1
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Gonzalo-Navarro C, Troyano AJ, Bermejo BGB, Organero JÁ, Massaguer A, Santos L, Rodríguez AM, Manzano BR, Durá G. Ru-terpyridine complexes containing clotrimazole as potent photoactivatable selective antifungal agents. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 260:112692. [PMID: 39151234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
The overuse of antimicrobial agents in medical and veterinary applications has led to the development of antimicrobial resistance in some microorganisms and this is now one of the major concerns in modern society. In this context, the use of transition metal complexes with photoactivatable properties, which can act as drug delivery systems triggered by light, could become a potent strategy to overcome the problem of resistance. In this work several Ru complexes with terpyridine ligands and the clotrimazole fragment, which is a potent antimycotic drug, were synthesized. The main goal was to explore the potential photoactivated activity of the complexes as antifungal agents and evaluate the effect of introducing different substituents on the terpyridine ligand. The complexes were capable of delivering the clotrimazole unit upon irradiation with visible light in a short period of time. The influence of the substituents on the photodissociation rate was explained by means of TD-DFT calculations. The complexes were tested against three different yeasts, which were selected based on their prevalence in fungal infections. The complex in which a carboxybenzene unit was attached to the terpyridine ligand showed the best activity against the three species under light, with minimal inhibitory concentration values of 0.88 μM and a phototoxicity index of 50 achieved. The activity of this complex was markedly higher than that of free clotrimazole, especially upon irradiation with visible light (141 times higher). The complexes were more active on yeast species than on cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gonzalo-Navarro
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avda. C. J. Cela, 10, UCLM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Antonio J Troyano
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avda. C. J. Cela, 10, UCLM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Beatriz García-Béjar Bermejo
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Ed. Marie Curie, Avenida C. J. Cela, s/n, UCLM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Juan Ángel Organero
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímicas and INAMOL, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Anna Massaguer
- Universitat de Girona, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Maria Aurelia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Lucía Santos
- Departamento de Q. Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avda. C. J. Cela, s/n, UCLM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ana M Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica- IRICA, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Avda. C. J. Cela, 3, UCLM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Blanca R Manzano
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avda. C. J. Cela, 10, UCLM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Gema Durá
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avda. C. J. Cela, 10, UCLM, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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2
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Welsh A, Matshitse R, Khan SF, Nyokong T, Prince S, Smith GS. Trinuclear ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes: Evaluation as photosensitizers for enhanced cervical cancer treatment. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 256:112545. [PMID: 38581803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Trinuclear ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes anchored to benzimidazole-triazine / trisamine scaffolds were investigated as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. The trinuclear complexes were noted to produce a significant amount of singlet oxygen in both DMF and aqueous media, are photostable and show appreciable emission quantum yields (ɸem). In our experimental setting, despite the moderate phototoxic activity in the HeLa cervical cancer cell line, the phototoxic indices (PI) of the trinuclear complexes are superior relative to the PIs of a clinically approved photosensitizer, Photofrin®, and the pro-drug 5-aminolevulinic acid (PI: >7 relative to PI: >1 and PI: 4.4 for 5-aminolevulinic acid and Photofrin®, respectively). Furthermore, the ruthenium complexes were noted to show appreciable long-term cytotoxicity upon light irradiation in HeLa cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Consequently, this long-term activity of the ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes embodies their ability to reduce the probability of the recurrence of cervical cancer. Taken together, this presents a strong motivation for the development of polymetallic complexes as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athi Welsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, ,South Africa
| | - Refilwe Matshitse
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Saif F Khan
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Science, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Sharon Prince
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Science, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Gregory S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, ,South Africa.
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3
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Scaccaglia M, Birbaumer MP, Pinelli S, Pelosi G, Frei A. Discovery of antibacterial manganese(i) tricarbonyl complexes through combinatorial chemistry. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3907-3919. [PMID: 38487233 PMCID: PMC10935722 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05326a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The continuous rise of antimicrobial resistance is a serious threat to human health and already causing hundreds of thousands of deaths each year. While natural products and synthetic organic small molecules have provided the majority of our current antibiotic arsenal, they are falling short in providing new drugs with novel modes of action able to treat multidrug resistant bacteria. Metal complexes have recently shown promising results as antimicrobial agents, but the number of studied compounds is still vanishingly small, making it difficult to identify promising compound classes or elucidate structure-activity relationships. To accelerate the pace of discovery we have applied a combinatorial chemistry approach to the synthesis of metalloantibiotics. Utilizing robust Schiff-base chemistry and combining 7 picolinaldehydes with 10 aniline derivatives, and 6 axial ligands, either imidazole/pyridine-based or solvent, we have prepared a library of 420 novel manganese tricarbonyl complexes. All compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial properties and 10 lead compounds were identified, re-synthesised and fully characterised. All 10 compounds showed high and broad activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The best manganese complex displayed low toxicity against human cells with a therapeutic index of >100. In initial mode of action studies, we show that it targets the bacterial membrane without inducing pore formation or depolarisation. Instead, it releases its carbon monoxide ligands around the membrane and inhibits the bacterial respiratory chain. This work demonstrates that large numbers of metal complexes can be accessed through combinatorial synthesis and evaluated for their antibacterial potential, allowing for the rapid identification of promising metalloantibiotic lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Scaccaglia
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma 43124 Parma Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Michael P Birbaumer
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Silvana Pinelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma Via Gramsci 14 43126 Parma Italy
| | - Giorgio Pelosi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Angelo Frei
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
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4
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O’Shaughnessy M, Sheils O, Baird AM. The Lung Microbiome in COPD and Lung Cancer: Exploring the Potential of Metal-Based Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12296. [PMID: 37569672 PMCID: PMC10419288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer 17 are two of the most prevalent and debilitating respiratory diseases worldwide, both associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. As major global health concerns, they impose a substantial burden on patients, healthcare systems, and society at large. Despite their distinct aetiologies, lung cancer and COPD share common risk factors, clinical features, and pathological pathways, which have spurred increasing research interest in their co-occurrence. One area of particular interest is the role of the lung microbiome in the development and progression of these diseases, including the transition from COPD to lung cancer. Exploring novel therapeutic strategies, such as metal-based drugs, offers a potential avenue for targeting the microbiome in these diseases to improve patient outcomes. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the lung microbiome, with a particular emphasis on COPD and lung cancer, and to discuss the potential of metal-based drugs as a therapeutic strategy for these conditions, specifically concerning targeting the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan O’Shaughnessy
- School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orla Sheils
- School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, D08 RX0X Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne-Marie Baird
- School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
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5
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Frei A, Verderosa AD, Elliott AG, Zuegg J, Blaskovich MAT. Metals to combat antimicrobial resistance. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:202-224. [PMID: 37117903 PMCID: PMC9907218 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria, similar to most organisms, have a love-hate relationship with metals: a specific metal may be essential for survival yet toxic in certain forms and concentrations. Metal ions have a long history of antimicrobial activity and have received increasing attention in recent years owing to the rise of antimicrobial resistance. The search for antibacterial agents now encompasses metal ions, nanoparticles and metal complexes with antimicrobial activity ('metalloantibiotics'). Although yet to be advanced to the clinic, metalloantibiotics are a vast and underexplored group of compounds that could lead to a much-needed new class of antibiotics. This Review summarizes recent developments in this growing field, focusing on advances in the development of metalloantibiotics, in particular, those for which the mechanism of action has been investigated. We also provide an overview of alternative uses of metal complexes to combat bacterial infections, including antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and radionuclide diagnosis of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Frei
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Anthony D Verderosa
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alysha G Elliott
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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6
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Smitten K, Southam HM, Fairbanks S, Graf A, Chauvet A, Thomas JA. Clearing an ESKAPE Pathogen in a Model Organism; A Polypyridyl Ruthenium(II) Complex Theranostic that Treats a Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infection in Galleria mellonella. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203555. [PMID: 36420820 PMCID: PMC10946903 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies we have described the therapeutic action of luminescent dinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes based on the tetrapyridylphenazine, tpphz, bridging ligand on pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. Herein, the antimicrobial activity of the complex against pernicious Gram-negative ESKAPE pathogenic strains of Acinetobacter baumannii (AB12, AB16, AB184 and AB210) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA2017, PA_ 007_ IMP and PA_ 004_ CRCN) are reported. Estimated minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations for the complexes revealed the complex shows potent activity against all A. baumannii strains, in both glucose defined minimal media and standard nutrient rich Mueller-Hinton-II. Although the activity was lower in P. aureginosa, a moderately high potency was observed and retained in carbapenem-resistant strains. Optical microscopy showed that the compound is rapidly internalized by A. baumannii. As previous reports had revealed the complex exhibited no toxicity in Galleria Mellonella up to concentrations of 80 mg/kg, the ability to clear pathogenic infection within this model was explored. The pathogenic concentrations to the larvae for each bacterium were determined to be≥105 for AB184 and≥103 CFU/mL for PA2017. It was found a single dose of the compound totally cleared a pathogenic A. baumannii infection from all treated G. mellonella within 96 h. Uniquely, in these conditions thanks to the imaging properties of the complex the clearance of the bacteria within the hemolymph of G. mellonella could be directly visualized through both optical and transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Smitten
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS3 7HFUK
| | | | - Simon Fairbanks
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS3 7HFUK
| | - Arthur Graf
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS3 7HFUK
| | - Adrien Chauvet
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS3 7HFUK
| | - Jim A Thomas
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS3 7HFUK
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7
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Jian Y, Peng Y, Zhou W, Xu Y, Li C, Wang X, Zhou Q. Ru(II) Complexes with Enaminone Structures for Rapid Sterilization of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA with Little Accumulation of Drug Resistance. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300065. [PMID: 36751034 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug-resistant bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), pose a serious threat to human life. Therefore, there is urgent need to develop antibiotics with new chemical structures and antibacterial mechanisms, especially those that elicit little drug resistance after long-term use. Herein we synthesized three novel ruthenium complexes (Ru1-Ru3) containing the enaminone structures for the first time. At a concentration of 5 μM, Ru1-Ru3 can lead to a CFU reduction of about 5 log units towards S. aureus and MRSA. Interestingly, Ru3 displayed rapid bactericidal effects and could decrease the CFU numbers of both pathogens by 5 log units within 40 min. The control compounds (Ru4 and Ru5) without the enaminone structures displayed very poor antibacterial activity under the same conditions. Moreover, S. aureus did not show apparent drug resistance towards Ru3 after 20 passages incubation with a sublethal concentration. These results highlight the critical role of enaminone structures for antibacterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jian
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Yatong Peng
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Wanpeng Zhou
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Yunli Xu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Qianxiong Zhou
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
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8
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9
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Munteanu AC, Uivarosi V. Ruthenium Complexes in the Fight against Pathogenic Microorganisms. An Extensive Review. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:874. [PMID: 34199283 PMCID: PMC8232020 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of drug-resistant populations of microorganisms. Clearly, one can see the need to develop new, more effective, antimicrobial agents that go beyond the explored 'chemical space'. In this regard, their unique modes of action (e.g., reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, redox activation, ligand exchange, depletion of substrates involved in vital cellular processes) render metal complexes as promising drug candidates. Several Ru (II/III) complexes have been included in, or are currently undergoing, clinical trials as anticancer agents. Based on the in-depth knowledge of their chemical properties and biological behavior, the interest in developing new ruthenium compounds as antibiotic, antifungal, antiparasitic, or antiviral drugs has risen. This review will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Ru (II/III) frameworks as antimicrobial agents. Some aspects regarding the relationship between their chemical structure and mechanism of action, cellular localization, and/or metabolism of the ruthenium complexes in bacterial and eukaryotic cells are discussed as well. Regarding the antiviral activity, in light of current events related to the Covid-19 pandemic, the Ru (II/III) compounds used against SARS-CoV-2 (e.g., BOLD-100) are also reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra-Cristina Munteanu
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentina Uivarosi
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
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10
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Song H, Postings M, Scott P, Rogers NJ. Metallohelices emulate the properties of short cationic α-helical peptides. Chem Sci 2021; 12:1620-1631. [PMID: 34163922 PMCID: PMC8179244 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06412b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring peptides in many living systems perform antimicrobial and anticancer host defence roles, but their potential for clinical application is limited by low metabolic stability and relatively high costs of goods. Self-assembled helical metal complexes provide an attractive synthetic platform for non-peptidic architectures that can emulate some of the properties of short cationic α-helical peptides, with tuneable charge, shape, size and amphipathicity. Correspondingly there is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that these supramolecular architectures exhibit bioactivity that emulates that of the natural systems. We review that evidence in the context of synthetic advances in the area, driven by the potential for biomedical applications. We note some design considerations for new biologically-relevant metallohelices, and give our outlook on the future of these compounds as therapeutic peptidomimetics.
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11
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Lee SY, Kim CY, Nam TG. Ruthenium Complexes as Anticancer Agents: A Brief History and Perspectives. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:5375-5392. [PMID: 33299303 PMCID: PMC7721113 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s275007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum (Pt)-based anticancer drugs such as cisplatin have been used to treat various cancers. However, they have some limitations including poor selectivity and toxicity towards normal cells and increasing chemoresistance. Therefore, there is a need for novel metallo-anticancers, which has not been met for decades. Since the initial introduction of ruthenium (Ru) polypyridyl complex, a number of attempts at structural evolution have been conducted to improve efficacy. Among them, half-sandwich Ru-arene complexes have been the most prominent as an anticancer platform. Such complexes have clearly shown superior anticancer profiles such as increased selectivity toward cancer cells and ameliorating toxicity against normal cells compared to existing Pt-based anticancers. Currently, several Ru complexes are under human clinical trials. For improvement in selectivity and toxicity associated with chemotherapy, Ru complexes as photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT), which can selectively activate prodrug moieties in a specific region, have also been investigated. With all these studies on these interesting entities, new metallo-anticancer drugs to at least partially replace existing Pt-based anticancers are anticipated. This review covers a brief description of Ru-based anticancer complexes and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yeul Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyu Nam
- Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do15588, Republic of Korea
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12
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Abstract
Traditional organic antimicrobials mainly act on specific biochemical processes such as replication, transcription and translation. However, the emergence and wide spread of microbial resistance is a growing threat for human beings. Therefore, it is highly necessary to design strategies for the development of new drugs in order to target multiple cellular processes that should improve their efficiency against several microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses or fungi. The present review is focused on recent advances and findings of new antimicrobial strategies based on metal complexes. Recent studies indicate that some metal ions cause different types of damages to microbial cells as a result of membrane degradation, protein dysfunction and oxidative stress. These unique modes of action, combined with the wide range of three-dimensional geometries that metal complexes can adopt, make them suitable for the development of new antimicrobial drugs.
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13
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Soliman N, Sol V, Ouk TS, Thomas CM, Gasser G. Encapsulation of a Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complex into Polylactide Nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E961. [PMID: 33066200 PMCID: PMC7602071 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) also known as photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a promising strategy to eradicate pathogenic microorganisms such as Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This therapy relies on the use of a molecule called photosensitizer capable of generating, from molecular oxygen, reactive oxygen species including singlet oxygen under light irradiation to induce bacteria inactivation. Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes can be considered as potential photosensitizers for aPDT/PDI. However, to allow efficient treatment, they must be able to penetrate bacteria. This can be promoted by using nanoparticles. In this work, ruthenium-polylactide (RuPLA) nanoconjugates with different tacticities and molecular weights were prepared from a Ru(II) polypyridyl complex, RuOH. Narrowly-dispersed nanoparticles with high ruthenium loadings (up to 53%) and an intensity-average diameter < 300 nm were obtained by nanoprecipitation, as characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Their phototoxicity effect was evaluated on four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and compared to the parent compound RuOH. RuOH and the nanoparticles were found to be non-active towards Gram-negative bacterial strains. However, depending on the tacticity and molecular weight of the RuPLA nanoconjugates, differences in photobactericidal activity on Gram-positive bacterial strains have been evidenced whereas RuOH remained non active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Soliman
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, CNRS, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France;
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, CNRS, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Sol
- Laboratoire PEIRENE, Limoges University, EA 7500, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France;
| | - Tan-Sothea Ouk
- Laboratoire PEIRENE, Limoges University, EA 7500, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France;
| | - Christophe M. Thomas
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, CNRS, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, CNRS, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
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14
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Smitten KL, Thick EJ, Southam HM, Bernardino de la Serna J, Foster SJ, Thomas JA. Mononuclear ruthenium(ii) theranostic complexes that function as broad-spectrum antimicrobials in therapeutically resistant pathogens through interaction with DNA. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8828-8838. [PMID: 34123136 PMCID: PMC8163430 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03410j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Six luminescent, mononuclear ruthenium(ii) complexes based on the tetrapyridophenazine (tpphz) and dipyridophenazine (dppz) ligands are reported. The therapeutic activities of the complexes against Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (E. faecalis and S. aureus) including pathogenic multi- and pan-drug resistant strains were assessed. Estimated minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations show the activity of the lead compound is comparable to ampicillin and oxacillin in therapeutically sensitive strains and this activity was retained in resistant strains. Unlike related dinuclear analogues the lead compound does not damage bacterial membranes but is still rapidly taken up by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in a glucose independent manner. Direct imaging of the complexes through super-resolution nanoscopy and transmission electron microscopy reveals that once internalized the complexes' intracellular target for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains is bacterial DNA. Model toxicity screens showed the compound is non-toxic to Galleria mellonella even at exposure concentrations that are orders of magnitude higher than the bacterial MIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty L Smitten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Brook Hill Sheffield S3 7HF UK
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield Western Bank Sheffield UK
| | - Eleanor J Thick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Brook Hill Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Hannah M Southam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield Western Bank Sheffield UK
| | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Central Laser Facility, United Kingdom Research and Innovation OX11 0FA UK
| | - Simon J Foster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield Western Bank Sheffield UK
| | - Jim A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Brook Hill Sheffield S3 7HF UK
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15
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Frei A, Amado M, Cooper MA, Blaskovich MAT. Light-Activated Rhenium Complexes with Dual Mode of Action against Bacteria. Chemistry 2020; 26:2852-2858. [PMID: 31788867 PMCID: PMC7687258 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
New antibiotics and innovative approaches to kill drug-resistant bacteria are urgently needed. Metal complexes offer access to alternative modes of action but have only sparingly been investigated in antibacterial drug discovery. We have developed a light-activated rhenium complex with activity against drug-resistant S. aureus and E. coli. The activity profile against mutant strains combined with assessments of cellular uptake and synergy suggest two distinct modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Frei
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueensland4072Australia
| | - Maite Amado
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueensland4072Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueensland4072Australia
| | - Mark A. T. Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueensland4072Australia
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16
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Frei A. Metal Complexes, an Untapped Source of Antibiotic Potential? Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E90. [PMID: 32085590 PMCID: PMC7168053 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the widespread rise of antimicrobial resistance, most traditional sources for new drug compounds have been explored intensively for new classes of antibiotics. Meanwhile, metal complexes have long had only a niche presence in the medicinal chemistry landscape, despite some compounds, such as the anticancer drug cisplatin, having had a profound impact and still being used extensively in cancer treatments today. Indeed, metal complexes have been largely ignored for antibiotic development. This is surprising as metal compounds have access to unique modes of action and exist in a wider range of three-dimensional geometries than purely organic compounds. These properties make them interesting starting points for the development of new drugs. In this perspective article, , the encouraging work that has been done on antimicrobial metal complexes, mainly over the last decade, is highlighted. Promising metal complexes, their activity profiles, and possible modes of action are discussed and issues that remain to be addressed are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Frei
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
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17
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Smitten KL, Fairbanks SD, Robertson CC, Bernardino de la Serna J, Foster SJ, Thomas JA. Ruthenium based antimicrobial theranostics - using nanoscopy to identify therapeutic targets and resistance mechanisms in Staphylococcus aureus. Chem Sci 2020; 11:70-79. [PMID: 32110358 PMCID: PMC7012045 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04710g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies we reported that specific dinuclear RuII complexes are particularly active against pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria and, unusually for this class of compounds, appeared to display lowered activity against Gram-positive bacteria. With the aim of identifying resistance mechanisms specific to Gram-positive bacteria, the uptake and antimicrobial activity of the lead complex against Staphylococcus aureus SH1000 and other isolates, including MRSA was investigated. This revealed differential, strain specific, sensitivity to the complex. Exploiting the inherent luminescent properties of the RuII complex, super-resolution STED nanoscopy was used to image its initial interaction with S. aureus and confirm its cellular internalization. Membrane damage assays and transmission electron microscopy confirm that the complex disrupts the bacterial membrane structure before internalization, which ultimately results in a small amount of DNA damage. A known resistance mechanism against cationic antimicrobials in Gram-positive bacteria involves increased expression of the mprF gene as this results in an accumulation of positively charged lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol on the outer leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane that electrostatically repel cationic species. Consistent with this model, it was found that an mprF deficient strain was particularly susceptible to treatment with the lead complex. More detailed co-staining studies also revealed that the complex was more active in S. aureus strains missing, or with altered, wall teichoic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty L Smitten
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK . ;
- The Florey Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , University of Sheffield , S10 2TN , UK
| | - Simon D Fairbanks
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK . ;
| | - Craig C Robertson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK . ;
| | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- National Heart and Lung Institute , Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London SW7 2AZ , UK
- Research Complex at Harwell , Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Central Laser Facility , United Kingdom Research and Innovation , OX11 0FA , UK
| | - Simon J Foster
- The Florey Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , University of Sheffield , S10 2TN , UK
| | - Jim A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK . ;
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18
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Simpson DH, Hapeshi A, Rogers NJ, Brabec V, Clarkson GJ, Fox DJ, Hrabina O, Kay GL, King AK, Malina J, Millard AD, Moat J, Roper DI, Song H, Waterfield NR, Scott P. Metallohelices that kill Gram-negative pathogens using intracellular antimicrobial peptide pathways. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9708-9720. [PMID: 32015803 PMCID: PMC6977464 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03532j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of new water-compatible optically pure metallohelices - made by self-assembly of simple non-peptidic organic components around Fe ions - exhibit similar architecture to some natural cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) and are found to have high, structure-dependent activity against bacteria, including clinically problematic Gram-negative pathogens. A key compound is shown to freely enter rapidly dividing E. coli cells without significant membrane disruption, and localise in distinct foci near the poles. Several related observations of CAMP-like mechanisms are made via biophysical measurements, whole genome sequencing of tolerance mutants and transcriptomic analysis. These include: high selectivity for binding of G-quadruplex DNA over double stranded DNA; inhibition of both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase I in vitro; curing of a plasmid that contributes to the very high virulence of the E. coli strain used; activation of various two-component sensor/regulator and acid response pathways; and subsequent attempts by the cell to lower the net negative charge of the surface. This impact of the compound on multiple structures and pathways corresponds with our inability to isolate fully resistant mutant strains, and supports the idea that CAMP-inspired chemical scaffolds are a realistic approach for antimicrobial drug discovery, without the practical barriers to development that are associated with natural CAMPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Simpson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Alexia Hapeshi
- Warwick Medical School , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Nicola J Rogers
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Viktor Brabec
- The Czech Academy of Sciences , Institute of Biophysics , Kralovopolska 135 , CZ-61265 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - David J Fox
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Ondrej Hrabina
- The Czech Academy of Sciences , Institute of Biophysics , Kralovopolska 135 , CZ-61265 Brno , Czech Republic
- Department of Biophysics , Palacky University , Slechtitelu 27 , 783 71 Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Gemma L Kay
- Warwick Medical School , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Andrew K King
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Jaroslav Malina
- The Czech Academy of Sciences , Institute of Biophysics , Kralovopolska 135 , CZ-61265 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Andrew D Millard
- Warwick Medical School , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
| | - John Moat
- School of Life Sciences , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Campus , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
| | - David I Roper
- School of Life Sciences , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Campus , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Hualong Song
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | | | - Peter Scott
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
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Smitten KL, Southam HM, de la Serna JB, Gill MR, Jarman PJ, Smythe CGW, Poole RK, Thomas JA. Using Nanoscopy To Probe the Biological Activity of Antimicrobial Leads That Display Potent Activity against Pathogenic, Multidrug Resistant, Gram-Negative Bacteria. ACS NANO 2019; 13:5133-5146. [PMID: 30964642 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal leads that are also compatible with imaging technologies are attractive, as they facilitate the development of therapeutics through direct mechanistic observations at the molecular level. In this context, the uptake and antimicrobial activities of several luminescent dinuclear RuII complexes against E. coli were assessed and compared to results obtained for another ESKAPE pathogen, the Gram-positive major opportunistic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis, V583. The most promising lead displays potent activity, particularly against the Gram-negative bacteria, and potency is retained in the uropathogenic multidrug resistant EC958 ST131 strain. Exploiting the inherent luminescent properties of this complex, super-resolution STED nanoscopy was used to image its initial localization at/in cellular membranes and its subsequent transfer to the cell poles. Membrane damage assays confirm that the complex disrupts the bacterial membrane structure before internalization. Mammalian cell culture and animal model studies indicate that the complex is not toxic to eukaryotes, even at concentrations that are several orders of magnitude higher than its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Taken together, these results have identified a lead molecular architecture for hard-to-treat, multiresistant, Gram-negative bacteria, which displays activities that are already comparable to optimized natural product-based leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty L Smitten
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Western Bank , Sheffield S3 7HF , U.K
| | - Hannah M Southam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , The University of Sheffield , Western Bank , Sheffield S10 2TN , U.K
| | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell , Science and Technology Facilities Council , Harwell-Oxford , Didcot OX11 0QX , U.K
- Department of Physics , King's College London , London WC2R 2LS , U.K
| | - Martin R Gill
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Western Bank , Sheffield S3 7HF , U.K
| | - Paul J Jarman
- Department of Biomedical Science , The University of Sheffield , Western Bank , Sheffield S10 2TN , U.K
| | - Carl G W Smythe
- Department of Biomedical Science , The University of Sheffield , Western Bank , Sheffield S10 2TN , U.K
| | - Robert K Poole
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , The University of Sheffield , Western Bank , Sheffield S10 2TN , U.K
| | - Jim A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Western Bank , Sheffield S3 7HF , U.K
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20
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Sun B, Musgrave IF, Day AI, Heimann K, Keene FR, Collins JG. Eukaryotic Cell Toxicity and HSA Binding of [Ru(Me 4phen)(bb 7)] 2+ and the Effect of Encapsulation in Cucurbit[10]uril. Front Chem 2018; 6:595. [PMID: 30560120 PMCID: PMC6287197 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicity (IC50) of a series of mononuclear ruthenium complexes containing bis[4(4′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)]-1,n-alkane (bbn) as a tetradentate ligand against three eukaryotic cell lines—BHK (baby hamster kidney), Caco-2 (heterogeneous human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma) and Hep-G2 (liver carcinoma)—have been determined. The results demonstrate that cis-α-[Ru(Me4phen)(bb7)]2+ (designated as α-Me4phen-bb7, where Me4phen = 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) showed little toxicity toward the three cell lines, and was considerably less toxic than cis-α-[Ru(phen)(bb12)]2+ (α-phen-bb12) and the dinuclear complex [{Ru(phen)2}2{μ-bb12}]4+. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to study the binding of the ruthenium complexes with human serum albumin (HSA). The binding of α-Me4phen-bb7 to the macrocyclic host molecule cucurbit[10]uril (Q[10]) was examined by NMR spectroscopy. Large upfield 1H NMR chemical shift changes observed for the methylene protons in the bb7 ligand upon addition of Q[10], coupled with the observation of several intermolecular ROEs in ROESY spectra, indicated that α-Me4phen-bb7 bound Q[10] with the bb7 methylene carbons within the cavity and the metal center positioned outside one of the portals. Simple molecular modeling confirmed the feasibility of the binding model. An α-Me4phen-bb7-Q[10] binding constant of 9.9 ± 0.2 × 106 M−1 was determined by luminescence spectroscopy. Q[10]-encapsulation decreased the toxicity of α-Me4phen-bb7 against the three eukaryotic cell lines and increased the binding affinity of the ruthenium complex for HSA. Confocal microscopy experiments indicated that the level of accumulation of α-Me4phen-7 in BHK cells is not significantly affected by Q[10]-encapsulation. Taken together, the combined results suggest that α-Me4phen-7 could be a good candidate as a new antimicrobial agent, and Q[10]-encapsulation could be a method to improve the pharmacokinetics of the ruthenium complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyun Sun
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ian F Musgrave
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anthony I Day
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kirsten Heimann
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - F Richard Keene
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine/Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - J Grant Collins
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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21
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Li X, Gorle AK, Sundaraneedi MK, Keene FR, Collins JG. Kinetically-inert polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes as therapeutic agents. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Yang Y, Liao G, Fu C. Recent Advances on Octahedral Polypyridyl Ruthenium(II) Complexes as Antimicrobial Agents. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10060650. [PMID: 30966684 PMCID: PMC6404027 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments of therapeutic agents based on transition metals have attracted a great deal of attention. Metal drugs have advantages over other small molecule drugs, and it was demonstrated that, in a number of studies, they played an important role in pharmaceutical chemical research and clinical chemotherapy of cancers. It is worthwhile mentioning that octahedral polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes have shown remarkable applications in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry over the last decade. However, only very recently has there been comprehensive interest in their antimicrobial properties due to metal-related toxic concerns or neglected potential roles in microbiological systems. Our review will highlight the recent developments in octahedral polypyridyl ruthenium(III) complexes that have exhibited significant antimicrobial activities and will discuss the relationship between the chemical structure and biological process of ruthenium complexes, in both bacterial and fungal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Guojian Liao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Chen Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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23
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Liu X, Sun B, Kell REM, Southam HM, Butler JA, Li X, Poole RK, Keene FR, Collins JG. The Antimicrobial Activity of Mononuclear Ruthenium(II) Complexes Containing the dppz Ligand. Chempluschem 2018; 83:643-650. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Liu
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences; University of New South Wales; Australian Defence Force Academy; Canberra ACT 2600 Australia
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering; Hunan University of Arts and Science; ChangDe 415000 P. R. China
| | - Biyun Sun
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences; University of New South Wales; Australian Defence Force Academy; Canberra ACT 2600 Australia
| | - Ruby E. M. Kell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; The University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
| | - Hannah M. Southam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; The University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan A. Butler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; The University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
| | - Xin Li
- New Drug Screening Center; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing JiangSu Province 210009 P. R. China
| | - Robert K. Poole
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; The University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
| | - F. Richard Keene
- School of Physical Sciences; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine; Centre for Biodiscovery & Molecular Development of Therapeutics; James Cook University; Townsville QLD 4811 Australia
| | - J. Grant Collins
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences; University of New South Wales; Australian Defence Force Academy; Canberra ACT 2600 Australia
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24
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Sun B, Southam HM, Butler JA, Poole RK, Burgun A, Tarzia A, Keene FR, Collins JG. Synthesis, isomerisation and biological properties of mononuclear ruthenium complexes containing the bis[4(4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl)]-1,7-heptane ligand. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:2422-2434. [PMID: 29379923 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04595f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A series of mononuclear ruthenium(ii) complexes containing the tetradentate ligand bis[4(4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl)]-1,7-heptane have been synthesised and their biological properties examined. In the synthesis of the [Ru(phen')(bb7)]2+ complexes (where phen' = 1,10-phenanthroline and its 5-nitro-, 4,7-dimethyl- and 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl- derivatives), both the symmetric cis-α and non-symmetric cis-β isomers were formed. However, upon standing for a number of days (or more quickly under harsh conditions) the cis-β isomer converted to the more thermodynamically stable cis-α isomer. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of the ruthenium(ii) complexes were determined against six strains of bacteria: Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA); and the Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains MG1655, APEC, UPEC and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The results showed that the [Ru(5-NO2phen)(bb7)]2+ complex had little or no activity against any of the bacterial strains. By contrast, for the other cis-α-[Ru(phen')(bb7)]2+ complexes, the antimicrobial activity increased with the degree of methylation. In particular, the cis-α-[Ru(Me4phen)(bb7)]2+ complex showed excellent and uniform MIC activity against all bacteria. By contrast, the MBC values for the cis-α-[Ru(Me4phen)(bb7)]2+ complex varied considerably across the bacteria and even within S. aureus and E. coli strains. In order to gain an understanding of the relative antimicrobial activities, the DNA-binding affinity, cellular accumulation and water-octanol partition coefficients (log P) of the ruthenium complexes were determined. Interestingly, all the [Ru(phen')(bb7)]2+ complexes exhibited stronger DNA binding affinity (Ka ≈ 1 × 107 M-1) than the well-known DNA-intercalating complex [Ru(phen)2(dppz)]2+ (where dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyun Sun
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
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25
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Mårtensson AKF, Bergentall M, Tremaroli V, Lincoln P. Diastereomeric bactericidal effect of Ru(phenanthroline) 2 dipyridophenazine. Chirality 2018; 28:713-720. [PMID: 27791316 PMCID: PMC5248623 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Metal susceptibility assays and spot plating were used to investigate the antimicrobial activity of enantiopure [Ru(phen)2 dppz]2+ (phen =1,10-phenanthroline and dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2´,3´-c]phenazine) and [μ-bidppz(phen)4 Ru2 ]4+ (bidppz =11,11´-bis(dipyrido[3,2-a:2´,3´-c]phenazinyl)), on Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis as bacterial models. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined for both complexes: while [μ-bidppz(phen)4 Ru2 ]4+ only showed a bactericidal effect at the highest concentrations tested, the antimicrobial activity of [Ru(phen)2 dppz]2+ against B. subtilis was comparable to that of tetracyline. In addition, the Δ-enantiomer of [Ru(phen)2 dppz]2+ showed a 2-fold higher bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect compared to the Λ-enantiomer. This was in accordance with the enantiomers relative binding affinity for DNA, thus strongly indicating DNA binding as the mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K F Mårtensson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Mattias Bergentall
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Valentina Tremaroli
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Lincoln
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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26
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Chai H, Liu T, Zheng D, Yu Z. Cooperative N–H and CH2 Skeleton Effects on the Catalytic Activities of Bimetallic Ru(II)–NNN Complexes: Experimental and Theoretical Study. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huining Chai
- Dalian Institute
of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Dalian Institute
of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daoyuan Zheng
- Dalian Institute
of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengkun Yu
- Dalian Institute
of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
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27
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Gorle AK, Bottomley AL, Harry EJ, Collins JG, Keene FR, Woodward CE. DNA condensation in live E. coli provides evidence for transertion. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:677-680. [PMID: 28232991 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00753h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Condensation studies of chromosomal DNA in E. coli with a tetranuclear ruthenium complex are carried out and images obtained with wide-field fluorescence microscopy. Remarkably different condensate morphologies resulted, depending upon the treatment protocol. The occurrence of condensed nucleoid spirals in live bacteria provides evidence for the transertion hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Gorle
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
| | - Amy L Bottomley
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Harry
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - J Grant Collins
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
| | - F Richard Keene
- Centre for Biodiscovery & Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia and School of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5066, Australia.
| | - Clifford E Woodward
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
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28
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Lenis-Rojas OA, Roma-Rodrigues C, Fernandes AR, Marques F, Pérez-Fernández D, Guerra-Varela J, Sánchez L, Vázquez-García D, López-Torres M, Fernández A, Fernández JJ. Dinuclear RuII(bipy)2 Derivatives: Structural, Biological, and in Vivo Zebrafish Toxicity Evaluation. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:7127-7144. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A. Lenis-Rojas
- Departamento de Química Fundamental & Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Catarina Roma-Rodrigues
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da
Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandra R. Fernandes
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da
Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Centro de Ciências
e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, LRS, Portugal
| | - David Pérez-Fernández
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología
Física. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Jorge Guerra-Varela
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología
Física. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología
Física. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Digna Vázquez-García
- Departamento de Química Fundamental & Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Margarita López-Torres
- Departamento de Química Fundamental & Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández
- Departamento de Química Fundamental & Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jesús J. Fernández
- Departamento de Química Fundamental & Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
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29
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Griffith C, Dayoub AS, Jaranatne T, Alatrash N, Mohamedi A, Abayan K, Breitbach ZS, Armstrong DW, MacDonnell FM. Cellular and cell-free studies of catalytic DNA cleavage by ruthenium polypyridyl complexes containing redox-active intercalating ligands. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3726-3740. [PMID: 28553531 PMCID: PMC5428021 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04094b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes (RPCs), [(phen)2Ru(tatpp)]2+ (32+ ) and [(phen)2Ru(tatpp)Ru(phen)2]4+ (44+ ) are shown to cleave DNA in cell-free studies in the presence of a mild reducing agent, i.e. glutathione (GSH), in a manner that is enhanced upon lowering the [O2]. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the cleavage process as hydroxy radical scavengers attenuate the cleavage activity. Cleavage experiments in the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase reveal a central role for H2O2 as the immediate precursor for hydroxy radicals. A mechanism is proposed which explains the inverse [O2] dependence and ROS data and involves redox cycling between three DNA-bound redox isomers of 32+ or 44+ . Cultured non-small cell lung cancer cells (H358) are sensitive to 32+ and 44+ with IC50 values of 13 and 15 μM, respectively, and xenograft H358 tumors in nude mice show substantial (∼80%) regression relative to untreated tumors when the mice are treated with enantiopure versions of 32+ and 44+ (Yadav et al. Mol Cancer Res, 2013, 12, 643). Fluorescence microscopy of H358 cells treated with 15 μM 44+ reveals enhanced intracellular ROS production in as little as 2 h post treatment. Detection of phosphorylated ATM via immunofluorescence within 2 h of treatment with 44+ reveals initiation of the DNA damage repair machinery due to the ROS insult and DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in the nuclei of H358 cells and is confirmed using the γH2AX assay. The cell data for 32+ is less clear but DNA damage occurs. Notably, cells treated with [Ru(diphenylphen)3]2+ (IC50 1.7 μM) show no extra ROS production and no DNA damage by either the pATM or γH2AX even after 22 h. The enhanced DNA cleavage under low [O2] (4 μM) seen in cell-free cleavage assays of 32+ and 44+ is only partially reflected in the cytotoxicity of 32+ and 44+ in H358, HCC2998, HOP-62 and Hs766t under hypoxia (1.1% O2) relative to normoxia (18% O2). Cells treated with RPC 32+ show up to a two-fold enhancement in the IC50 under hypoxia whereas cells treated with RPC 44+ gave the same IC50 whether under hypoxia or normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Griffith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Adam S Dayoub
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Thamara Jaranatne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Nagham Alatrash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Ali Mohamedi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Kenneth Abayan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Zachary S Breitbach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Frederick M MacDonnell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
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30
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Saeed HK, Saeed IQ, Buurma NJ, Thomas JA. The Structure of Linkers Affects the DNA Binding Properties of Tethered Dinuclear Ruthenium(II) Metallo-Intercalators. Chemistry 2017; 23:5467-5477. [PMID: 28072487 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the long-term aim of enhancing the binding properties of dinuclear RuII -based DNA light-switch complexes, a series of eight structurally related mono- and dinuclear systems are reported in which the linker of the bridging ligand has been modulated. These tethered systems have been designed to explore issues of steric demand at the binding site and the thermodynamic cost of entropy loss upon binding. Detailed spectroscopic and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) studies on the new complexes reveal that one of the linkers produces a dinuclear system that binds to duplex DNA with an affinity (Kb >107 m-1 ) that is higher than its corresponding monometallic complex and is the highest affinity for a non-threading bis-intercalating metal complex. These studies confirm that the tether has a major effect on the binding properties of dinuclear complexes containing intercalating units and establishes key design rules for the construction of dinuclear complexes with enhanced DNA binding characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiwa K Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Ibrahim Q Saeed
- Physical Organic Chemistry Centre, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Niklaas J Buurma
- Physical Organic Chemistry Centre, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Jim A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
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31
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Abstract
Ruthenium is seldom mentioned in microbiology texts, due to the fact that this metal has no known, essential roles in biological systems, nor is it generally considered toxic. Since the fortuitous discovery of cisplatin, first as an antimicrobial agent and then later employed widely as an anticancer agent, complexes of other platinum group metals, such as ruthenium, have attracted interest for their medicinal properties. Here, we review at length how ruthenium complexes have been investigated as potential antimicrobial, antiparasitic and chemotherapeutic agents, in addition to their long and well-established roles as biological stains and inhibitors of calcium channels. Ruthenium complexes are also employed in a surprising number of biotechnological roles. It is in the employment of ruthenium complexes as antimicrobial agents and alternatives or adjuvants to more traditional antibiotics, that we expect to see the most striking developments in the future. Such novel contributions from organometallic chemistry are undoubtedly sorely needed to address the antimicrobial resistance crisis and the slow appearance on the market of new antibiotics.
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32
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Weber DK, Sani MA, Downton MT, Separovic F, Keene FR, Collins JG. Membrane Insertion of a Dinuclear Polypyridylruthenium(II) Complex Revealed by Solid-State NMR and Molecular Dynamics Simulation: Implications for Selective Antibacterial Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15267-15277. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Weber
- Computational
Biophysics, IBM Research Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- School
of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Marc-Antoine Sani
- School
of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew T. Downton
- Computational
Biophysics, IBM Research Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- School
of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School
of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - F. Richard Keene
- School
of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Centre for Biodiscovery & Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - J. Grant Collins
- School
of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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33
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Alberti E, Zampakou M, Donghi D. Covalent and non-covalent binding of metal complexes to RNA. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 163:278-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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34
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Li X, Heimann K, Dinh XT, Keene FR, Collins JG. Biological processing of dinuclear ruthenium complexes in eukaryotic cells. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:3032-45. [PMID: 27453040 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00431h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The biological processing - mechanism of cellular uptake, effects on the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial membranes, intracellular sites of localisation and induction of reactive oxygen species - of two dinuclear polypyridylruthenium(ii) complexes has been examined in three eukaryotic cells lines. Flow cytometry was used to determine the uptake of [{Ru(phen)2}2{μ-bb12}](4+) (Rubb12) and [Ru(phen)2(μ-bb7)Ru(tpy)Cl](3+) {Rubb7-Cl, where phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine and bbn = bis[4(4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl)]-1,n-alkane} in baby hamster kidney (BHK), human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) and liver carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines. The results demonstrated that the major uptake mechanism for Rubb12 and Rubb7-Cl was active transport, although with a significant contribution from carrier-assisted diffusion for Rubb12 and passive diffusion for Rubb7-Cl. Flow cytometry coupled with Annexin V/TO-PRO-3 double-staining was used to compare cell death by membrane damage or apoptosis. Rubb12 induced significant direct membrane damage, particularly with HepG2 cells, while Rubb7-Cl caused considerably less membrane damage but induced greater levels of apoptosis. Confocal microscopy, coupled with JC-1 assays, demonstrated that Rubb12 depolarises the mitochondrial membrane, whereas Rubb7-Cl had a much smaller affect. Cellular localisation experiments indicated that Rubb12 did not accumulate in the mitochondria, whereas significant mitochondrial accumulation was observed for Rubb7-Cl. The effect of Rubb12 and Rubb7-Cl on intracellular superoxide dismutase activity showed that the ruthenium complexes could induce cell death via a reactive oxygen species-mediated pathway. The results of this study demonstrate that Rubb12 predominantly kills eukaryotic cells by damaging the cytoplasmic membrane. As this dinuclear ruthenium complex has been previously shown to exhibit greater toxicity towards bacteria than eukaryotic cells, the results of the present study suggest that metal-based cationic oligomers can achieve selective toxicity against bacteria, despite exhibiting a non-specific membrane damage mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
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35
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Li X, Heimann K, Li F, Warner JM, Richard Keene F, Grant Collins J. Dinuclear ruthenium(ii) complexes containing one inert metal centre and one coordinatively-labile metal centre: syntheses and biological activities. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:4017-29. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04885k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dinuclear ruthenium(ii) complexes containing one inert and one labile metal centre have been synthesised and their biological properties examined in bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra
| | - Kirsten Heimann
- College of Marine & Environmental Sciences
- James Cook University
- Townsville
- Australia
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics
| | - Fangfei Li
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra
| | - Jeffrey M. Warner
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics
- James Cook University
- Townsville
- Australia
- College of Public Health
| | - F. Richard Keene
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics
- James Cook University
- Townsville
- Australia
- College of Science
| | - J. Grant Collins
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra
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36
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Şen Karaman D, Sarwar S, Desai D, Björk EM, Odén M, Chakrabarti P, Rosenholm JM, Chakraborti S. Shape engineering boosts antibacterial activity of chitosan coated mesoporous silica nanoparticle doped with silver: a mechanistic investigation. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:3292-3304. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02526e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanism of antibacterial activity of MSPs with high aspect ratio and surface modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Şen Karaman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Åbo Akademi University
- Turku
- Finland
| | - S. Sarwar
- Department of Biochemistry
- Bose Institute
- Kolkata 700054
- India
| | - D. Desai
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Åbo Akademi University
- Turku
- Finland
| | - E. M. Björk
- Nanostructured Materials Division
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry and Biology
- Linköping University
- Sweden
| | - M. Odén
- Nanostructured Materials Division
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry and Biology
- Linköping University
- Sweden
| | - P. Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry
- Bose Institute
- Kolkata 700054
- India
| | - J. M. Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Åbo Akademi University
- Turku
- Finland
| | - S. Chakraborti
- Department of Biochemistry
- Bose Institute
- Kolkata 700054
- India
- Department of Chemistry
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37
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Abstract
One of the major advances in medical science has been the development of antimicrobials; however, a consequence of their widespread use has been the emergence of drug-resistant populations of microorganisms. There is clearly a need for the development of new antimicrobials--but more importantly, there is the need for the development of new classes of antimicrobials, rather than drugs based upon analogues of known scaffolds. Due to the success of the platinum anticancer agents, there has been considerable interest in the development of therapeutic agents based upon other transition metals--and in particular ruthenium(II/III) complexes, due to their well known interaction with DNA. There have been many studies of the anticancer properties and cellular localisation of a range of ruthenium complexes in eukaryotic cells over the last decade. However, only very recently has there been significant interest in their antimicrobial properties. This review highlights the types of ruthenium complexes that have exhibited significant antimicrobial activity and discusses the relationship between chemical structure and biological processing--including site(s) of intracellular accumulation--of the ruthenium complexes in both bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfei Li
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
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38
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Cao L, Zhang R, Zhang W, Du Z, Liu C, Ye Z, Song B, Yuan J. A ruthenium(II) complex-based lysosome-targetable multisignal chemosensor for in vivo detection of hypochlorous acid. Biomaterials 2015; 68:21-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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39
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Gorle AK, Feterl M, Warner JM, Primrose S, Constantinoiu CC, Keene FR, Collins JG. Mononuclear Polypyridylruthenium(II) Complexes with High Membrane Permeability in Gram-Negative Bacteria-in particularPseudomonas aeruginosa. Chemistry 2015; 21:10472-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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40
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Abd-El-Aziz AS, Agatemor C, Etkin N, Overy DP, Kerr RG. Redox-active cationic organoiron complex: a promising lead structure for developing antimicrobial agents with activity against Gram-positive pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16613f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A redox-active, cationic organoiron complexes active against multidrug-resistant strain of Gram-positive bacteria is presented as a potential new lead structure for the design of antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa S. Abd-El-Aziz
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Prince Edward Island
- Charlottetown
- Canada
| | - Christian Agatemor
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Prince Edward Island
- Charlottetown
- Canada
| | - Nola Etkin
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Prince Edward Island
- Charlottetown
- Canada
| | - David P. Overy
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Prince Edward Island
- Charlottetown
- Canada
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology
| | - Russell G. Kerr
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Prince Edward Island
- Charlottetown
- Canada
- Department of Biomedical Science
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41
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Synthesis, structure, stability and antimicrobial activity of a ruthenium(II) helicate derived from a bis-bidentate “click” pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole ligand. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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42
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Li X, Gorle AK, Ainsworth TD, Heimann K, Woodward CE, Grant Collins J, Richard Keene F. RNA and DNA binding of inert oligonuclear ruthenium(ii) complexes in live eukaryotic cells. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:3594-603. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02575j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oligonuclear polypyridylruthenium(ii) complexes show selectivity for the nucleus of eukaryotic cells with a considerable preference for the RNA-rich nucleolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra
| | - Anil K. Gorle
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra
| | - Tracy D. Ainsworth
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies
- James Cook University
- Townsville
- Australia
| | - Kirsten Heimann
- College of Marine & Environmental Sciences
- James Cook University
- Townsville
- Australia
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics
| | - Clifford E. Woodward
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra
| | - J. Grant Collins
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra
| | - F. Richard Keene
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics
- James Cook University
- Townsville
- Australia
- Department of Matter & Materials
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43
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Frei A, Rubbiani R, Tubafard S, Blacque O, Anstaett P, Felgenträger A, Maisch T, Spiccia L, Gasser G. Synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of new Ru(II) polypyridyl photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7280-92. [PMID: 25121347 DOI: 10.1021/jm500566f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Two Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes, Ru(DIP)2(bdt) (1) and [Ru(dqpCO2Me)(ptpy)](2+) (2) (DIP = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, bdt = 1,2-benzenedithiolate, dqpCO2Me = 4-methylcarboxy-2,6-di(quinolin-8-yl)pyridine), ptpy = 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine) have been investigated as photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). In our experimental settings, the phototoxicity and phototoxic index (PI) of 2 (IC50(light): 25.3 μM, 420 nm, 6.95 J/cm(2); PI >4) and particularly of 1 (IC50(light): 0.62 μM, 420 nm, 6.95 J/cm(2); PI: 80) are considerably superior compared to the two clinically approved PSs porfimer sodium and 5-aminolevulinic acid. Cellular uptake and distribution of these complexes was investigated by confocal microscopy (1) and by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (1 and 2). Their phototoxicity was also determined against the Gram-(+) Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-(-) Escherichia coli for potential antimicrobial PDT (aPDT) applications. Both complexes showed significant aPDT activity (420 nm, 8 J/cm(2)) against Gram-(+) (S. aureus; >6 log10 CFU reduction) and, for 2, also against Gram-(-) E. coli (>4 log10 CFU reduction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Frei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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44
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Zhang S, Ding Y, Wei H. Ruthenium polypyridine complexes combined with oligonucleotides for bioanalysis: a review. Molecules 2014; 19:11933-87. [PMID: 25116805 PMCID: PMC6271144 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190811933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes are among the most interesting coordination complexes and they have attracted great attention over the past decades due to their appealing biological, catalytic, electronic and optical properties. Ruthenium complexes have found a unique niche in bioanalysis, as demonstrated by the substantial progress made in the field. In this review, the applications of ruthenium complexes coordinated with polypyridine ligands (and analogues) in bioanalysis are discussed. Three main detection methods based on electrochemistry, electrochemiluminescence, and photoluminscence are covered. The important targets, including DNA and other biologically important targets, are detected by specific biorecognition with the corresponding oligonucleotides as the biorecognition elements (i.e., DNA is probed by its complementary strand and other targets are detected by functional nucleic acids, respectively). Selected examples are provided and thoroughly discussed to highlight the substantial progress made so far. Finally, a brief summary with perspectives is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yubin Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Hui Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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45
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Zou T, Liu J, Lum CT, Ma C, Chan RCT, Lok CN, Kwok WM, Che CM. Luminescent Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complex Forms Emissive Intercalating Adducts with Double-Stranded DNA and RNA: Differential Emissions and Anticancer Activities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10119-23. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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46
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Zou T, Liu J, Lum CT, Ma C, Chan RCT, Lok CN, Kwok WM, Che CM. Luminescent Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complex Forms Emissive Intercalating Adducts with Double-Stranded DNA and RNA: Differential Emissions and Anticancer Activities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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47
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Gorle AK, Feterl M, Warner JM, Wallace L, Keene FR, Collins JG. Tri- and tetra-nuclear polypyridyl ruthenium(ii) complexes as antimicrobial agents. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:16713-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02139h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tri- and tetra-nuclear polypyridylruthenium(ii) complexes have been synthesised which exhibit high levels of antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Gorle
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra, Australia
| | - Marshall Feterl
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences
- James Cook University
- Townsville, Australia
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics
- James Cook University
| | - Jeffrey M. Warner
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences
- James Cook University
- Townsville, Australia
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics
- James Cook University
| | - Lynne Wallace
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra, Australia
| | - F. Richard Keene
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics
- James Cook University
- Townsville, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences
- James Cook University
| | - J. Grant Collins
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra, Australia
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