1
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Xue X, Wang F, Shi M, Khan FI. Synthesis of Thermo-Responsive Monofunctionalized Diblock Copolymer Worms. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4590. [PMID: 38231987 PMCID: PMC10708438 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(glycerol monomethacrylate)-block-poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate) (PGMA-PHPMA) with worm-like morphology is a typical example of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerized thermo-responsive copolymer via polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) in aqueous solution. Chain transfer agents (CTAs) are the key component in controlling RAFT, the structures of which determine the end functional groups of the polymer chain. It is therefore of interest to monofunctionalize the polymers via CTA moiety, for bioactive functionality conjugation and in the meantime maintain the precisely controlled morphology of the copolymers and the related property. In this work, a newly designed CTA 5-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino) ethylamino)-2-cyano-5-oxopentan-2-yl benzodithioate (t-Boc CPDB) was synthesized and used for the RAFT polymerization of PGMA45-PHPMA120. Subsequently, PGMA45-PHPMA120 copolymers with primary amine, maleimide, and reduced L-glutathione (a tripeptide) monofunctionalized terminals were synthesized via deprotection and conjugation reactions. These monofunctionalized copolymers maintain worm-like morphology and thermo-responsive property in aqueous solution (10% w/v), as confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, and the observation of the phase transition behavior in between 4 °C and room temperature (~20 °C), respectively. Summarily, a range of thermo-responsive monofunctionalized PGMA45-PHPMA120 diblock copolymer worms were successfully synthesized, which are expected to offer potential biomedical applications, such as in polymer therapeutics, drug delivery, and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xue
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China; (F.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China; (F.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Minhao Shi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China; (F.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Faez Iqbal Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China;
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2
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Lukáš Petrova S, Vragović M, Pavlova E, Černochová Z, Jäger A, Jäger E, Konefał R. Smart Poly(lactide)- b-poly(triethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate) (PLA- b-PTEGMA) Block Copolymers: One-Pot Synthesis, Temperature Behavior, and Controlled Release of Paclitaxel. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041191. [PMID: 37111676 PMCID: PMC10143907 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper introduces a new class of amphiphilic block copolymers created by combining two polymers: polylactic acid (PLA), a biocompatible and biodegradable hydrophobic polyester used for cargo encapsulation, and a hydrophilic polymer composed of oligo ethylene glycol chains (triethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate, TEGMA), which provides stability and repellent properties with added thermo-responsiveness. The PLA-b-PTEGMA block copolymers were synthesized using ring-opening polymerization (ROP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization (ROP-RAFT), resulting in varying ratios between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks. Standard techniques, such as size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and 1H NMR spectroscopy, were used to characterize the block copolymers, while 1H NMR spectroscopy, 2D nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to analyze the effect of the hydrophobic PLA block on the LCST of the PTEGMA block in aqueous solutions. The results show that the LCST values for the block copolymers decreased with increasing PLA content in the copolymer. The selected block copolymer presented LCST transitions at physiologically relevant temperatures, making it suitable for manufacturing nanoparticles (NPs) and drug encapsulation-release of the chemotherapeutic paclitaxel (PTX) via temperature-triggered drug release mechanism. The drug release profile was found to be temperature-dependent, with PTX release being sustained at all tested conditions, but substantially accelerated at 37 and 40 °C compared to 25 °C. The NPs were stable under simulated physiological conditions. These findings demonstrate that the addition of hydrophobic monomers, such as PLA, can tune the LCST temperatures of thermo-responsive polymers, and that PLA-b-PTEGMA copolymers have great potential for use in drug and gene delivery systems via temperature-triggered drug release mechanisms in biomedicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Lukáš Petrova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Vragović
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ewa Pavlova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zulfiya Černochová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alessandro Jäger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eliézer Jäger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rafał Konefał
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
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3
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Dau H, Jones GR, Tsogtgerel E, Nguyen D, Keyes A, Liu YS, Rauf H, Ordonez E, Puchelle V, Basbug Alhan H, Zhao C, Harth E. Linear Block Copolymer Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14471-14553. [PMID: 35960550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers form the basis of the most ubiquitous materials such as thermoplastic elastomers, bridge interphases in polymer blends, and are fundamental for the development of high-performance materials. The driving force to further advance these materials is the accessibility of block copolymers, which have a wide variety in composition, functional group content, and precision of their structure. To advance and broaden the application of block copolymers will depend on the nature of combined segmented blocks, guided through the combination of polymerization techniques to reach a high versatility in block copolymer architecture and function. This review provides the most comprehensive overview of techniques to prepare linear block copolymers and is intended to serve as a guideline on how polymerization techniques can work together to result in desired block combinations. As the review will give an account of the relevant procedures and access areas, the sections will include orthogonal approaches or sequentially combined polymerization techniques, which increases the synthetic options for these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Dau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Glen R Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Enkhjargal Tsogtgerel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Dung Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Anthony Keyes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Yu-Sheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Hasaan Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Estela Ordonez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Valentin Puchelle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Hatice Basbug Alhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Chenying Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Eva Harth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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4
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Araste F, Aliabadi A, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM, Ramezani M, Alibolandi M. Self-assembled polymeric vesicles: Focus on polymersomes in cancer treatment. J Control Release 2021; 330:502-528. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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5
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Li M, Zhou L, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Gao J, Zhang S, Lei L. One-step synthesis of poly(methacrylate)- b-polyester via “one organocatalyst, two polymerizations”. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00892g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In a “one organocatalyst, two polymerizations” system, triarylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate salt could spontaneously catalyze photo-ATRP and ROP. A well-defined PTMC-b-PMMA block copolymer was successfully synthesized in one-step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Jiani Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Shiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Lin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
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6
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Smith PP, Boyes SG. Synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymers via ring opening polymerization and reversible
addition‐fragmentation
chain transfer polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia P. Smith
- Department of Chemistry Colorado School of Mines Golden Colorado USA
| | - Stephen G. Boyes
- Department of Chemistry The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA
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7
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Raychaudhuri R, Pandey A, Hegde A, Abdul Fayaz SM, Chellappan DK, Dua K, Mutalik S. Factors affecting the morphology of some organic and inorganic nanostructures for drug delivery: characterization, modifications, and toxicological perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1737-1765. [PMID: 32878492 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1819237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In this review, we aim to highlight the impact of various processes and formulation variables influencing the characteristics of certain surfactant-based nanoconstructs for drug delivery. Areas covered: The review includes the discussion on processing parameters for the preparation of nanoconstructs, especially those made up of surfactants. Articles published in last 15 years (437) were reviewed, 381 articles were selected for data review and most appropriate articles (215) were included in article. Effect of variables such as surfactant concentration and type, membrane additives, temperature, and pH-dependent transitions on morphology has been highlighted along with effect of shape on nanoparticle uptake by cells. Various characterization techniques explored for these nanostructures with respect to size, morphology, lamellarity, distribution, etc., and a separate section on polymeric vesicles and the influence of block copolymers, type of block copolymer, control of block length, interaction of multiple block copolymers on the structure of polymersomes and chimeric nanostructures have been discussed. Finally, applications, modification, degradation, and toxicological aspects of these drug delivery systems have been highlighted. Expert opinion: Parameters influencing the morphology of micelles and vesicles can directly or indirectly affect the efficacy of small molecule cellular internalization as well as uptake in the case of biologicals.[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchira Raychaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, Karnataka State, India
| | - Abhjieet Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, Karnataka State, India
| | - Aswathi Hegde
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, Karnataka State, India
| | - Shaik Mohammad Abdul Fayaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, Karnataka State, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University , Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney , Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, Karnataka State, India
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8
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Karanikolopoulos N, Choinopoulos I, Pitsikalis M. Poly{
dl
‐lactide‐
b
‐[oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (meth)acrylate)]} block copolymers. Synthesis, characterization, micellization behavior in aqueous solutions and encapsulation of model hydrophobic compounds. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Karanikolopoulos
- Industrial Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Ioannis Choinopoulos
- Industrial Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Marinos Pitsikalis
- Industrial Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
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9
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Yasir M, Liu P, Markwart JC, Suraeva O, Wurm FR, Smart J, Lattuada M, Kilbinger AFM. One‐Step Ring Opening Metathesis Block‐Like Copolymers and their Compositional Analysis by a Novel Retardation Technique. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13597-13601. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yasir
- Department of Chemistry University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Jens C. Markwart
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Oksana Suraeva
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Jansie Smart
- Department of Chemistry University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Department of Chemistry University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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10
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Yasir M, Liu P, Markwart JC, Suraeva O, Wurm FR, Smart J, Lattuada M, Kilbinger AFM. One‐Step Ring Opening Metathesis Block‐Like Copolymers and their Compositional Analysis by a Novel Retardation Technique. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yasir
- Department of Chemistry University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Jens C. Markwart
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Oksana Suraeva
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Jansie Smart
- Department of Chemistry University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Department of Chemistry University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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11
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Jung HJ, Yu I, Nyamayaro K, Mehrkhodavandi P. Indium-Catalyzed Block Copolymerization of Lactide and Methyl Methacrylate by Sequential Addition. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Joon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Insun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kudzanai Nyamayaro
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Parisa Mehrkhodavandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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12
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Zhu S, Zhao Y, Ni M, Xu J, Zhou X, Liao Y, Wang Y, Xie X. One-Step and Metal-Free Synthesis of Triblock Quaterpolymers by Concurrent and Switchable Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:204-209. [PMID: 35638683 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A one-step and metal-free route to triblock quaterpolymers from mixtures of vinyl monomers, epoxides, anhydrides, and racemic lactide (rac-LA) has been described, which bridges three polymerization cycles involving ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of epoxides/anhydrides, ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of rac-LA, and RAFT polymerization of vinyl monomers. Taking advantage of the switchable polymerization between ROCOP and ROP, concurrent chain propagation of ROCOP/RAFT and ROP/RAFT sequentially occurs by using a trithiocarbonate compound with carboxylic group (TTC-COOH) as a versatile chain transfer agent. The multiple-chain transfer effect enables independent and precise control over the molecular weights of the three blocks and ensures narrow distribution of the resultant triblock quaterpolymers (Đ < 1.20). This work demonstrates the possibility to acquire block copolymers with high degree of structural complexities in a single efficient process by combining different block polymerization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yajun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mingli Ni
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jing Xu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Xingping Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yonggui Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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13
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Li L, Liu T, Liao JX, Zhang ZY, Song DB, Wang GH. Dual-responsive TPGS crosslinked nanocarriers to overcome multidrug resistance. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:8383-8394. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01140a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Efficient delivery of chemotherapeutic agents into tumor cells and reversal of chemoresistance are crucially important to enhance cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Medical University
- Dongguan
- China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital
- Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences
- Guangzhou 510080
- China
| | - Jia-Xin Liao
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Medical University
- Dongguan
- China
| | - Zhe-Yi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Medical University
- Dongguan
- China
| | - Dai-Bo Song
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Medical University
- Dongguan
- China
| | - Guan-Hai Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Medical University
- Dongguan
- China
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14
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Lee DC, Lamm RJ, Prossnitz AN, Boydston AJ, Pun SH. Dual Polymerizations: Untapped Potential for Biomaterials. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1800861. [PMID: 30369103 PMCID: PMC6426662 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Block copolymers with unique architectures and those that can self-assemble into supramolecular structures are used in medicine as biomaterial scaffolds and delivery vehicles for cells, therapeutics, and imaging agents. To date, much of the work relies on controlling polymer behavior by varying the monomer side chains to add functionality and tune hydrophobicity. Although varying the side chains is an efficient strategy to control polymer behavior, changing the polymer backbone can also be a powerful approach to modulate polymer self-assembly, rigidity, reactivity, and biodegradability for biomedical applications. There are many developments in the syntheses of polymers with segmented backbones, but these developments are not widely adopted as strategies to address the unique constraints and requirements of polymers for biomedical applications. This review highlights dual polymerization strategies for the synthesis of backbone-segmented block copolymers to facilitate their adoption for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Lee
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington
| | | | | | - Andrew J. Boydston
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington
| | - Suzie H. Pun
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington
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15
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Peng H, Rübsam K, Hu C, Jakob F, Schwaneberg U, Pich A. Stimuli-Responsive Poly( N-Vinyllactams) with Glycidyl Side Groups: Synthesis, Characterization, and Conjugation with Enzymes. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:992-1006. [PMID: 30608144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis of new reactive stimuli-responsive polymers by RAFT copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate and three cyclic N-vinyllactam derivatives. The copolymerization process was thoroughly investigated and the influence of the steric hindrance originating from the monomer structure of cyclic N-vinyllactams on the polymerization process and the properties of obtained copolymers were studied. A series of water-soluble copolymers with variable chemical composition, controlled molecular weight and narrow dispersity ( Đ) were synthesized and their properties are systematically investigated. Experimentally determined cloud points for different copolymers in aqueous solutions indicate shift of lower critical solution temperature (LCST) to lower values with the increase of GMA content in copolymers and increase of the lactam ring size. The obtained reactive stimuli-responsive copolymers can be efficiently used for encapsulation of cellulase in water-in-oil emulsions forming biohybrid nanogels. The enzymes entrapped in nanogels demonstrated significantly improved resistance against harsh store conditions, chaotropic agents, and organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Peng
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany.,DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. , Aachen , Germany
| | - Kristin Rübsam
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. , Aachen , Germany
| | - Chaolei Hu
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany.,DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. , Aachen , Germany
| | - Felix Jakob
- Institute for Biotechnology , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany.,DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. , Aachen , Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute for Biotechnology , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany.,DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. , Aachen , Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany.,DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. , Aachen , Germany
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16
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Finnegan M, Mallon G, Leach A, Themistou E. Electrosprayed cysteine-functionalized degradable amphiphilic block copolymer microparticles for low pH-triggered drug delivery. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01221d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent dye encapsulation and release using mucoadhesive degradable thiol-functionalized amphiphilic block copolymer microparticles prepared by electrospraying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Finnegan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast BT9 5AG
- UK
| | - Gerard Mallon
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast BT9 5AG
- UK
| | - Adam Leach
- Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast BT9 7AE
- UK
| | - Efrosyni Themistou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast BT9 5AG
- UK
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17
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Li H, Luo H, Zhao J, Zhang G. Sequence-Selective Terpolymerization from Monomer Mixtures Using a Simple Organocatalyst. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1420-1425. [PMID: 35651231 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One-step synthesis of block copolymer from mixed monomers is of great interest and challenge. Using a simple non-nucleophilic organobase as the catalyst, we have achieved sequence-selective terpolymerization from a mixture of phthalic anhydride (PA), an epoxide, and rac-lactide (LA). Alcohol-initiated alternating copolymerization of PA and epoxide occurs first and exclusively because PA is substantially more active than LA for reacting with base-activated hydroxyl. When PA is fully consumed, LA polymerizes from the termini of the first block while excess epoxide stays intact because of the mild basicity of the catalyst. The two polymerizations thus occur tandemly, both in chemoselective manners, so that an aromatic-aliphatic block copolyester is generated in this one-step synthesis. The effectiveness and versatility of this approach is demonstrated by the use of ethylene oxide and several monosubstituted epoxides as well as mono-, di-, or tetrahydroxy initiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huitong Luo
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Hydroxyl-functionalized amphiphilic triblock copolyesters made of tartaric and lactic acids: Synthesis and nanoparticle formation. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Yildirim I, Weber C, Schubert US. Old meets new: Combination of PLA and RDRP to obtain sophisticated macromolecular architectures. Prog Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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21
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Chung JJ, Fujita Y, Li S, Stevens MM, Kasuga T, Georgiou TK, Jones JR. Biodegradable inorganic-organic hybrids of methacrylate star polymers for bone regeneration. Acta Biomater 2017; 54:411-418. [PMID: 28285078 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hybrids that are molecular scale co-networks of organic and inorganic components are promising biomaterials, improving the brittleness of bioactive glass and the strength of polymers. Methacrylate polymers have high potential as the organic source for hybrids since they can be produced, through controlled polymerization, with sophisticated polymer architectures that can bond to silicate networks. Previous studies showed the mechanical properties of hybrids can be modified by polymer architecture and molar mass (MM). However, biodegradability is critical if hybrids are to be used as tissue engineering scaffolds, since the templates must be remodelled by host tissue. Degradation by-products have to either completely biodegrade or be excreted by the kidneys. Enzyme, or bio-degradation is preferred to hydrolysis by water uptake as it is expected to give a more controlled degradation rate. Here, branched and star shaped poly(methyl methacrylate-co-3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate) (poly(MMA-co-TMSPMA)) were synthesized with disulphide based dimethacrylate (DSDMA) as a biodegradable branching agent. Biodegradability was confirmed by exposing the copolymers to glutathione, a tripeptide which is known to cleave disulphide bonds. Cleaved parts of the star polymer from the hybrid system were detected after 2weeks of immersion in glutathione solution, and MM was under threshold of kidney filtration. The presence of the branching agent did not reduce the mechanical properties of the hybrids and bone progenitor cells attached on the hybrids in vitro. Incorporation of the DSDMA branching agent has opened more possibilities to design biodegradable methacrylate polymer based hybrids for regenerative medicine. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Bioactive glasses can regenerate bone but are brittle. Hybrids can overcome this problem as intimate interactions between glass and polymer creates synergetic properties. Implants have previously been made with synthetic polymers that degrade by water, however, they degrade catastrophically, causing rapid loss of strength. Polymers that degrade by biological agents may degrade at a more controlled rate, which should give time for tissue repair and transfer of load. Previously, hybrids made with star shaped poly(methyl methacrylate-co-3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate) (p(MMA-co-TMSPMA)) showed enhanced properties. However, methacrylates are not bio-degradable. Here, star shaped p(MMA-co-TMSPMA) was synthesized with a core that can be cleaved by glutathione, a tripeptide. On exposure to glutathione, the hybrid degraded, producing products with molecular weights below the kidney filtration threshold.
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22
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Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymers respond to a variety of external stimuli, which include optical, electrical, thermal, mechanical, redox, pH, chemical, environmental and biological signals. This paper is concerned with the process of forming such polymers by RAFT polymerization.
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23
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24
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Yildirim I, Sungur P, Crecelius-Vitz AC, Yildirim T, Kalden D, Hoeppener S, Westerhausen M, Weber C, Schubert US. One-pot synthesis of PLA-b-PHEA via sequential ROP and RAFT polymerizations. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01176h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A block copolymer library of polylactide and poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) was prepared via sequential ring opening polymerization and RAFT polymerization in a one-pot approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Yildirim
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Pelin Sungur
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Anna C. Crecelius-Vitz
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Turgay Yildirim
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Diana Kalden
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Matthias Westerhausen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Christine Weber
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
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25
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Ratcliffe LPD, Couchon C, Armes SP, Paulusse JMJ. Inducing an Order-Order Morphological Transition via Chemical Degradation of Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymer Nano-Objects. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:2277-83. [PMID: 27228898 PMCID: PMC4908504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
disulfide-based cyclic monomer, 3-methylidene-1,9-dioxa-5,12,13-trithiacyclopentadecane-2,8-dione
(MTC), is statistically copolymerized with 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate
to form a range of diblock copolymer nano-objects via reversible addition–fragmentation
chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Poly(glycerol monomethacrylate)
(PGMA) is employed as the hydrophilic stabilizer block in this aqueous
polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) formulation, which affords
pure spheres, worms or vesicles depending on the target degree of
polymerization for the core-forming block. When relatively low levels
(<1 mol %) of MTC are incorporated, high monomer conversions (>99%)
are achieved and high blocking efficiencies are observed, as judged
by 1H NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography
(GPC), respectively. However, the side reactions that are known to
occur when cyclic allylic sulfides such as MTC are statistically copolymerized
with methacrylic comonomers lead to relatively broad molecular weight
distributions. Nevertheless, the worm-like nanoparticles obtained
via PISA can be successfully transformed into spherical nanoparticles
by addition of excess tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) at pH 8–9.
Surprisingly, DLS and TEM studies indicate that the time scale needed
for this order–order transition is significantly longer than
that required for cleavage of the disulfide bonds located in the worm
cores indicated by GPC analysis. This reductive degradation pathway
may enable the use of these chemically degradable nanoparticles in
biomedical applications, such as drug delivery systems and responsive
biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam P D Ratcliffe
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill , Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Claudie Couchon
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill , Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P Armes
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill , Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Jos M J Paulusse
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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26
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Du N, Guo W, Yu Q, Guan S, Guo L, Shen T, Tang H, Gan Z. Poly(d,l-lactic acid)-block-poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) nanoparticles for overcoming accelerated blood clearance and achieving efficient anti-tumor therapy. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01113f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The substitution of PEG with PHPMA maintained the long circulation of PDLLA-b-PEG and alleviated the accelerated blood clearance (ABC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Wenxuan Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Qingsong Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Shuli Guan
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Linyi Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Tong Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Hao Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Zhihua Gan
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
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27
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Gaitzsch J, Delahaye M, Poma A, Du Prez F, Battaglia G. Comparison of metal free polymer–dye conjugation strategies in protic solvents. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00518g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Introducing the TAD chemistry to the field of polymer–dye conjugations to broaden the toolbox of metal- and additive-free linking methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Gaitzsch
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London WC1H 0AJ
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Maarten Delahaye
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Alessandro Poma
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London WC1H 0AJ
- UK
| | - Filip Du Prez
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent
- Belgium
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28
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Gaitzsch J, Huang X, Voit B. Engineering Functional Polymer Capsules toward Smart Nanoreactors. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1053-93. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Gaitzsch
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
| | - Xin Huang
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut fuer Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Saxony, Germany
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29
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Song J, Xu J, Pispas S, Zhang G. One-pot synthesis of poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymers. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra17202g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of ROP and ATRP in a one-pot process with DBU as ATRP ligand and ROP catalyst results in the synthesis of poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhe Song
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- Department of Chemical Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China 230026
| | - Jinbao Xu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China 510640
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute
- National Hellenic Research Foundation
- Athens 11635
- Greece
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- Department of Chemical Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China 230026
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30
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Viswanathan P, Themistou E, Ngamkham K, Reilly GC, Armes SP, Battaglia G. Controlling Surface Topology and Functionality of Electrospun Fibers on the Nanoscale using Amphiphilic Block Copolymers To Direct Mesenchymal Progenitor Cell Adhesion. Biomacromolecules 2014; 16:66-75. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500671j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Efrosyni Themistou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Kamolchanok Ngamkham
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gwendolen C. Reilly
- INSIGNEO
Institute for in Silico Medicine, Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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