1
|
Wang L, Zhang M, Teng H, Wang Z, Wang S, Li P, Wu J, Yang L, Xu G. Rationally introducing non-canonical amino acids to enhance catalytic activity of LmrR for Henry reaction. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2024; 11:26. [PMID: 38647789 PMCID: PMC10992053 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-024-00744-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of enzymes to catalyze Henry reaction has advantages of mild reaction conditions and low contamination, but low enzyme activity of promiscuous catalysis limits its application. Here, rational design was first performed to identify the key amino acid residues in Henry reaction catalyzed by Lactococcal multidrug resistance Regulator (LmrR). Further, non-canonical amino acids were introduced into LmrR, successfully obtaining variants that enhanced the catalytic activity of LmrR. The best variant, V15CNF, showed a 184% increase in enzyme activity compared to the wild type, and was 1.92 times more effective than the optimal natural amino acid variant, V15F. Additionally, this variant had a broad substrate spectrum, capable of catalyzing reactions between various aromatic aldehydes and nitromethane, with product yielded ranging from 55 to 99%. This study improved enzymatic catalytic activity by enhancing affinity between the enzyme and substrates, while breaking limited types of natural amino acid residues by introducing non-canonical amino acids into the enzyme, providing strategies for molecular modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haidong Teng
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Huadong Medicine Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 310011, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shulin Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lirong Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hanreich S, Bonandi E, Drienovská I. Design of Artificial Enzymes: Insights into Protein Scaffolds. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200566. [PMID: 36418221 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The design of artificial enzymes has emerged as a promising tool for the generation of potent biocatalysts able to promote new-to-nature reactions with improved catalytic performances, providing a powerful platform for wide-ranging applications and a better understanding of protein functions and structures. The selection of an appropriate protein scaffold plays a key role in the design process. This review aims to give a general overview of the most common protein scaffolds that can be exploited for the generation of artificial enzymes. Several examples are discussed and categorized according to the strategy used for the design of the artificial biocatalyst, namely the functionalization of natural enzymes, the creation of a new catalytic site in a protein scaffold bearing a wide hydrophobic pocket and de novo protein design. The review is concluded by a comparison of these different methods and by our perspective on the topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hanreich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Elisa Bonandi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Ivana Drienovská
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar V, Turnbull WB, Kumar A. Review on Recent Developments in Biocatalysts for Friedel–Crafts Reactions. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vajinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Akal University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda, Punjab 151302, India
| | - W. Bruce Turnbull
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Avneesh Kumar
- Department of Botany, Akal University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda, Punjab 151302, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu G, Poelarends GJ. Unlocking New Reactivities in Enzymes by Iminium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203613. [PMID: 35524737 PMCID: PMC9400869 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The application of biocatalysis in conquering challenging synthesis requires the constant input of new enzymes. Developing novel biocatalysts by absorbing catalysis modes from synthetic chemistry has yielded fruitful new-to-nature enzymes. Organocatalysis was originally bio-inspired and has become the third pillar of asymmetric catalysis. Transferring organocatalytic reactions back to enzyme platforms is a promising approach for biocatalyst creation. Herein, we summarize recent developments in the design of novel biocatalysts that adopt iminium catalysis, a fundamental branch in organocatalysis. By repurposing existing enzymes or constructing artificial enzymes, various biocatalysts for iminium catalysis have been created and optimized via protein engineering to promote valuable abiological transformations. Recent advances in iminium biocatalysis illustrate the power of combining chemomimetic biocatalyst design and directed evolution to generate useful new-to-nature enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Xu
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jung SM, Yang M, Song WJ. Symmetry-Adapted Synthesis of Dicopper Oxidases with Divergent Dioxygen Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:12433-12441. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Se-Min Jung
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwoo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Ju Song
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Van Stappen C, Deng Y, Liu Y, Heidari H, Wang JX, Zhou Y, Ledray AP, Lu Y. Designing Artificial Metalloenzymes by Tuning of the Environment beyond the Primary Coordination Sphere. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11974-12045. [PMID: 35816578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metalloenzymes catalyze a variety of reactions using a limited number of natural amino acids and metallocofactors. Therefore, the environment beyond the primary coordination sphere must play an important role in both conferring and tuning their phenomenal catalytic properties, enabling active sites with otherwise similar primary coordination environments to perform a diverse array of biological functions. However, since the interactions beyond the primary coordination sphere are numerous and weak, it has been difficult to pinpoint structural features responsible for the tuning of activities of native enzymes. Designing artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) offers an excellent basis to elucidate the roles of these interactions and to further develop practical biological catalysts. In this review, we highlight how the secondary coordination spheres of ArMs influence metal binding and catalysis, with particular focus on the use of native protein scaffolds as templates for the design of ArMs by either rational design aided by computational modeling, directed evolution, or a combination of both approaches. In describing successes in designing heme, nonheme Fe, and Cu metalloenzymes, heteronuclear metalloenzymes containing heme, and those ArMs containing other metal centers (including those with non-native metal ions and metallocofactors), we have summarized insights gained on how careful controls of the interactions in the secondary coordination sphere, including hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions, allow the generation and tuning of these respective systems to approach, rival, and, in a few cases, exceed those of native enzymes. We have also provided an outlook on the remaining challenges in the field and future directions that will allow for a deeper understanding of the secondary coordination sphere a deeper understanding of the secondary coordintion sphere to be gained, and in turn to guide the design of a broader and more efficient variety of ArMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey Van Stappen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yunling Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hirbod Heidari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jing-Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Aaron P Ledray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu Y, Lai KL, Vong K. Transition Metal Scaffolds Used To Bring New‐to‐Nature Reactions into Biological Systems. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Liu
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Ka Lun Lai
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Kenward Vong
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Maity B, Taher M, Mazumdar S, Ueno T. Artificial metalloenzymes based on protein assembly. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
9
|
Xu G, Poelarends GJ. Unlocking New Reactivities in Enzymes by Iminium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Xu
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology NETHERLANDS
| | - Gerrit J. Poelarends
- University of Groningen Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen NETHERLANDS
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Martins FL, Pordea A, Jäger CM. Computationally driven design of an artificial metalloenzyme using supramolecular anchoring strategies of iridium complexes to alcohol dehydrogenase. Faraday Discuss 2022; 234:315-335. [PMID: 35156975 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00070e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) confer non-biological reactivities to biomolecules, whilst taking advantage of the biomolecular architecture in terms of their selectivity and renewable origin. In particular, the design of ArMs by the supramolecular anchoring of metal catalysts to protein hosts provides flexible and easy to optimise systems. The use of cofactor dependent enzymes as hosts gives the advantage of both a (hydrophobic) binding site for the substrate and a cofactor pocket to accommodate the catalyst. Here, we present a computationally driven design approach of ArMs for the transfer hydrogenation reaction of cyclic imines, starting from the NADP+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from Thermoanaerobacter brockii (TbADH). We tested and developed a molecular docking workflow to define and optimize iridium catalysts with high affinity for the cofactor binding site of TbADH. The workflow uses high throughput docking of compound libraries to identify key structural motifs for high affinity, followed by higher accuracy docking methods on smaller, focused ligand and catalyst libraries. Iridium sulfonamide catalysts were selected and synthesised, containing either a triol, a furane, or a carboxylic acid to provide the interaction with the cofactor binding pocket. IC50 values of the resulting complexes during TbADH-catalysed alcohol oxidation were determined by competition experiments and were between 4.410 mM and 0.052 mM, demonstrating the affinity of the iridium complexes for either the substrate or the cofactor binding pocket of TbADH. The catalytic activity of the free iridium complexes in solution showed a maximal turnover number (TON) of 90 for the reduction of salsolidine by the triol-functionalised iridium catalyst, whilst in the presence of TbADH, only the iridium catalyst with the triol anchoring functionality showed activity for the same reaction (TON of 36 after 24 h). The observation that the artificial metalloenzymes developed here lacked stereoselectivity demonstrates the need for the further investigation and optimisation of the ArM. Our results serve as a starting point for the design of robust artificial metalloenzymes, exploiting supramolecular anchoring to natural NAD(P)H binding pockets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Floriane L Martins
- Sustainable Process Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Anca Pordea
- Sustainable Process Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Christof M Jäger
- Sustainable Process Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Iyer A, Baranov M, Foster AJ, Chordia S, Roelfes G, Vlijm R, van den Bogaart G, Poolman B. Chemogenetic Tags with Probe Exchange for Live-Cell Fluorescence Microscopy. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:891-904. [PMID: 33913682 PMCID: PMC8154248 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorogenic protein tagging systems have been less developed for prokaryotes than for eukaryotic cell systems. Here, we extend the concept of noncovalent fluorogenic protein tags in bacteria by introducing transcription factor-based tags, namely, LmrR and RamR, for probe binding and fluorescence readout under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. We developed two chemogenetic protein tags that impart fluorogenicity and a longer fluorescence lifetime to reversibly bound organic fluorophores, hence the name Chemogenetic Tags with Probe Exchange (CTPEs). We present an extensive characterization of 30 fluorophores reversibly interacting with the two different CTPEs and conclude that aromatic planar structures bind with high specificity to the hydrophobic pockets of these tags. The reversible binding of organic fluorophores to the CTPEs and the superior photophysical properties of organic fluorophores enable long-term fluorescence microscopy of living bacterial cells. Our protein tags provide a general tool for investigating (sub)cellular protein localization and dynamics, protein-protein interactions, and prolonged live-cell microscopy, even under oxygen-free conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Iyer
- Department
of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology
Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maxim Baranov
- Department
of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology
Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander J. Foster
- Department
of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology
Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shreyans Chordia
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rifka Vlijm
- Molecular
Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department
of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology
Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Poolman
- Department
of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology
Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vong K, Nasibullin I, Tanaka K. Exploring and Adapting the Molecular Selectivity of Artificial Metalloenzymes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenward Vong
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- GlycoTargeting Research Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Igor Nasibullin
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Biofunctional Chemistry Laboratory, A. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Biofunctional Chemistry Laboratory, A. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
- GlycoTargeting Research Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Drienovská I, Scheele RA, Gutiérrez de Souza C, Roelfes G. A Hydroxyquinoline-Based Unnatural Amino Acid for the Design of Novel Artificial Metalloenzymes. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3077-3081. [PMID: 32585070 PMCID: PMC7689906 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the potential of the noncanonical amino acid (8-hydroxyquinolin-3-yl)alanine (HQAla) for the design of artificial metalloenzymes. HQAla, a versatile chelator of late transition metals, was introduced into the lactococcal multidrug-resistance regulator (LmrR) by stop codon suppression methodology. LmrR_HQAla was shown to complex efficiently with three different metal ions, CuII , ZnII and RhIII to form unique artificial metalloenzymes. The catalytic potential of the CuII -bound LmrR_HQAla enzyme was shown through its ability to catalyse asymmetric Friedel-Craft alkylation and water addition, whereas the ZnII -coupled enzyme was shown to mimic natural Zn hydrolase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Drienovská
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Remkes A. Scheele
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Cora Gutiérrez de Souza
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gutiérrez de Souza C, Bersellini M, Roelfes G. Artificial Metalloenzymes based on TetR Proteins and Cu(II) for Enantioselective Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Reactions. ChemCatChem 2020; 12:3190-3194. [PMID: 32612714 PMCID: PMC7319431 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The supramolecular approach is among the most convenient methodologies for creating artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs). Usually this approach involves the binding of a transition metal ion complex to a biomolecular scaffold via its ligand, which also modulates the catalytic properties of the metal ion. Herein, we report ArMs based on the proteins CgmR, RamR and QacR from the TetR family of multidrug resistance regulators (MDRs) and Cu2+ ions, assembled without the need of a ligand. These ArMs catalyze the enantioselective vinylogous Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction with up to 75 % ee. Competition experiments with ethidium and rhodamine 6G confirm that the reactions occur in the chiral environment of the hydrophobic pocket. It is proposed that the Cu2+-substrate complex is bound via a combination of electrostatic and π-stacking interactions provided by the second coordination sphere. This approach constitutes a fast and straightforward way to assemble metalloenzymes and may facilitate future optimization of the protein scaffolds via mutagenesis or directed evolution approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cora Gutiérrez de Souza
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh49747AG GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Manuela Bersellini
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh49747AG GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh49747AG GroningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vornholt T, Jeschek M. The Quest for Xenobiotic Enzymes: From New Enzymes for Chemistry to a Novel Chemistry of Life. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2241-2249. [PMID: 32294286 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme engineering has made impressive progress in the past decades, paving the way for the widespread use of enzymes for various purposes. In contrast to "classical" enzyme engineering, which focuses on optimizing specific properties of natural enzymes, a more recent trend towards the creation of artificial enzymes that catalyze fundamentally distinct, new-to-nature reactions is observable. While approaches for creating such enzymes differ significantly, they share the common goal of enabling biocatalytic novelty to broaden the range of applications for enzymes. Although most artificial enzymes reported to date are only moderately active and barely function in vivo, they have the potential to endow cells with capabilities that were previously out of reach and thus herald a new wave of "functional xenobiology". Herein, we highlight recent developments in the field of artificial enzymes with a particular focus on challenges and opportunities for their use in xenobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Vornholt
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Jeschek
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bismuth trichloride-catalyzed oxy-Michael addition of water and alcohol to α,β-unsaturated ketones. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
17
|
Alonso-Cotchico L, Rodrı́guez-Guerra J, Lledós A, Maréchal JD. Molecular Modeling for Artificial Metalloenzyme Design and Optimization. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:896-905. [PMID: 32233391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) are obtained by inserting homogeneous catalysts into biological scaffolds and are among the most promising strategies in the quest for new-to-nature biocatalysts. The quality of their design strongly depends on how three partners interact: the biological host, the "artificial cofactor," and the substrate. However, structural characterization of functional artificial metalloenzymes by X-ray or NMR is often partial, elusive, or absent. How the cofactor binds to the protein, how the receptor reorganizes upon the binding of the cofactor and the substrate, and which are the binding mode(s) of the substrate for the reaction to proceed are key questions that are frequently unresolved yet crucial for ArM design. Such questions may eventually be solved by molecular modeling but require a step change beyond the current state-of-the-art methodologies.Here, we summarize our efforts in the study of ArMs, presenting both the development of computational strategies and their application. We first focus on our integrative computational framework that incorporates a variety of methods such as protein-ligand docking, classical molecular dynamics (MD), and pure quantum mechanical (QM) methods, which, when properly combined, are able to depict questions that range from host-cofactor binding predictions to simulations of entire catalytic mechanisms. We also pay particular attention to the protein-ligand docking strategies that we have developed to accurately predict the binding of transition metal-containing molecules to proteins. While this aspect is fundamental to many bioinorganic fields beyond ArMs, it has been disregarded from the molecular modeling landscape until very recently.Next we describe how to apply this computational framework to particular ArMs including systems previously characterized experimentally as well as others where computation served to guide the design. We start with the prediction of the interactions between homogeneous catalysts and biological hosts. Protein-ligand docking is pivotal at that stage, but it needs to be combined with QM/MM or MD approaches when the binding of the cofactor implies significant conformational changes of the protein or involve changes of the electronic state of the metal.Then, we summarize molecular modeling studies aimed at identifying cofactor-substrate arrangements inside the ArM active pocket that are consistent with its reactivity. These calculations stand on "Theozyme"-like dockings, MD-refined or not, which provide molecular rationale of the catalytic profiles of the artificial systems.In the third section, we present case studies to decode the entire catalytic mechanism of two ArMs: (1) an iridium based asymmetric transfer hydrogenase obtained by insertion of Noyori's catalyst into streptavidin and (2) a metallohydrolase achieved by including a receptor. Transition states, second coordination sphere effects, as well as motions of the cofactors are identified as drivers of the enantiomeric profiles.Finally, we report computer-aided designs of ArMs to guide experiments toward chemical and mutational changes that improve their activity and/or enantioselective profiles and expand toward future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lur Alonso-Cotchico
- Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C.n., 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona Spain
| | - Jaime Rodrı́guez-Guerra
- Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C.n., 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona Spain
| | - Agustí Lledós
- Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C.n., 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona Spain
| | - Jean-Didier Maréchal
- Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C.n., 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Synergistic catalysis in an artificial enzyme by simultaneous action of two abiological catalytic sites. Nat Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-019-0420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
19
|
Mansot J, Vasseur J, Arseniyadis S, Smietana M. α,β‐Unsaturated 2‐Acyl‐Imidazoles in Asymmetric Biohybrid Catalysis. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Mansot
- Institut des Biomolécules Max MousseronUMR 5247 CNRS Université de Montpellier, ENSCM Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier France
| | - Jean‐Jacques Vasseur
- Institut des Biomolécules Max MousseronUMR 5247 CNRS Université de Montpellier, ENSCM Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier France
| | - Stellios Arseniyadis
- Queen Mary University of LondonSchool of Biological and Chemical Sciences Mile End Road E1 4NS London UK
| | - Michael Smietana
- Institut des Biomolécules Max MousseronUMR 5247 CNRS Université de Montpellier, ENSCM Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Alonso-Cotchico L, Rodríguez-Guerra Pedregal J, Lledós A, Maréchal JD. The Effect of Cofactor Binding on the Conformational Plasticity of the Biological Receptors in Artificial Metalloenzymes: The Case Study of LmrR. Front Chem 2019; 7:211. [PMID: 31024897 PMCID: PMC6467942 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of Artificial Metalloenzymes (ArMs), which result from the incorporation of organometallic cofactors into biological structures, has grown steadily in the last two decades and important new-to-Nature reactions have been reached. These type of exercises could greatly benefit from an understanding of the structural impact that the inclusion of organometallic moieties may have on the biological host. To date though, our understanding of this phenomenon is highly partial. This lack of knowledge is one of the elements that condition that first-generation ArMs generally display relatively poor catalytic profiles. In this work, we approach this matter by assessing the dynamics and stability of a series of ArMs resulting from the inclusion, via different anchoring strategies, of a variety of organometallic cofactors into the Lactococcal multidrug resistance regulator (LmrR) protein. To this aim, we coupled standard force field-based techniques such as Protein-Ligand Docking and Molecular Dynamics simulations with a variety of trajectory convergence analyses, capable of assessing both the stability and flexibility of the different systems under study upon the binding of cofactors. Together with the experimental evidence obtained in other studies, we provide an overview on how these changes can affect the catalytic outcomes obtained from the different ArMs. Fundamentally, our results show that the convergence analysis used in this work can assess how the inclusion of synthetic metallic cofactors in proteins can condition different structural modulations of their host. Those conformational modifications are key to the success of the desired catalytic activity and their proper identification can be wisely used to improve the quality and the rate of success of the ArMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lur Alonso-Cotchico
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Agustí Lledós
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Alonso-Cotchico L, Sciortino G, Vidossich P, Rodríguez-Guerra Pedregal J, Drienovská I, Roelfes G, Lledós A, Maréchal JD. Integrated Computational Study of the Cu-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes in Water Solvent and into the Context of an Artificial Metallohydratase. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lur Alonso-Cotchico
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Sciortino
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pietro Vidossich
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain
- COBO Computational Bio-Organic Chemistry Bogotá, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 N° 18A 10, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | | | - Ivana Drienovská
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Agusti Lledós
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Didier Maréchal
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yum JH, Park S, Hiraga R, Okamura I, Notsu S, Sugiyama H. Modular DNA-based hybrid catalysts as a toolbox for enantioselective hydration of α,β-unsaturated ketones. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:2548-2553. [PMID: 30762058 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00196d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The direct addition of water to a carbon-carbon double bond remains a challenge, but such a reaction is essential for the development of efficient catalysts that enable direct access to chiral alcohols. We now report on the enantioselective hydration of α,β-unsaturated ketones, catalyzed by modular DNA-based hybrid catalysts, affording β-hydroxy ketones with up to 87% enantiomeric excess. Oligonucleotides containing an intrastrand bipyridine ligand were readily synthesized by a straightforward process using an automated solid-phase synthesis. A library of DNA-based hybrid catalysts could be systematically generated based on the composition of nucleobases, and the incorporation of a binding ligand and a nonbinding steric moiety. This study demonstrates the potential of modular DNA-based hybrid catalysts as a toolbox to accomplish the challenging enantioselective hydration reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Yum
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
![]()
The biotechnological revolution has made it
possible to create
enzymes for many reactions by directed evolution. However, because
of the immense number of possibilities, the availability of enzymes
that possess a basal level of the desired catalytic activity is a
prerequisite for success. For new-to-nature reactions, artificial
metalloenzymes (ARMs), which are rationally designed hybrids of proteins
and catalytically active transition-metal complexes, can be such a
starting point. This Account details our efforts toward the
creation of ARMs for
the catalysis of new-to-nature reactions. Key to our approach is the
notion that the binding of substrates, that is, effective molarity,
is a key component to achieving large accelerations in catalysis.
For this reason, our designs are based on the multidrug resistance
regulator LmrR, a dimeric transcription factor with a large, hydrophobic
binding pocket at its dimer interface. In this pocket, there are two
tryptophan moieties, which are important for promiscuous binding of
planar hydrophobic conjugated compounds by π-stacking. The catalytic
machinery is introduced either by the covalent linkage of a catalytically
active metal complex or via the ligand or supramolecular assembly,
taking advantage of the two central tryptophan moieties for noncovalent
binding of transition-metal complexes. Designs based on the
chemical modification of LmrR were successful
in catalysis, but this approach proved too laborious to be practical.
Therefore, expanded genetic code methodologies were used to introduce
metal binding unnatural amino acids during LmrR biosynthesis in vivo.
These ARMs have been successfully applied in Cu(II) catalyzed Friedel–Crafts
alkylation of indoles. The extension to MDRs from the TetR family
resulted in ARMs capable of providing the opposite enantiomer of the
Friedel–Crafts product. We have employed a computationally
assisted redesign of these ARMs to create a more active and selective
artificial hydratase, introducing a glutamate as a general base at
a judicious position so it can activate and direct the incoming water
nucleophile. A supramolecularly assembled ARM from LmrR and
copper(II)–phenanthroline
was successful in Friedel–Crafts alkylation reactions, giving
rise to up to 94% ee. Also, hemin was bound, resulting in an artificial
heme enzyme for enantioselective cyclopropanation reactions. The importance
of structural dynamics of LmrR was suggested by computational studies,
which showed that the pore can open up to allow access of substrates
to the catalytic iron center, which, according to the crystal structure,
is deeply buried inside the protein. Finally, the assembly approaches
were combined to introduce both
a catalytic and a regulatory domain, resulting in an ARM that was
specifically activated in the presence of Fe(II) salts but not Zn(II)
salts. Our work demonstrates that LmrR is a privileged scaffold
for ARM
design: It allows for multiple assembly methods and even combinations
of these, it can be applied in a variety of different catalytic reactions,
and it shows significant structural dynamics that contribute to achieving
the desired catalytic activity. Moreover, both the creation via expanded
genetic code methods as well as the supramolecular assembly make LmrR-based
ARMs highly suitable for achieving the ultimate goal of the integration
of ARMs in biosynthetic pathways in vivo to create a hybrid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen BS, Ribeiro de Souza FZ. Enzymatic synthesis of enantiopure alcohols: current state and perspectives. RSC Adv 2019; 9:2102-2115. [PMID: 35516160 PMCID: PMC9059855 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09004a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enantiomerically pure alcohols, as key intermediates, play an essential role in the pharmaceutical, agrochemical and chemical industries. Among the methods used for their production, biotechnological approaches are generally considered a green and effective alternative due to their mild reaction conditions and remarkable enantioselectivity. An increasing number of enzymatic strategies for the synthesis of these compounds has been developed over the years, among which seven primary methodologies can be distinguished as follows: (1) enantioselective water addition to alkenes, (2) enantioselective aldol addition, (3) enantioselective coupling of ketones with hydrogen cyanide, (4) asymmetric reduction of carbonyl compounds, (5) (dynamic) kinetic resolution of racemates, (6) enantioselective hydrolysis of epoxides, and (7) stereoselective hydroxylation of unactivated C-H bonds. Some recent reviews have examined these approaches separately; however, to date, no review has included all the above mentioned strategies. The aim of this mini-review is to provide an overview of all seven enzymatic strategies and draw conclusions on the effect of each approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Shuang Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Clarke DE, Noguchi H, Gryspeerdt JLAG, De Feyter S, Voet ARD. Artificial β-propeller protein-based hydrolases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8880-8883. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04388h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigated symmetrical β-propeller protein scaffolds as artificial hydrolases and discovered their catalytic mechanism to be centred around a threonine–histidine dyad.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Clarke
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Hiroki Noguchi
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Modelling and Design
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | | | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Arnout R. D. Voet
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Modelling and Design
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yun JJ, Liu XY, Deng W, Chu XQ, Shen ZL, Loh TP. Chromium(III)-Catalyzed Addition of Water and Alcohol to α,β-Unsaturated Ketones for the Synthesis of β-Hydroxyl and β-Alkoxyl Ketones in Aqueous Media. J Org Chem 2018; 83:10898-10907. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jin Yun
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xuan-Yu Liu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xue-Qiang Chu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Shen
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Almhjell PJ, Mills JH. Metal-chelating non-canonical amino acids in metalloprotein engineering and design. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 51:170-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
28
|
Guo B, Zijlstra DS, de Vries JG, Otten E. Oxa-Michael Addition to α,β-Unsaturated Nitriles: An Expedient Route to γ-Amino Alcohols and Derivatives. ChemCatChem 2018; 10:2868-2872. [PMID: 30263082 PMCID: PMC6147005 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Water addition to α,β-unsaturated nitriles would give facile access to the β-hydroxy-nitriles, which in turn can be hydrogenated to the γ-amino alcohols. We have previously shown that alcohols readily add in 1,4-fashion to these substrates using Milstein's Ru(PNN) pincer complex as catalyst. However, attempted water addition to α,β-unsaturated nitriles gave the 3-hydroxynitriles in mediocre yields. On the other hand, addition of benzyl alcohol proceeded in excellent yields for a variety of β-substituted unsaturated nitriles. Subsequent treatment of the benzyl alcohol addition products with TMSCl/FeCl3 resulted in the formation of 3-hydroxy-alkylnitriles. The 3-benzyloxy-alkylnitriles obtained from oxa-Michael addition also could be hydrogenated directly in the presence of acid to give the amino alcohols as their HCl salts in excellent yields. Hydrogenation under neutral conditions gave a mixture of the secondary and tertiary amines. Hydrogenation in the presence of base and Boc-anhydride gave the orthogonally bis-protected amino alcohols, in which the benzyl ether can subsequently be cleaved to yield Boc-protected amino alcohols. Thus, a variety of molecular scaffolds with a 1,3-relationship between O- and N-functional group is accessible starting from oxa-Michael addition of benzyl alcohol to α,β-unsaturated nitriles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Guo
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Douwe S. Zijlstra
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Johannes G. de Vries
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Leibniz Institute für Katalyse e. V. an derUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Edwin Otten
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Villarino L, Splan KE, Reddem E, Alonso‐Cotchico L, Gutiérrez de Souza C, Lledós A, Maréchal J, Thunnissen AWH, Roelfes G. An Artificial Heme Enzyme for Cyclopropanation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7785-7789. [PMID: 29719099 PMCID: PMC6033091 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An artificial heme enzyme was created through self-assembly from hemin and the lactococcal multidrug resistance regulator (LmrR). The crystal structure shows the heme bound inside the hydrophobic pore of the protein, where it appears inaccessible for substrates. However, good catalytic activity and moderate enantioselectivity was observed in an abiological cyclopropanation reaction. We propose that the dynamic nature of the structure of the LmrR protein is key to the observed activity. This was supported by molecular dynamics simulations, which showed transient formation of opened conformations that allow the binding of substrates and the formation of pre-catalytic structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Villarino
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Kathryn E. Splan
- Department of ChemistryMacalester College1600 Grand AvenueSaint PaulMN55105USA
| | - Eswar Reddem
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Lur Alonso‐Cotchico
- Departament de QuímicaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaEdifici C.n.08193 Cerdanyola del VallésBarcelonaSpain
| | - Cora Gutiérrez de Souza
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Agustí Lledós
- Departament de QuímicaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaEdifici C.n.08193 Cerdanyola del VallésBarcelonaSpain
| | - Jean‐Didier Maréchal
- Departament de QuímicaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaEdifici C.n.08193 Cerdanyola del VallésBarcelonaSpain
| | - Andy‐Mark W. H. Thunnissen
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Villarino L, Splan KE, Reddem E, Alonso-Cotchico L, Gutiérrez de Souza C, Lledós A, Maréchal JD, Thunnissen AMWH, Roelfes G. An Artificial Heme Enzyme for Cyclopropanation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Villarino
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Kathryn E. Splan
- Department of Chemistry; Macalester College; 1600 Grand Avenue Saint Paul MN 55105 USA
| | - Eswar Reddem
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Lur Alonso-Cotchico
- Departament de Química; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Edifici C.n. 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés Barcelona Spain
| | - Cora Gutiérrez de Souza
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Agustí Lledós
- Departament de Química; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Edifici C.n. 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés Barcelona Spain
| | - Jean-Didier Maréchal
- Departament de Química; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Edifici C.n. 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés Barcelona Spain
| | - Andy-Mark W. H. Thunnissen
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ségaud N, Drienovská I, Chen J, Browne WR, Roelfes G. Artificial Metalloproteins for Binding and Stabilization of a Semiquinone Radical. Inorg Chem 2018; 56:13293-13299. [PMID: 29027794 PMCID: PMC5676253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The interaction of a number of first-row
transition-metal ions with a 2,2′-bipyridyl alanine (bpyA)
unit incorporated into the lactococcal multidrug resistance regulator
(LmrR) scaffold is reported. The composition of the active site is
shown to influence binding affinities. In the case of Fe(II), we demonstrate
the need of additional ligating residues, in particular those containing
carboxylate groups, in the vicinity of the binding site. Moreover,
stabilization of di-tert-butylsemiquinone radical
(DTB-SQ) in water was achieved by binding to the designed
metalloproteins, which resulted in the radical being shielded from
the aqueous environment. This allowed the first characterization of
the radical semiquinone in water by resonance Raman spectroscopy. A coordination study of first-row transition-metal ions to bipyridine
alanine (bpyA) incorporated into the lactococcal multidrug resistance
regulator (LmrR) scaffold is reported. The designed metalloproteins
were shown to bind and stabilize the di-tert-butylsemiquinone
radical (DTB-SQ) in water, allowing for the first resonance
Raman characterization of this radical species in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Ségaud
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivana Drienovská
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Chen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R Browne
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kitanosono T, Masuda K, Xu P, Kobayashi S. Catalytic Organic Reactions in Water toward Sustainable Society. Chem Rev 2017; 118:679-746. [PMID: 29218984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Traditional organic synthesis relies heavily on organic solvents for a multitude of tasks, including dissolving the components and facilitating chemical reactions, because many reagents and reactive species are incompatible or immiscible with water. Given that they are used in vast quantities as compared to reactants, solvents have been the focus of environmental concerns. Along with reducing the environmental impact of organic synthesis, the use of water as a reaction medium also benefits chemical processes by simplifying operations, allowing mild reaction conditions, and sometimes delivering unforeseen reactivities and selectivities. After the "watershed" in organic synthesis revealed the importance of water, the development of water-compatible catalysts has flourished, triggering a quantum leap in water-centered organic synthesis. Given that organic compounds are typically practically insoluble in water, simple extractive workup can readily separate a water-soluble homogeneous catalyst as an aqueous solution from a product that is soluble in organic solvents. In contrast, the use of heterogeneous catalysts facilitates catalyst recycling by allowing simple centrifugation and filtration methods to be used. This Review addresses advances over the past decade in catalytic reactions using water as a reaction medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taku Kitanosono
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo , Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koichiro Masuda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo , Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Pengyu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo , Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shu Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo , Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Drienovská I, Alonso-Cotchico L, Vidossich P, Lledós A, Maréchal JD, Roelfes G. Design of an enantioselective artificial metallo-hydratase enzyme containing an unnatural metal-binding amino acid. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7228-7235. [PMID: 29081955 PMCID: PMC5633786 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03477f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of artificial metalloenzymes is a challenging, yet ultimately highly rewarding objective because of the potential for accessing new-to-nature reactions. One of the main challenges is identifying catalytically active substrate-metal cofactor-host geometries. The advent of expanded genetic code methods for the in vivo incorporation of non-canonical metal-binding amino acids into proteins allow to address an important aspect of this challenge: the creation of a stable, well-defined metal-binding site. Here, we report a designed artificial metallohydratase, based on the transcriptional repressor lactococcal multidrug resistance regulator (LmrR), in which the non-canonical amino acid (2,2'-bipyridin-5yl)alanine is used to bind the catalytic Cu(ii) ion. Starting from a set of empirical pre-conditions, a combination of cluster model calculations (QM), protein-ligand docking and molecular dynamics simulations was used to propose metallohydratase variants, that were experimentally verified. The agreement observed between the computationally predicted and experimentally observed catalysis results demonstrates the power of the artificial metalloenzyme design approach presented here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Drienovská
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , Netherlands .
| | - Lur Alonso-Cotchico
- Departament de Química , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Edifici C.n. , 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés , Barcelona , Spain .
| | - Pietro Vidossich
- Departament de Química , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Edifici C.n. , 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés , Barcelona , Spain .
| | - Agustí Lledós
- Departament de Química , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Edifici C.n. , 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés , Barcelona , Spain .
| | - Jean-Didier Maréchal
- Departament de Química , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Edifici C.n. , 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés , Barcelona , Spain .
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , Netherlands .
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Schwizer F, Okamoto Y, Heinisch T, Gu Y, Pellizzoni MM, Lebrun V, Reuter R, Köhler V, Lewis JC, Ward TR. Artificial Metalloenzymes: Reaction Scope and Optimization Strategies. Chem Rev 2017; 118:142-231. [PMID: 28714313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of a synthetic, catalytically competent metallocofactor into a protein scaffold to generate an artificial metalloenzyme (ArM) has been explored since the late 1970's. Progress in the ensuing years was limited by the tools available for both organometallic synthesis and protein engineering. Advances in both of these areas, combined with increased appreciation of the potential benefits of combining attractive features of both homogeneous catalysis and enzymatic catalysis, led to a resurgence of interest in ArMs starting in the early 2000's. Perhaps the most intriguing of potential ArM properties is their ability to endow homogeneous catalysts with a genetic memory. Indeed, incorporating a homogeneous catalyst into a genetically encoded scaffold offers the opportunity to improve ArM performance by directed evolution. This capability could, in turn, lead to improvements in ArM efficiency similar to those obtained for natural enzymes, providing systems suitable for practical applications and greater insight into the role of second coordination sphere interactions in organometallic catalysis. Since its renaissance in the early 2000's, different aspects of artificial metalloenzymes have been extensively reviewed and highlighted. Our intent is to provide a comprehensive overview of all work in the field up to December 2016, organized according to reaction class. Because of the wide range of non-natural reactions catalyzed by ArMs, this was done using a functional-group transformation classification. The review begins with a summary of the proteins and the anchoring strategies used to date for the creation of ArMs, followed by a historical perspective. Then follows a summary of the reactions catalyzed by ArMs and a concluding critical outlook. This analysis allows for comparison of similar reactions catalyzed by ArMs constructed using different metallocofactor anchoring strategies, cofactors, protein scaffolds, and mutagenesis strategies. These data will be used to construct a searchable Web site on ArMs that will be updated regularly by the authors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schwizer
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yasunori Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tillmann Heinisch
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yifan Gu
- Searle Chemistry Laboratory, University of Chicago , 5735 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Michela M Pellizzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Lebrun
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Reuter
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Köhler
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Searle Chemistry Laboratory, University of Chicago , 5735 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Bersellini M, Roelfes G. Multidrug resistance regulators (MDRs) as scaffolds for the design of artificial metalloenzymes. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:3069-3073. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00390k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Artificial metalloenzymes were created from multidrug resistance regulator proteins by in vivo incorporation of an unnatural metal binding amino acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Bersellini
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Abstract
An artificial metalloenzyme containing both a regulatory and a catalytic domain is selectively activated in presence of Fe2+ ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Bersellini
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Jiang J, Meng Y, Zhang L, Liu M. Self-Assembled Single-Walled Metal-Helical Nanotube (M-HN): Creation of Efficient Supramolecular Catalysts for Asymmetric Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15629-15635. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jiang
- Key laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Key laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Beijing 100190, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hyster TK, Ward TR. Genetische Optimierung von Metalloenzymen: Weiterentwicklung von Enzymen für nichtnatürliche Reaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd K. Hyster
- Department of Chemistry; Princeton University; Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Thomas R. Ward
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; Spitalstrasse 51 CH-4056 Basel Schweiz
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hyster TK, Ward TR. Genetic Optimization of Metalloenzymes: Enhancing Enzymes for Non-Natural Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7344-57. [PMID: 26971363 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Artificial metalloenzymes have received increasing attention over the last decade as a possible solution to unaddressed challenges in synthetic organic chemistry. Whereas traditional transition-metal catalysts typically only take advantage of the first coordination sphere to control reactivity and selectivity, artificial metalloenzymes can modulate both the first and second coordination spheres. This difference can manifest itself in reactivity profiles that can be truly unique to artificial metalloenzymes. This Review summarizes attempts to modulate the second coordination sphere of artificial metalloenzymes by using genetic modifications of the protein sequence. In doing so, successful attempts and creative solutions to address the challenges encountered are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd K Hyster
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Prier CK, Arnold FH. Chemomimetic biocatalysis: exploiting the synthetic potential of cofactor-dependent enzymes to create new catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13992-4006. [PMID: 26502343 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the astonishing breadth of enzymes in nature, no enzymes are known for many of the valuable catalytic transformations discovered by chemists. Recent work in enzyme design and evolution, however, gives us good reason to think that this will change. We describe a chemomimetic biocatalysis approach that draws from small-molecule catalysis and synthetic chemistry, enzymology, and molecular evolution to discover or create enzymes with non-natural reactivities. We illustrate how cofactor-dependent enzymes can be exploited to promote reactions first established with related chemical catalysts. The cofactors can be biological, or they can be non-biological to further expand catalytic possibilities. The ability of enzymes to amplify and precisely control the reactivity of their cofactors together with the ability to optimize non-natural reactivity by directed evolution promises to yield exceptional catalysts for challenging transformations that have no biological counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Prier
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bos J, Browne WR, Driessen AJM, Roelfes G. Supramolecular Assembly of Artificial Metalloenzymes Based on the Dimeric Protein LmrR as Promiscuous Scaffold. J Am Chem Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Bos
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R. Browne
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J. M. Driessen
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and the Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) formed by incorporating synthetic metal catalysts into protein scaffolds have the potential to impart to chemical reactions selectivity that would be difficult to achieve using metal catalysts alone. In this work, we covalently link an alkyne-substituted dirhodium catalyst to a prolyl oligopeptidase containing a genetically encoded L-4-azidophenylalanine residue to create an ArM that catalyses olefin cyclopropanation. Scaffold mutagenesis is then used to improve the enantioselectivity of this reaction, and cyclopropanation of a range of styrenes and donor-acceptor carbene precursors were accepted. The ArM reduces the formation of byproducts, including those resulting from the reaction of dirhodium-carbene intermediates with water. This shows that an ArM can improve the substrate specificity of a catalyst and, for the first time, the water tolerance of a metal-catalysed reaction. Given the diversity of reactions catalysed by dirhodium complexes, we anticipate that dirhodium ArMs will provide many unique opportunities for selective catalysis.
Collapse
|
46
|
Buron C, Sénéchal-David K, Ricoux R, Le Caër JP, Guérineau V, Méjanelle P, Guillot R, Herrero C, Mahy JP, Banse F. An Artificial Enzyme Made by Covalent Grafting of an FeIIComplex into β-Lactoglobulin: Molecular Chemistry, Oxidation Catalysis, and Reaction-Intermediate Monitoring in a Protein. Chemistry 2015; 21:12188-93. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
47
|
|
48
|
Pàmies O, Diéguez M, Bäckvall JE. Artificial Metalloenzymes in Asymmetric Catalysis: Key Developments and Future Directions. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
49
|
Lewis JC. Metallopeptide catalysts and artificial metalloenzymes containing unnatural amino acids. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 25:27-35. [PMID: 25545848 PMCID: PMC4380757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Metallopeptide catalysts and artificial metalloenzymes built from peptide scaffolds and catalytically active metal centers possess a number of exciting properties that could be exploited for selective catalysis. Control over metal catalyst secondary coordination spheres, compatibility with library based methods for optimization and evolution, and biocompatibility stand out in this regard. A wide range of unnatural amino acids (UAAs) have been incorporated into peptide and protein scaffolds using several distinct methods, and the resulting UAAs containing scaffolds can be used to create novel hybrid metal-peptide catalysts. Promising levels of selectivity have been demonstrated for several hybrid catalysts, and these provide a strong impetus and important lessons for the design of and optimization of hybrid catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared C Lewis
- University of Chicago, Department of Chemistry, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Muñoz Robles V, Ortega-Carrasco E, Alonso-Cotchico L, Rodriguez-Guerra J, Lledós A, Maréchal JD. Toward the Computational Design of Artificial Metalloenzymes: From Protein–Ligand Docking to Multiscale Approaches. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Muñoz Robles
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola
del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Ortega-Carrasco
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola
del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lur Alonso-Cotchico
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola
del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Rodriguez-Guerra
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola
del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustí Lledós
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola
del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Didier Maréchal
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola
del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|