapy. For example, functional biomolecules are typically unstable when taken up by cells, as they are easily digested by enzymes. To address this obstacle, nanomaterials have been employed as drug carriers or vehicles, which are powerful nanoplatforms for imaging and cancer treatment. Multifunctionality of these nanoplatforms offers great advantages over conventional reagents, including targeting to a diseased site to minimize systemic toxicity, and the ability to solubilize hydrophobic or labile drugs to improved pharmacokinetics. In this review, we summarize typical functional biomolecule-conjugated nanomaterials for targeting drug delivery. Under the appropriate conditions, targeted drug delivery can be achieved from a high density of biomolecules that are bound to the surface of nanomaterials, resulting in a high affinity for the targets. The high density of biomolecules then leads to a high local concentration, being able to prevent degradation by enzymes. Furthermore, biomolecule-nanomaterial conjugates have been identified to enter cells more easily than free biomolecules, and controllable drug release can then be obtained by a response to a stimulus, such as redox, pH, light, thermal, enzyme-trigged strategies. Now and in the future, with the development of artificial biomolecules as well as nanomaterials, targeted drug delivery based on elegant biomolecule-nanomaterial conjugation approaches is expected to achieve great versatility, additional functions, and further advances.

Polymethacrylic acid–facilitated nanofiber matrix loading Ag nanoparticles for SERS measurements

By introducing polymethacrylic acid (PMAA), fairly uniform PMAA/poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) ultrafine fibers containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for SERS substrates were successfully prepared via electrospinning by means of in situ photoreduction of silver ions. This makes the detection results reproducible with RSD values below 0.2% through the SERS signals to detect malachite green (MG), a significant environmental organic pollutant, for its genotoxicity.

Electrospun acid–base pair solid dispersions of quercetin

An electrospun acid–base pair solid dispersion in the form of core–shell nanofibers was developed for improving the dissolution of quercetin.