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Pierre HC, Amrine CSM, Doyle MG, Salvi A, Raja HA, Chekan JR, Huntsman AC, Fuchs JR, Liu K, Burdette JE, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. Verticillins: fungal epipolythiodioxopiperazine alkaloids with chemotherapeutic potential. Nat Prod Rep 2024. [PMID: 38629495 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00068k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Covering: 1970 through June of 2023Verticillins are epipolythiodioxopiperazine (ETP) alkaloids, many of which possess potent, nanomolar-level cytotoxicity against a variety of cancer cell lines. Over the last decade, their in vivo activity and mode of action have been explored in detail. Notably, recent studies have indicated that these compounds may be selective inhibitors of histone methyltransferases (HMTases) that alter the epigenome and modify targets that play a crucial role in apoptosis, altering immune cell recognition, and generating reactive oxygen species. Verticillin A (1) was the first of 27 analogues reported from fungal cultures since 1970. Subsequent genome sequencing identified the biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for producing verticillins, allowing a putative pathway to be proposed. Further, molecular sequencing played a pivotal role in clarifying the taxonomic characterization of verticillin-producing fungi, suggesting that most producing strains belong to the genus Clonostachys (i.e., Bionectria), Bionectriaceae. Recent studies have explored the total synthesis of these molecules and the generation of analogues via both semisynthetic and precursor-directed biosynthetic approaches. In addition, nanoparticles have been used to deliver these molecules, which, like many natural products, possess challenging solubility profiles. This review summarizes over 50 years of chemical and biological research on this class of fungal metabolites and offers insights and suggestions on future opportunities to push these compounds into pre-clinical and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herma C Pierre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA.
| | - Chiraz Soumia M Amrine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA.
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences. Arkansas Tech University, 1701 N. Boulder Ave., Russellville, Arkansas 72801, USA
| | - Michael G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA.
| | - Amrita Salvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave (M/C 870), Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA.
| | - Jonathan R Chekan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA.
| | - Andrew C Huntsman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, 500 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - James R Fuchs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, 500 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Kebin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave (M/C 870), Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | | | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA.
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Wang L, Jiang Q, Chen S, Wang S, Lu J, Gao X, Zhang D, Jin X. Natural epidithiodiketopiperazine alkaloids as potential anticancer agents: Recent mechanisms of action, structural modification, and synthetic strategies. Bioorg Chem 2023; 137:106642. [PMID: 37276722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer has become a grave health crisis that threatens the lives of millions of people worldwide. Because of the drawbacks of the available anticancer drugs, the development of novel and efficient anticancer agents should be encouraged. Epidithiodiketopiperazine (ETP) alkaloids with a 2,5-diketopiperazine (DKP) ring equipped with transannular disulfide or polysulfide bridges or S-methyl moieties constitute a special subclass of fungal natural products. Owing to their privileged sulfur units and intriguing architectural structures, ETP alkaloids exhibit excellent anticancer activities by regulating multiple cancer proteins/signaling pathways, including HIF-1, NF-κB, NOTCH, Wnt, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR, or by inducing cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy. Furthermore, a series of ETP alkaloid derivatives obtained via structural modification showed more potent anticancer activity than natural ETP alkaloids. To solve supply difficulties from natural resources, the total synthetic routes for several ETP alkaloids have been designed. In this review, we summarized several ETP alkaloids with anticancer properties with particular emphasis on their underlying mechanisms of action, structural modifications, and synthetic strategies, which will offer guidance to design and innovate potential anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Qinghua Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- China Medical University-Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Siyi Wang
- The 1st Clinical Department, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jingyi Lu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xun Gao
- Jiangsu Institute Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Dongfang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Xin Jin
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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3
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Design, Synthesis, and Bioactivities of Novel Tryptophan Derivatives Containing 2,5-Diketopiperazine and Acyl Hydrazine Moieties. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185758. [PMID: 36144506 PMCID: PMC9506431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the scaffolds widely used in drug design, a series of novel tryptophan derivatives containing 2,5-diketopiperazine and acyl hydrazine moieties have been designed, synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their biological activities. The bioassay results showed that the target compounds possessed moderate to good antiviral activities against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), among which compounds 4, 9, 14, 19, and 24 showed higher inactivation, curative, and protection activities in vivo than that of ribavirin (39 ± 1, 37 ± 1, 39 ± 1 at 500 mg/L) and comparable to that of ningnanmycin (58 ± 1, 55 ± 1, 57 ± 1% at 500 mg/L). Thus, these compounds are a promising candidate for anti-TMV development. Most of these compounds showed broad-spectrum fungicidal activities against 13 kinds of phytopathogenic fungi and selective fungicidal activities against Alternaria solani, Phytophthora capsica, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Additionally, some of these compounds exhibited larvicidal activities against Tetranychus cinnabarinus, Plutella xylostella, Culex pipiens pallens, Mythimna separata, Helicoverpa armigera, and Pyrausta nubilalis.
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Sun C, Tian W, Lin Z, Qu X. Biosynthesis of pyrroloindoline-containing natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1721-1765. [PMID: 35762180 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00030j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2022Pyrroloindoline is a privileged tricyclic indoline motif widely present in many biologically active and medicinally valuable natural products. Thus, understanding the biosynthesis of this molecule is critical for developing convenient synthetic routes, which is highly challenging for its chemical synthesis due to the presence of rich chiral centers in this molecule, especially the fully substituted chiral carbon center at the C3-position of its rigid tricyclic structure. In recent years, progress has been made in elucidating the biosynthetic pathways and enzymatic mechanisms of pyrroloindoline-containing natural products (PiNPs). This article reviews the main advances in the past few decades based on the different substitutions on the C3 position of PiNPs, especially the various key enzymatic mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of different types of PiNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Wenya Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Zhi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xudong Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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5
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Tang S, Vincent G. Natural Products Originated from the Oxidative Coupling of Tyrosine and Tryptophan: Biosynthesis and Bioinspired Synthesis. Chemistry 2021; 27:2612-2622. [PMID: 32820845 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative coupling of tyrosine and tryptophan units is a pivotal step in the total synthesis of some peptide-derived marine and terrestrial natural products, such as the diazonamides, azonazine and tryptorubin A. This Minireview details the biosynthesis and bioinspired synthesis of natural products with such structures. A special focus is put on the challenges of the synthesis of these natural products and the innovative solutions adopted by synthetic chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyu Tang
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Guillaume Vincent
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
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6
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Kilgore HR, Olsson CR, D’Angelo KA, Movassaghi M, Raines RT. n→π* Interactions Modulate the Disulfide Reduction Potential of Epidithiodiketopiperazines. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15107-15115. [PMID: 32701272 PMCID: PMC7484275 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epithiodiketopiperazines (ETPs) are a structurally complex class of fungal natural products with potent anticancer activity. In ETPs, the diketopiperazine ring is spanned by a disulfide bond that is constrained in a high-energy eclipsed conformation. We employed computational, synthetic, and spectroscopic methods to investigate the physicochemical attributes of this atypical disulfide bond. We find that the disulfide bond is stabilized by two n→π* interactions, each with large energies (3-5 kcal/mol). The n→π* interactions in ETPs make disulfide reduction much more difficult, endowing stability in physiological environments in a manner that could impact their biological activity. These data reveal a previously unappreciated means to stabilize a disulfide bond and highlight the utility of the n→π* interaction in molecular design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyan A. D’Angelo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Olsson CR, Payette JN, Cheah JH, Movassaghi M. Synthesis of Potent Cytotoxic Epidithiodiketopiperazines Designed for Derivatization. J Org Chem 2020; 85:4648-4662. [PMID: 32126173 PMCID: PMC7127967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe our design, synthesis, and chemical study of a set of functional epidithiodiketopiperazines (ETPs) and evaluation of their activity against five human cancer cell lines. Our structure-activity relationship-guided substitution of ETP alkaloids offers versatile derivatization while maintaining potent anticancer activity, offering exciting opportunity for their use as there are no examples of complex and potently anticancer (nM) ETPs being directly used as conjugatable probes or warheads. Our synthetic solutions to strategically designed ETPs with functional linkers required advances in stereoselective late-stage oxidation and thiolation chemistry in complex settings, including the application of novel reagents for dihydroxylation and cis-sulfidation of diketopiperazines. We demonstrate that complex ETPs equipped with a strategically substituted azide functional group are readily derivatized to the corresponding ETP-triazoles without compromising anticancer activity. Our chemical stability studies of ETPs along with cytotoxic evaluation of our designed ETPs against A549, DU 145, HeLa, HCT 116, and MCF7 human cancer cell lines provide insights into the impact of structural features on potency and chemical stability, informing future utility of ETPs in chemical and biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase R Olsson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joshua N Payette
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jaime H Cheah
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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Ueda H. Synthetic Studies toward Dimeric Indole Alkaloids Based on Convergent Synthetic Strategy. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:117-128. [PMID: 32009078 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The total syntheses of dimeric indole alkaloids, haplophytine, and T988s are described. These dimeric compounds comprising two structurally different indole units are ubiquitous in nature, and many possess pharmaceutically important activities. To realize an efficient chemical synthesis of these dimeric indole alkaloids, the establishment of convergent synthetic strategies and development of new coupling methods are indispensable. The linkage of two highly functionalized units at a late stage of the synthesis frequently induces synthetic problems such as chemoselectivity and steric repulsion. Moreover, although transition metal-catalyzed reactions are usually an effective method for the cross-coupling of two units, the application of these cross-coupling reactions to bond formation involving a sterically hindered C(sp3) is often difficult. Thus, even with precise modern synthetic methods, it is currently difficult to realize convergent syntheses of dimeric indole alkaloids possessing a quaternary carbon linking two units. To combat these synthetic problems, we developed a synthetic method to link two indole units using an Ag-mediated nucleophilic substitution reaction. In this review, we provide a detailed discussion of convergent synthetic strategies and coupling methods for dimeric indole alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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9
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Wang N, Saidhareddy P, Jiang X. Construction of sulfur-containing moieties in the total synthesis of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:246-275. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00093j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys the total syntheses of sulfur-containing natural products where sulfur atoms are introduced with different sulfurization agents to construct related sulfur-containing moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengzhong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- P. R. China
| | - Puli Saidhareddy
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- P. R. China
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10
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Yan Q, Carroll PJ, Gau MR, Winkler JD, Joullié MM. A Transannular Rearrangement Reaction of a Pyrroloindoline Diketopiperazine. Org Lett 2019; 21:6619-6623. [PMID: 31414824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxaline, glandicoline, and meleagrin contain a unique triazaspirocyclic structure. Attracted by their biological activities, we attempted a novel strategy, mimicking a proposed biosynthetic pathway for glandicoline B in Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium oxalicum and using a transannular rearrangement to the desired triazaspirocycle 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Patrick J Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael R Gau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Madeleine M Joullié
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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11
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Snaddon TN, Scaggs TD, Pearson CM, Fyfe JWB. A Modular Construction of Epidithiodiketopiperazines. Org Lett 2019; 21:4873-4877. [PMID: 31184903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidithiodiketopiperazines (ETPs) possess remarkably diverse biological activities and have attracted significant synthetic attention. The preparation of analogues is actively pursued; however, they are structurally challenging, and more direct and modular methods for their synthesis are desirable. To this end, the utility of a bifunctional triketopiperazine building block for the straightforward synthesis of ETPs is reported. A modular strategy consisting of enolate alkylation followed by site-selective nucleophile addition enables the concise synthesis of (±)-hyalodendrin and a range of analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Snaddon
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Toya D Scaggs
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Colin M Pearson
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - James W B Fyfe
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
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12
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Heravi MM, Zadsirjan V, Saedi P, Momeni T. Applications of Friedel-Crafts reactions in total synthesis of natural products. RSC Adv 2018; 8:40061-40163. [PMID: 35558228 PMCID: PMC9091380 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07325b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, Friedel-Crafts (FC) reactions have been acknowledged as the most useful and powerful synthetic tools for the construction of a special kind of carbon-carbon bond involving an aromatic moiety. Its stoichiometric and, more recently, its catalytic procedures have extensively been studied. This reaction in recent years has frequently been used as a key step (steps) in the total synthesis of natural products and targeted complex bioactive molecules. In this review, we try to underscore the applications of intermolecular and intramolecular FC reactions in the total syntheses of natural products and complex molecules, exhibiting diverse biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| | - Pegah Saedi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| | - Tayebeh Momeni
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
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13
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Haines BE, Nelson BM, Grandner JM, Kim J, Houk KN, Movassaghi M, Musaev DG. Mechanism of Permanganate-Promoted Dihydroxylation of Complex Diketopiperazines: Critical Roles of Counter-cation and Ion-Pairing. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13375-13386. [PMID: 30295476 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of permanganate-mediated dual C-H oxidation of complex diketopiperazines has been examined with density functional theory computations. The products of these oxidations are enabling intermediates in the synthesis of structurally diverse ETP natural products. We evaluated, for the first time, the impact of ion-pairing and aggregation states of the permanganate ion and counter-cations, such as bis(pyridine)-silver(I) (Ag+) and tetra- n-butylammonium (TBA+), on the C-H oxidation mechanism. The C-H abstraction occurs through an open shell singlet species, as noted previously, followed by O-rebound and a competing OH-rebound pathway. The second C-H oxidation proceeds with a second equivalent of oxidant with lower free energy barriers than the first C-H oxidation due to directing effects and the generation of a more reactive oxidant species after the first C-H oxidation. The success and efficiency of the second C-H oxidation are found to be critically dependent on the presence of an ion-paired oxidant. We used the developed mechanistic knowledge to rationalize an experimentally observed oxidation pattern for C3-indole-substituted diketopiperazine (+)-5 under optimal oxidation conditions: namely, the formation of diol (-)-6 as a single diastereomer and lack of the ketone products. We proposed two factors that may impede the ketone formation: (i) the conformational flexibility of the diketopiperazine ring, and (ii) hindrance of this site, making it less accessible to the ion-paired oxidant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon E Haines
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Brandon M Nelson
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Jessica M Grandner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
| | - Justin Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Djamaladdin G Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
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14
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Sasano Y, Kogure N, Nagasawa S, Kasabata K, Iwabuchi Y. 2-Azaadamantane N-oxyl (AZADO)/Cu Catalysis Enables Chemoselective Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols Containing Electron-Rich Divalent Sulfur Functionalities. Org Lett 2018; 20:6104-6107. [PMID: 30226058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The chemoselective oxidation of alcohols containing electron-rich sulfur functionalities (e.g., 1,3-dithianes and sulfides) into their corresponding carbonyl compounds with the sulfur groups can sometimes be a demanding task in modern organic chemistry. A reliable method for this transformation, which features azaadamantane-type nitroxyl radical/copper catalysis using ambient air as the terminal oxidant is reported. The superiority of the developed method was demonstrated by comparing it with various conventional alcohol oxidation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sasano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Naoki Kogure
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Shota Nagasawa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Koki Kasabata
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Iwabuchi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
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15
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Nelson BM, Loach RP, Schiesser S, Movassaghi M. Concise total synthesis of (+)-asperazine A and (+)-pestalazine B. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:202-207. [PMID: 29243756 PMCID: PMC5752586 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02985c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The highly convergent total synthesis of dimeric diketopiperazine alkaloids (+)-asperazine A and (+)-pestalazine B is described. A critical aspect of our expedient route was the development of a directed regio- and diastereoselective C3-N1' coupling of complex tetracyclic diketopiperazine components. This late-stage heterodimerization reaction was made possible by design of tetracyclic diketopiperazines that allow C3-carbocation coupling of the electrophilic component to the N1' locus of the nucleophilic fragment. The application of this new coupling reaction to the first total synthesis of (+)-asperazine A led to our revision of the sign and magnitude of the optical rotation for the reported structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Nelson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA.
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Ma Z, Chen C. Natural products as inspiration for the development of new synthetic methods. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2018; 65:43-59. [PMID: 29430058 PMCID: PMC5800783 DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201700134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have played an important role in shaping modern synthetic organic chemistry. In particular, their complex molecular skeletons have stimulated the development of many new synthetic methods. We highlight in this article some recent examples of synthetic design inspired by the biosynthesis of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, USA
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chuo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, USA
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17
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Lindovska P, Movassaghi M. Concise Synthesis of (-)-Hodgkinsine, (-)-Calycosidine, (-)-Hodgkinsine B, (-)-Quadrigemine C, and (-)-Psycholeine via Convergent and Directed Modular Assembly of Cyclotryptamines. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17590-17596. [PMID: 29058431 PMCID: PMC5733798 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-hodgkinsine, (-)-calycosidine, (-)-hodgkinsine B, (-)-quadrigemine C, and (-)-psycholeine through a diazene-directed assembly of cyclotryptamine fragments is described. Our synthetic strategy enables multiple and directed assembly of intact cyclotryptamine subunits for convergent synthesis of highly complex bis- and tris-diazene intermediates. Photoextrusion of dinitrogen from these intermediates enables completely stereoselective formation of all C3a-C3a' and C3a-C7' carbon-carbon bonds and all the associated quaternary stereogenic centers. In a representative example, photoextrusion of three dinitrogen molecules from an advanced intermediate in a single-step led to completely controlled introduction of four quaternary stereogenic centers and guided the assembly of four cyclotryptamine monomers en route to (-)-quadrigemine C. The synthesis of these complex diazenes was made possible through a new methodology for synthesis of aryl-alkyl diazenes using electronically attenuated hydrazine-nucleophiles for a silver-promoted addition to C3a-bromocyclotryptamines. The application of Rh- and Ir-catalyzed C-H amination reactions in complex settings were used to gain rapid access to C3a- and C7-functionalized cyclotryptamine monomers, respectively, used for diazene synthesis. This convergent and modular assembly of intact cyclotryptamines offers the first solution to access these alkaloids through completely stereoselective union of monomers at challenging linkages and the associated quaternary stereocenters as illustrated in our synthesis of five members of the oligocyclotryptamine family of alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Lindovska
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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18
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Bischoff AJ, Nelson BM, Niemeyer ZL, Sigman MS, Movassaghi M. Quantitative Modeling of Bis(pyridine)silver(I) Permanganate Oxidation of Hydantoin Derivatives: Guidelines for Predicting the Site of Oxidation in Complex Substrates. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15539-15547. [PMID: 28975782 PMCID: PMC5739304 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The bis(pyridine)silver(I) permanganate promoted hydroxylation of diketopiperazines has served as a pivotal transformation in the synthesis of complex epipolythiodiketopiperazine alkaloids. This late-stage C-H oxidation chemistry is strategically critical to access N-acyl iminium ion intermediates necessary for nucleophilic thiolation of advanced diketopiperazines en route to potent epipolythiodiketopiperazine anticancer compounds. In this study, we develop an informative mathematical model using hydantoin derivatives as a training set of substrates by relating the relative rates of oxidation to various calculated molecular descriptors. The model prioritizes Hammett values and percent buried volume as key contributing factors in the hydantoin series while correctly predicting the experimentally observed oxidation sites in various complex diketopiperazine case studies. Thus, a method is presented by which to use simplified training molecules and resulting correlations to explain and predict reaction behavior for more complex substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Bischoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Brandon M. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zachary L. Niemeyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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19
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Antropow AH, Xu K, Buchsbaum RJ, Movassaghi M. Synthesis and Evaluation of Agelastatin Derivatives as Potent Modulators for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis. J Org Chem 2017; 82:7720-7731. [PMID: 28696693 PMCID: PMC5600481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new agelastatin alkaloid derivatives and their anticancer evaluation in the context of the breast cancer microenvironment is described. A variety of N1-alkyl and C5-ether agelastatin derivatives were accessed via application of our strategy for convergent imidazolone synthesis from a common thioester along with appropriately substituted urea and alcohol components. These agelastatin derivatives were evaluated in our three-dimensional coculture assay for the effects of mammary fibroblasts on associated breast cancer cells. We have discovered that agelastatin alkaloids are potent modulators for cancer invasion and metastasis at noncytotoxic doses. Herein, we discuss the increased potency of (-)-agelastatin E as compared to (-)-agelastatin A in this capacity, in addition to identification of new agelastatin derivatives with activity that is statistically equivalent to (-)-agelastatin E. The chemistry described in this report provides a platform for the rapid synthesis of agelastatin derivatives with excellent potency (50-100 nM) as modulators for cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa H. Antropow
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kun Xu
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - Rachel J. Buchsbaum
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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20
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Wang H, Regan CJ, Codelli JA, Romanato P, Puchlopek-Dermenci ALA, Reisman SE. Enantioselective Synthesis of (-)-Acetylapoaranotin. Org Lett 2017; 19:1698-1701. [PMID: 28349698 PMCID: PMC5387676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first enantioselective total synthesis of the epipolythiodiketopiperazine (ETP) natural product (-)-acetylapoaranotin (3) is reported. The concise synthesis was enabled by an eight-step synthesis of a key cyclohexadienol-containing amino ester building block. The absolute stereochemistry of both amino ester building blocks used in the synthesis is set through catalytic asymmetric (1,3)-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. The formal syntheses of (-)-emethallicin E and (-)-haemotocin are also achieved through the preparation of a symmetric cyclohexadienol-containing diketopiperazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxuan Wang
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Clinton J Regan
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Julian A Codelli
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Paola Romanato
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Angela L A Puchlopek-Dermenci
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sarah E Reisman
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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21
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Tokuyama H, Sato S, Hirayama A, Adachi T, Kawauchi D, Ueda H. AgNTf2-Mediated Arylation of Bromopyrroloindolines. HETEROCYCLES 2017. [DOI: 10.3987/com-17-13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Sato S, Hirayama A, Ueda H, Tokuyama H. Total Syntheses of (+)-T988 B and (+)-T988 C through the AgNTf2-Mediated Coupling of Bromopyrroloindoline with Indole. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tohoku University; Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Azusa Hirayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tohoku University; Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tohoku University; Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Tokuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tohoku University; Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
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23
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Gao AX, Hamada T, Snyder SA. The Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Exochomine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10301-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison X. Gao
- Dept. of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way Jupiter FL 33458 USA
| | - Tomoaki Hamada
- Dept. of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way Jupiter FL 33458 USA
| | - Scott A. Snyder
- Dept. of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way Jupiter FL 33458 USA
- Dept. of Chemistry University of Chicago 5735 S. Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
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24
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Gao AX, Hamada T, Snyder SA. The Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Exochomine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison X. Gao
- Dept. of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way Jupiter FL 33458 USA
| | - Tomoaki Hamada
- Dept. of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way Jupiter FL 33458 USA
| | - Scott A. Snyder
- Dept. of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way Jupiter FL 33458 USA
- Dept. of Chemistry University of Chicago 5735 S. Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
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25
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Mailyan AK, Eickhoff JA, Minakova AS, Gu Z, Lu P, Zakarian A. Cutting-Edge and Time-Honored Strategies for Stereoselective Construction of C–N Bonds in Total Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4441-557. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Artur K. Mailyan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - John A. Eickhoff
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Anastasiia S. Minakova
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Zhenhua Gu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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26
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Loach RP, Fenton OS, Movassaghi M. Concise Total Synthesis of (+)-Asperazine, (+)-Pestalazine A, and (+)-iso-Pestalazine A. Structure Revision of (+)-Pestalazine A. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1057-64. [PMID: 26726924 PMCID: PMC4908971 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The concise, enantioselective total syntheses of (+)-asperazine (1), (+)-iso-pestalazine A (2), and (+)-pestalazine A (3) have been achieved by the development of a late-stage C3-C8' Friedel-Crafts union of polycyclic diketopiperazines. Our modular strategy enables the union of complex polycyclic diketopiperazines in virtually their final forms, thus providing rapid and highly convergent assembly at the challenging quaternary stereocenter of these dimeric alkaloids. The significance of this carbon-carbon bond formation can be gauged by the manifold constraints that were efficiently overcome, namely the substantial steric crowding at both reactive sites, the nucleophilic addition of C8' over N1' to the C3 carbocation, and the multitude of reactivity posed by the use of complex diketopiperazine fragments in the coupling event. The success of the indoline π-nucleophile that evolved through our studies is notable given the paucity of competing reaction pathways observed in the presence of the highly reactive C3 carbocation generated. This first total synthesis of (+)-pestalazine A also allowed us to revise the molecular structure for this natural alkaloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P. Loach
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Owen S. Fenton
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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27
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Denizot N, Guillot R, Kouklovsky C, Vincent G. Connecting Tyrosine and Tryptophan Units of Diazonamide A and Azonazine by a Diastereodivergent Arylative Dearomatization. Chemistry 2015; 21:18953-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Denizot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe Méthodologie, Synthèse et Molécules Thérapeutiques, Univ Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris‐Saclay, 91405, Orsay (France)
| | - Régis Guillot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe Méthodologie, Synthèse et Molécules Thérapeutiques, Univ Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris‐Saclay, 91405, Orsay (France)
| | - Cyrille Kouklovsky
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe Méthodologie, Synthèse et Molécules Thérapeutiques, Univ Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris‐Saclay, 91405, Orsay (France)
| | - Guillaume Vincent
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe Méthodologie, Synthèse et Molécules Thérapeutiques, Univ Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris‐Saclay, 91405, Orsay (France)
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28
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Szulc BR, Sil BC, Ruiz A, Hilton ST. A Common Precursor Approach to Structurally Diverse Natural Products: The Synthesis of the Core Structure of (±)-Clausenamide and the Total Synthesis of (±)-Hyalodendrin. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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29
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Abstract
The first total synthesis of (+)-luteoalbusins A and B is described. Highly regio- and diastereoselective chemical transformations in our syntheses include a Friedel-Crafts C3-indole addition to a cyclotryptophan-derived diketopiperazine, a late-stage diketopiperazine dihydroxylation, and a C11-sulfidation sequence, in addition to congener-specific polysulfane synthesis and cyclization to the corresponding epipolythiodiketopiperazine. We also report the cytoxicity of both alkaloids, and closely related derivatives, against A549, HeLa, HCT116, and MCF7 human cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C. Adams
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joshua N. Payette
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jaime H. Cheah
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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30
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Denizot N, Tomakinian T, Beaud R, Kouklovsky C, Vincent G. Synthesis of 3-arylated indolines from dearomatization of indoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Kim J, Movassaghi M. Biogenetically-inspired total synthesis of epidithiodiketopiperazines and related alkaloids. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:1159-71. [PMID: 25843276 PMCID: PMC4408872 DOI: 10.1021/ar500454v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural products chemistry has historically been the prime arena for the discovery of new chemical transformations and the fountain of insights into key biological processes. It remains a fervent incubator of progress in the fields of chemistry and biology and an exchange mediating the flow of ideas between these allied fields of science. It is with this ethos that our group has taken an interest in and pursued the synthesis of a complex family of natural products termed the dimeric epipolythiodiketopiperazine (ETP) alkaloids. We present here an Account of the highly complex target molecules to which we pegged our ambitions, our systematic and relentless efforts toward those goals, the chemistry we developed in their pursuit, and the insight we have gained for their translational potential as potent anticancer molecules. The dimeric ETP alkaloids are fungal metabolites that feature a highly complex molecular architecture comprising a densely functionalized core structure with many stereogenic centers, six of which are fully substituted, and a pair of vicinal quaternary carbon stereocenters, decorated on polycyclic architectures in addition to the unique ETP motif that has been recognized as acid-, base-, and redox-sensitive. A cyclo-dipeptide consisting of an essential tryptophan residue and a highly variable ancillary amino acid lies at the core of these structures; investigation of the transformations that take this simplistic core to the complex alkaloids lies at the heart of our research program. The dimeric epidithiodiketopiperazine alkaloids have largely resisted synthesis on account of their complexity since the 1970s when the founding members of this class, chaetocin A ( Hauser , D. et al. Helv. Chim. Acta 1970 , 53 , 1061 ) and verticillin A ( Katagiri , K. et al. J. Antibiot. 1970 , 23 , 420 ), were first isolated. This was despite their potent cytotoxic and bacteriostatic activities, which were well appreciated at the time of their discovery. In the past decade, an increasing number of studies have uncovered powerful new biological processes that these molecules can uniquely effect, such as the inhibition of histone methyltransferases by chaetocin A ( Greiner , D. et al. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2005 , 1 , 143 ). In fact, the complete collection of hexahydropyrroloindoline alkaloids features a diverse range of potent biological properties including cytotoxic, antitumor, antileukemic, antiviral, antibiotic, and antinematodal activities ( Jiang , C.-S. ; Guo , Y.-W. Mini-Rev. Med. Chem. 2011 , 11 , 728 ). This mélange of activities is reflective of their structural diversity. Under the precepts of retrobiosynthetic analysis, we have accomplished the syntheses of more than a dozen natural products, including members of the bionectin, calycanthaceous, chaetocin, gliocladin, naseseazine, and verticillin alkaloids. More importantly, these molecules have acted as venerable venues for the development of new strategies to address structural challenges including, but not limited to, C3-C3' vicinal quaternary centers, heterodimeric linkages, C3-Csp(2) linkages, diketopiperazine oxidation, stereoselective thiolation, homologue-specific polysulfidation, and C12-hydroxyl incorporation. Synthesis of these natural products has resulted in the structural confirmation, and sometimes revision such as the case of (+)-naseseazines A and B, as well as access to many plausible biogenetically relevant intermediates and new synthetic ETP derivatives. Furthermore, our studies have paved the way for the formulation of a comprehensive SAR profile and the identification of lead compounds with in vitro subnanomolar IC50's against a broad range of cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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32
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Cabanillas A, Davies CD, Male L, Simpkins NS. Highly enantioselective access to diketopiperazines via cinchona alkaloid catalyzed Michael additions. Chem Sci 2014; 6:1350-1354. [PMID: 29560222 PMCID: PMC5811140 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03218g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloid catalysed additions to triketopiperazines gives products in high yield and er (88 : 12 to 99 : 1), including bridged hydroxy-DKPs via Michael-addition–ring closure.
Michael addition reactions of triketopiperazine (TKP) derivatives to enones, mediated by a cinchona alkaloid-derived catalyst, deliver products in high yield and enantiomeric ratio (er). Use of unsaturated ester, nitrile or sulfone partners gives bridged hydroxy-diketopiperazine (DKP) products resulting from a novel Michael addition–ring closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cabanillas
- School of Chemistry , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham , B15 2TT UK
| | | | - Louise Male
- School of Chemistry , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham , B15 2TT UK
| | - Nigel S Simpkins
- School of Chemistry , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham , B15 2TT UK
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33
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Loach R, Fenton OS, Amaike K, Siegel DS, Ozkal E, Movassaghi M. C7-derivatization of C3-alkylindoles including tryptophans and tryptamines. J Org Chem 2014; 79:11254-63. [PMID: 25343326 PMCID: PMC4241164 DOI: 10.1021/jo502062z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A versatile strategy for C7-selective boronation of tryptophans, tryptamines, and 3-alkylindoles by way of a single-pot C2/C7-diboronation-C2-protodeboronation sequence is described. The combination of a mild iridium-catalyzed C2/C7-diboronation followed by an in situ palladium-catalyzed C2-protodeboronation allows efficient entry to valuable C7-boroindoles that enable further C7-derivatization. The versatility of the chemistry is highlighted by the gram-scale synthesis of C7-boronated N-Boc-L-tryptophan methyl ester and the rapid synthesis of C7-halo, C7-hydroxy, and C7-aryl tryptophan derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard
P. Loach
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-292, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Owen S. Fenton
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-292, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kazuma Amaike
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-292, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dustin S. Siegel
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-292, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Erhan Ozkal
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-292, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-292, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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34
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Welch TR, Williams RM. Epidithiodioxopiperazines. occurrence, synthesis and biogenesis. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:1376-404. [PMID: 24816491 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70097f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidithiodioxopiperazine alkaloids possess an astonishing array of molecular architecture and generally exhibit potent biological activity. Nearly twenty distinct families have been isolated and characterized since the seminal discovery of gliotoxin in 1936. Numerous biosynthetic investigations offer a glimpse at the relative ease with which Nature is able to assemble this class of molecules, while providing synthetic chemists inspiration for the development of more efficient syntheses. Herein, we discuss the isolation and characterization, proposed fungal biogeneses, and total syntheses of epidithiodioxopiperazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Welch
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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Denizot N, Pouilhès A, Cucca M, Beaud R, Guillot R, Kouklovsky C, Vincent G. Bioinspired Direct Access to Benzofuroindolines by Oxidative [3 + 2] Annulation of Phenols and Indoles. Org Lett 2014; 16:5752-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol502820p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Denizot
- Univ Paris Sud and CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO), UMR8182, Equipe Méthodologie - Synthèse & Molécules Thérapeutiques (MS&MT), Bat. 410, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Annie Pouilhès
- Univ Paris Sud and CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO), UMR8182, Equipe Méthodologie - Synthèse & Molécules Thérapeutiques (MS&MT), Bat. 410, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Mélissa Cucca
- Univ Paris Sud and CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO), UMR8182, Equipe Méthodologie - Synthèse & Molécules Thérapeutiques (MS&MT), Bat. 410, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Rodolphe Beaud
- Univ Paris Sud and CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO), UMR8182, Equipe Méthodologie - Synthèse & Molécules Thérapeutiques (MS&MT), Bat. 410, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Régis Guillot
- Univ Paris Sud and CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO), UMR8182, Equipe Méthodologie - Synthèse & Molécules Thérapeutiques (MS&MT), Bat. 410, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Cyrille Kouklovsky
- Univ Paris Sud and CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO), UMR8182, Equipe Méthodologie - Synthèse & Molécules Thérapeutiques (MS&MT), Bat. 410, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Guillaume Vincent
- Univ Paris Sud and CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO), UMR8182, Equipe Méthodologie - Synthèse & Molécules Thérapeutiques (MS&MT), Bat. 410, 91405, Orsay, France
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36
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Liao L, Shu C, Zhang M, Liao Y, Hu X, Zhang Y, Wu Z, Yuan W, Zhang X. Highly Enantioselective [3+2] Coupling of Indoles with Quinone Monoimines Promoted by a Chiral Phosphoric Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Liao L, Shu C, Zhang M, Liao Y, Hu X, Zhang Y, Wu Z, Yuan W, Zhang X. Highly Enantioselective [3+2] Coupling of Indoles with Quinone Monoimines Promoted by a Chiral Phosphoric Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10471-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Huang L, Cheng H, Zhang R, Wang M, Xie C. Exploring thein situUtilization of Cyclic Imine Intermediates Generated by Isocyanoacetate Cycloaddition: Convergent Assembly ofcis-3a,8a-Hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole Scaffolds. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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39
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Shu C, Liao LH, Liao YJ, Hu XY, Zhang YH, Yuan WC, Zhang XM. Lewis Acid Catalyzed [3+2] Coupling of Indoles with Quinone Monoacetals or Quinone Imine Ketal. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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40
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Beaud R, Guillot R, Kouklovsky C, Vincent G. Regioselective hydroarylation reactions of C3 electrophilic N-acetylindoles activated by FeCl3: an entry to 3-(hetero)arylindolines. Chemistry 2014; 20:7492-500. [PMID: 24828464 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A method for the direct and rare umpolung of the 3 position of indoles is reported. The activation of N-acetylindole with iron(III) chloride allows the C-H addition of aromatic and heteroaromatic substrates to the C2=C3 double bond of the indole nucleus to generate a quaternary center at C3 and leads regioselectively to 3-arylindolines. Optimization, scope (50 examples), practicability (gram scale, air atmosphere, room temperature), and mechanistic insights of this process are presented. Synthetic transformations of the indoline products into drug-like compounds are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Beaud
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe Méthodologie, Synthèse et Molécules Thérapeutiques, Univ Paris Sud and CNRS, 15 rue Georges Clemenceau, Bat 410, 91406, Orsay (France), Fax: (+33) 1-69-15-46-79
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41
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Smith DRM, Willemse T, Gkotsi DS, Schepens W, Maes BUW, Ballet S, Goss RJM. The first one-pot synthesis of L-7-iodotryptophan from 7-iodoindole and serine, and an improved synthesis of other L-7-halotryptophans. Org Lett 2014; 16:2622-5. [PMID: 24805161 DOI: 10.1021/ol5007746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple and scalable one-pot biotransformation enables direct access to L-halotryptophans, including L-7-iodotryptophan, from the corresponding haloindoles. The biotransformation utilizes an easy to prepare bacterial cell lysate that may be stored as the lyophilizate for several months and utilized as a catalyst as and when required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan R M Smith
- School of Chemistry and BSRC, University of St. Andrews , St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, U.K
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42
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Lathrop SP, Movassaghi M. Application of diazene-directed fragment assembly to the total synthesis and stereochemical assignment of (+)-desmethyl- meso-chimonanthine and related heterodimeric alkaloids. Chem Sci 2014; 5:10.1039/C3SC52451E. [PMID: 24409339 PMCID: PMC3881597 DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52451e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the first application of our methodology for heterodimerization via diazene fragmentation towards the total synthesis of (-)-calycanthidine, meso-chimonanthine, and (+)-desmethyl-meso-chimonanthine. Our syntheses of these alkaloids feature an improved route to C3a-aminocyclotryptamines, an enhanced method for sulfamide synthesis and oxidation, in addition to a late-stage diversification leading to the first enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-desmethyl-meso-chimonanthine and its unambiguous stereochemical assignment. This versatile strategy for directed assembly of heterodimeric cyclotryptamine alkaloids has broad implications for the controlled synthesis of higher order derivatives with related substructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Lathrop
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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43
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Mamidala R, Babu Damerla VS, Gundla R, Chary MT, Murthy YLN, Sen S. Pyrrolidine and piperidine based chiral spiro and fused scaffolds via build/couple/pair approach. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47714b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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44
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Abstract
Evolution of the synthetic strategy that culminated in the first total syntheses of the structurally unique plectosphaeroic acids B (2) and C (3) is described. The successful enantioselective route to (+)-2 and (+)-3 proceeds in 6 and 11 steps from the known hexahydro-2H-pyrazinopyrrolo[2,3-b]indole-1,4-dione 39, which in turn is available in enantiomerically pure form by chemical synthesis. The central challenge in this synthesis endeavor was uniting the hexahydro-2H-pyrazinopyrrolo[2,3-b]indole-1,4-dione and cinnabarinic acid fragments of these marine alkaloids. Critical for achieving this successful C-N bond formation was the use of an iodocinnabarinic acid diester in which the amino group was masked with two Boc substituents, a Cu(I) carboxylate complex and the weak base KOAc. The highly congested C-N bond generated in this coupling, in conjunction with the delicate nature of the densely functionalized coupling partners, provided a striking testament to the power of modern copper-mediated amination methods. Two approaches, one stereoselective, for introducing the methylthio substituents of (+)-plectosphaeroic acid B were developed. The epitrisulfide ring of (+)-plectosphaeroic acid C was formed by ring expansion of an epidisulfide precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Y. Jabri
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Larry E. Overman
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
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