Lanthanide-Assisted Nanozyme Performs Optical and Magnetic Resonance Dual-Modality Logical Signal for In Vitro Diagnosis

The iron nanozyme-based colorimetric method, which is widely applied for biosubstrate detection in in vitro diagnosis (IVD), faces some limitations. The optimal catalytic conditions of iron nanozymes necessitate a strong acidic environment, high temperature, and other restrictive factors; additionally, the colorimetric results are highly influenced by optical interferences. To address these challenges, iron nanozymes doped with various transition elements were efficiently prepared in this study, and notably, the manganese-modified one displayed a high catalytic activity owing to its electron transfer property. Furthermore, the introduction of lanthanide ions into the catalytic reactions, specifically the neodymium ion, significantly boosted the generation efficiency of hydroxyl radicals; importantly, this enhancement extended to a wide range of pH levels and temperatures, amplifying the detection signal. Moreover, the nanozyme's superparamagnetic characteristic was also employed to perform a logical optical and magnetic resonance dual-modality detection for substrates, effectively eliminating background optical interference and ensuring a reliable verification of the signal's authenticity. Based on this magnetic signal, the integration of natural glucose oxidase with the nanozyme resulted in a notable 61.5% increase in detection sensitivity, surpassing the capabilities of the traditional colorimetric approach. Consequently, the incorporation of lanthanide ions into the magnetic nanozyme enables the effective identification of physiological biomarkers through the dual-modality signal. This not only guarantees enhanced sensitivity but also demonstrates significant potential for future applications.

Genetic algorithm-assisted artificial neural network modelling for remediation and recovery of Pb (II) and Cr(VI) by manganese and cobalt spinel ferrite super nanoadsorbent

MnFe₂O₄ and CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles were hydrothermally synthesized to examine their capability in adsorption of Pb (II) and Cr (VI). The adsorbents exhibited a high rate of adsorption, reaching 90% of their adsorption capacity in less than 30 min. Furthermore, the adsorption capability of the Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) was noticeably greater at initial pollutant concentrations smaller than 40 mg/L. Maximum adsorption capacity on MnFe₂O₄ and CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles were 40 and 25.38 mg/g for Cr (VI) and 523.32 and 476.19 mg/g for Pb (II), respectively. A data-driven model of Artificial Neural Network was used for prediction of adsorption capacity at both equilibrium and non-equilibrium condition. The model parameters including the numbers of neuron (n = 7) and data portioning for training (49.5%), validation (40.5%), and testing (10%) were obtained using Genetic Algorithm. The results indicated that the model could predict the data with high accuracy (R² = 0.998). The input parameters were initial concentration, time, pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and other parameters that is dependent to the physico-chemical properties of ions and adsorbents' surface (ε, α₁, α₂). The mechanism involved in Cr(VI) and Pb(II) adsorption are electrostatic physisorption and a combination of ion exchange chemisorption and electrostatic physisorption, respectively. Desorption capability and adsorbent reuse capability were also examined.

Impact of Polyrhodanine Manganese Ferrite Binary Nanohybrids (PRHD@MnFe2O4) on Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts Activities-A Key Factor in Osteoporosis Treatment

Osteoporosis is characterized by the reduction of bone mineral density and the weakness of the bone strength leading to fractures. Searching for new compounds that stimulate bone activity and their ability to reconstruct seems to be a promising tool in osteoporosis treatment. Here, we performed analyses comparing the impact of polyrhodanine (PRHD) and its derivatives on the viability (anti-proliferative tests), morphology and mitochondrial network (confocal microscopy) towards pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1 cell line) and osteoclasts (4B12 cell line). Moreover, we assessed the expression of genes associated with the apoptosis, inflammation and osteogenic differentiation by qPCR technique. Our results clearly demonstrated that PRHD and its modification at ratio 10/90 significantly improves the pre-osteoblast’s proliferative abilities, while reducing osteoclast function. The observed effects were strongly correlated with the cytoskeleton and mitochondrial network development and arrangement. Additionally, the expression profile of genes revealed enhanced apoptosis of osteoclasts in the case of PRHD and its modification at ratio 10/90. Moreover, in this case we also observed strong anti-inflammatory properties demonstrated by decreased expression of Il1b, Tnfa and Tgfb in pre-osteoblasts and osteoclasts. On the other hand, enhanced expression of the markers associated with bone remodeling, namely, osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCL) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), seem to confirm the role of PRHD@MnFe₂O₄ in the promotion of differentiation of pre-osteoblasts through the ALP-OPN-OCL axis. Based on these observations, PRHD@MnFe₂O₄ could be a potential agent in osteoporosis treatment in future, however, further studies are still required.

Extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells as a potential therapeutic agent in acute kidney injury (AKI) in felines: review and perspectives

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), known from their key role in the regeneration process of tissues, and their abilities to release bioactive factors like extracellular vesicles (EVs) could be considered as a potential, modern tool in the treatment of AKI (acute kidney injury) in both human and veterinary patients. The complex pathophysiology of a renal function disorder (AKI) makes difficult to find a universal therapy, but the treatment strategy is based on MSCs and derived from them, EVs seem to solve this problem. Due to their small size, the ability of the cargo transport, the ease of crossing the barriers and the lack of the ability to proliferate and differentiate, EVs seem to have a significant impact on the development such therapy. Their additional impact associated with their ability to modulate immune response and inflammation process, their strong anti-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic effects and the relation with the releasing of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), that pivotal role in the AKI development is undoubtedly, limits the progress of AKI. Moreover, the availability of EVs from different sources encourages to extend research with using EVs from MSCs in AKI treatment in felines; in that, the possibilities of kidney injuries treatment are still limited to the classical therapies burdened with dangerous side effects. In this review, we underline the significance of the processes, in whose EVs are included during the AKI in order to show the potential benefits of EVs-MSCs-based therapies against AKI in felines.

Co0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4@PMMA Nanoparticles Promotes Preosteoblast Differentiation through Activation of OPN-BGLAP2-DMP1 Axis and Modulates Osteoclastogenesis under Magnetic Field Conditions

The prevalence of osteoporosis in recent years is rapidly increasing. For this reason, there is an urgent need to develop bone substitutes and composites able to enhance the regeneration of damaged tissues which meet the patients’ needs. In the case of osteoporosis, personalized, tailored materials should enhance the impaired healing process and restore the balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity. In this study, we fabricated a novel hybrid material (Co_0.5Mn₀.₅Fe₂O₄@PMMA) and investigated its properties and potential utility in the treatment of osteoporosis. The material structure was investigated with X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance, FTIR-ATR, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and selected area (electron) diffraction (SAED). Then, the biological properties of the material were investigated with pre-osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) and pre-osteoclasts (4B12) and in the presence or absence of magnetic field, using RT-qPCR and RT-PCR. During the studies, we established that the impact of the new hybrids on the pre-osteoblasts and pre-osteoclasts could be modified by the presence of the magnetic field, which could influence on the PMMA covered by magnetic nanoparticles impact on the expression of genes related to the apoptosis, cells differentiation, adhesion, microRNAs or regulating the inflammatory processes in both murine cell lines. In summary, the Co_0.5Mn₀.₅Fe₂O₄@PMMA hybrid may represent a novel approach for material optimization and may be a way forward in the fabrication of scaffolds with enhanced bioactivity that benefits osteoporotic patients.

Multifunctional Properties of Binary Polyrhodanine Manganese Ferrite Nanohybrids-From the Energy Converters to Biological Activity

The PRHD@MnFe₂O₄ binary hybrids have shown a potential for applications in the biomedical field. The polymer cover/shell provides sufficient surface protection of magnetic nanoparticles against adverse effects on the biological systems, e.g., it protects against Fenton’s reactions and the generation of highly toxic radicals. The heating ability of the PRHD@MnFe₂O₄ was measured as a laser optical density (LOD) dependence either for powders as well as nanohybrid dispersions. Dry hybrids exposed to the action of NIR radiation (808 nm) can effectively convert energy into heat that led to the enormous temperature increase ΔT 170 °C (>190 °C). High concentrated colloidal suspensions (5 mg/mL) can generate ΔT of 42 °C (65 °C). Further optimization of the nanohybrids amount and laser parameters provides the possibility of temperature control within a biologically relevant range. Biological interactions of PRHD@MnFe₂O₄ hybrids were tested using three specific cell lines: macrophages (RAW 264.7), osteosarcoma cells line (UMR-106), and stromal progenitor cells of adipose tissue (ASCs). It was shown that the cell response was strongly dependent on hybrid concentration. Antimicrobial activity of the proposed composites against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was confirmed, showing potential in the exploitation of the fabricated materials in this field.

Efficient non-contact heat generation on flexible, ternary hydroxyapatite/curdlan/nanomagnetite hybrids for temperature controlled processes

The ternary HAp/curdlan/nanomagnetite hybrids with ceramic and polymer phase incorporation of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) were fabricated to study their heating ability under action of the alternating magnetic field (AMF), 808 nm near infrared laser radiation (NIR) and their synergic stimulation. The energy conversion was evaluated in terms of the specific absorption rate (SAR) as a function of the MNPs concentration in composites and to estimate their potential in temperature-controlled regenerative processes and hyperthermia. Measurements were carried out on dry and Ringer's solution soaked composite materials in order to mimic in situ conditions. It was found that the MNPs release during prolonged experiment is limited and has no significant effect on energy conversion emphasizing stability of the hybrids. Incorporation of the MNPs in polymer phase of the hybrid can additionally limit particle leaking as well as plays a role as insulating layer for the heat dissipation lowering the risk of sample overheating. In general, it was shown that maximum temperature of hybrid can be achieved in a relatively short time of exposure to stimulating factors whereas its control can be done through optimization of experiment conditions. MNPs incorporation into the curdlan (polymer phase) lead to strengthening of the mechanical properties of the whole network.

Eco-Friendly Synthesis, Crystal Chemistry, and Magnetic Properties of Manganese-Substituted CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles

The authors report on the effect of manganese (Mn) substitution on the crystal chemistry, morphology, particle size distribution characteristics, chemical bonding, structure, and magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by a simple, cost-effective, and eco-friendly one-pot aqueous hydrothermal method. Crystal structure analyses indicate that the Mn(II)-substituted cobalt ferrites, Co1-x Mn x Fe2O4 (CMFO, x = 0.0-0.5), were crystalline with a cubic inverse spinel structure (space group Fd 3 m ). The average crystallite size increases from 8 to 14 nm with increasing Mn(II) content; the crystal growth follows an exponential growth function while the lattice parameters follow Vegard's law. Chemical bonding analyses made using Raman spectroscopic studies further confirm the cubic inverse spinel phase. The relative changes in specific vibrational modes related to octahedral sites as a function of Mn content suggest a gradual change of measure of inversion of the ferrite lattice at nanoscale dimensions. Small-angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy revealed a narrow particle size distribution with the spherical shape morphology of the CMFO NPs. The zero-field-cooled and field-cooled magnetic measurements revealed the superparamagnetic behavior of CMFO NPs at room temperature. The sample with x = 0.3 indicates a lower value of blocking temperature (9.16 K) with the improved (maximum) value of saturation magnetization. The results and the structure-composition-property correlation suggest that the economic, eco-friendly hydrothermal approach can be adopted to process superparamagnetic nanostructured magnetic materials at a relatively lower temperature for practical electronic and electromagnetic device applications.

Energy Conversion and Biocompatibility of Surface Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles with Phosphonic Moieties

Magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized using two distinctly different approaches, co-precipitation (CP) and thermal decomposition (TD), and further surface functionalized with organophosphonic ligands containing different numbers of phosphonic groups. We have shown that it is possible to fabricate flower-like assemblies of MNPs through TD at lower temperatures, whereas CP MNPs formed agglomerates of particles with broad size distribution and irregular shapes. The effect of the organophosphonic ligands on the heating efficiency of the TD and CP MNPs under dual mode stimulation (simultaneous action of AMF and NIR laser radiation) was studied for the first time. It was found that in the case of the cost-effective CP MNP synthesis surface functionalization with chosen phosphonic ligands leads to higher heating efficiency upon laser stimulation, whereas better performance of TD MNPs was found under the action of AMF due to the significant difference of nanoparticle properties. The biocompatibility of surface functionalized MNPs with organophosphonic ligands was evaluated through thorough studies of the metabolic activity of MNPs in normal human foreskin fibroblasts as well as oxidative stress induction and oxidation stress response which has not been previously reported for most of the organophosphonic moieties used in this study.

AMPK-mediated senolytic and senostatic activity of quercetin surface functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles during oxidant-induced senescence in human fibroblasts

Cellular senescence may contribute to aging and age-related diseases and senolytic drugs that selectively kill senescent cells may delay aging and promote healthspan. More recently, several categories of senolytics have been established, namely HSP90 inhibitors, Bcl-2 family inhibitors and natural compounds such as quercetin and fisetin. However, senolytic and senostatic potential of nanoparticles and surface-modified nanoparticles has never been addressed. In the present study, quercetin surface functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (MNPQ) were synthesized and their senolytic and senostatic activity was evaluated during oxidative stress-induced senescence in human fibroblasts in vitro. MNPQ promoted AMPK activity that was accompanied by non-apoptotic cell death and decreased number of stress-induced senescent cells (senolytic action) and the suppression of senescence-associated proinflammatory response (decreased levels of secreted IL-8 and IFN-β, senostatic action). In summary, we have shown for the first time that MNPQ may be considered as promising candidates for senolytic- and senostatic-based anti-aging therapies.

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Quercetin surface functionalized magnetite nanoparticles (MNPQ) were synthesized.

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MNPQ eliminated hydrogen peroxide-induced senescent human fibroblasts.

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MNPQ limited senescence-associated proinflammatory responses.

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Senotherapeutic action of MNPQ was accompanied by increased activity of AMPK.

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MNPQ may be useful for senolytic- and senostatic-based anti-aging therapies.

Efficient synthesis of PMMA@Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 organic-inorganic hybrids containing hyamine 1622 - Physicochemical properties, cytotoxic assessment and antimicrobial activity

The PMMA@Co_0.5Ni_0.5Fe₂O₄ ferrite containing hybrid nanomaterials with hyamine were prepared using emulsion polymerization method. Structural and morphological properties were evaluated using XRD, FT-IR, SEM techniques. The TGA and DTA analysis were performed in order to study the thermal properties of hybrid materials in contrast to reference material. Magnetic properties were studied using Quantum Design PPMS (VSM option) in a constant external magnetic field equal (100 Oe and 1000 Oe) in the temperature range from 2 to 380 K. Both the pure Co_0.5Ni_0.5Fe₂O₄and the sample with 85% of PMMA exhibit superparamagnetic behavior whereas blocking temperatureT_B decreases with increase of PMMA content. The cytotoxicity assessment of PMMA@Co_0.5Ni_0.5Fe₂O₄ with hyamine in J774.E murine macrophages and U2OS human osteosarcoma cell lines was performed. Additionally, sensitivity of bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 to hybrid materials (with/without hyamine) was investigated using a of Kirby-Bauer disc method.

Non-contact Mn1−xNixFe2O4 ferrite nano-heaters for biological applications – heat energy generated by NIR irradiation

Effective heat generation achieved on Mn_1−xNi_xFe₂O₄ferrite nano-heaters using NIR light irradiation instead of AC magnetic field.

Coal fly ash/CoFe2O4 composites: a magnetic adsorbent for the removal of malachite green from aqueous solution

The removal efficiency for malachite green using CFA/CFO as adsorbent is significantly improved.

Impact of Gd3+ substitution on the structural, magnetic and electrical properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles

Gd substitution reduces the crystallite size of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles and enhances their electrical and magnetic properties, which could enable a higher memory storage capability.

Related magnetic properties of CoFe2O4 cobalt ferrite particles synthesised by the polyol method with NaBH4 and heat treatment: new micro and nanoscale structures

In this contribution, hierarchical CoFe₂O₄ particles are successfully prepared via a modified polyol elaboration method with NaBH₄ and a proposed heat treatment process.

Controlled inversion and surface disorder in zinc ferrite nanocrystallites and their effects on magnetic properties

A potentially useful strategy for tuning the inversion parameter in spinel nanoferrites – and thus their magnetic characteristics – is demonstrated.

The peroxidase/catalase-like activities of MFe₂O₄ (M=Mg, Ni, Cu) MNPs and their application in colorimetric biosensing of glucose

MFe2O4 (M=Mg, Ni, Cu) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were found to have catalytic activities similar to those of biological enzymes such as catalase and peroxidase. These nanomaterials, as bifunctional catalase/peroxidases (KatGs), not only could catalyze H2O2 to produce hydroxyl radicals, which oxidized peroxidase substrate to produce color, but also could catalyze the decomposition reaction of H2O2 into water and oxygen directly in the same condition through the catalase-like activity. And it was also found that the amount of generated hydroxyl radicals and oxygen was related to the concentration of MFe2O4 (M=Mg, Ni, Cu) MNPs. The peroxidase-like catalytic behavior of MFe2O4 MNPs was analyzed in detail. Under the optimized conditions, NiFe2O4 MNPs were used as a colorimetric biosensor for the detection of 9.4×10(-7)-2.5×10(-5) mol L(-1) glucose with a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.5×10(-7) mol L(-1). The sensor was successfully applied to glucose detection in urine sample.

Precursor directed synthesis--"molecular" mechanisms in the Soft Chemistry approaches and their use for template-free synthesis of metal, metal oxide and metal chalcogenide nanoparticles and nanostructures

This review provides an insight into the common reaction mechanisms in Soft Chemistry processes involved in nucleation, growth and aggregation of metal, metal oxide and chalcogenide nanoparticles starting from metal-organic precursors such as metal alkoxides, beta-diketonates, carboxylates and their chalcogene analogues and demonstrates how mastering the precursor chemistry permits us to control the chemical and phase composition, crystallinity, morphology, porosity and surface characteristics of produced nanomaterials.

Lanthanum molybdate nanoparticles from the Bradley reaction: factors influencing their composition, structure, and functional characteristics as potential matrixes for luminescent phosphors

Interaction of lanthanum isopropoxide with molybdenum(VI) alkoxides in La/Mo ratios varying from 3:1 to 1:1 in acetophenon or allyl alcohol as solvents offers nanosized poorly crystalline products of complex composition, where the precipitation of Mo-rich ones is followed by the formation of La-rich ones with conservation of the reaction stoichiometry in total. Thermal treatment of the precipitates at temperatures over 700 °C leads to the formation of stoichiometric phases of the α- and β-La₂Mo₂O₉ compositions. Introduction of smaller Re³⁺ cations such as Sm³⁺ by doping favors stabilization of the La_2–xRE_xMo₂O₉ phase with improved crystallinity even after lower-temperature thermal treatment. The doping is successful only when the Re³⁺ (Sm³⁺, Eu³⁺, and Tb³⁺) is introduced as an alkoxide: application of Re³⁺(acac)₃ as Re³⁺ sources leads to materials free from Re³⁺. The produced samples were characterized by XPD, TGA, SEM, and TEM studies as well as the luminescent properties for the Sm³⁺-doped phases.

Precursor transformation as a function of the temperature of the thermal treatment allowed the structural changes of the intermediates and formation of La₂Mo₂O₉:Sm³⁺ to be followed. Heating to ≥700 °C leads to a mixture of α- and β-La₂Mo₂O₉ phases, introduction of smaller RE cations such as Sm³⁺ favors stabilization of the La_2−xRE_xMo₂O₉ phase with improved crystallinity even after lower-temperature thermal treatment, and the color of the produced luminescent phosphor can be tuned via controlling heat-treatment temperature.

New product from old reaction: uniform magnetite nanoparticles from iron-mediated synthesis of alkali iodides and their protection from leaching in acidic media

Magnetic material stable to acid leaching was produced by silica coating of byproduct from the industrial synthesis of alkali iodides.

Preferential site substitution of Eu3+ ions in Ca10(PO4)6Cl2 nanoparticles obtained using a microwave stimulated wet chemistry technique

The Eu³⁺ doped Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆Cl₂ nanocrystalline powders were synthesized using a microwave stimulated technique. It is demonstrated that for low concentration Ca(ii) (A) site is preferentially substituted whereas increase of Eu³⁺ above 2 mol% results in domination of the Eu³⁺ cations located at Ca(i) (B) site.