1
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Xie Y, Yang F, Zhao K, Zhang W, Liu Q, Yuan Y. Regulation of Protein Flexibility and Promoting the Cod Protein Gel Formation Using Ultrasound Treatment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18601-18612. [PMID: 37967368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
In order to obtain a soft-textured protein gel suitable for the elderly, the cod protein gel was prepared by improving the protein flexibility under ultrasound treatment. It has been found that the increase in ultrasonic power, protein flexibility, particle size, ζ-potential, surface hydrophobicity, and α-helix content of preheated cod protein exhibited an increasing trend. The improvement of protein flexibility promoted uniformity and density of the gel network, water retention, and texture properties. The flexibility of preheated cod protein increased to 0.189, the water holding capacity of the gel reached up to 99.41%, and the hardness increased to 49.12 g, as the ultrasonic power level increased to 400 W. Protein flexibility was correlated well with the cohesiveness of the gel. The storage modulus (G') initially decreased and then increased during the heating-cooling process. The attractive forces forming between the flexible protein molecules during cooling in the ultrasound treatment groups promoted protein self-assembly aggregation and formed the cod protein gel. The gel obtained at 100-400 W could be categorized as Level 6─soft and bite-sized according to the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) framework, indicating that the cod protein gel has potential as an easy-to-swallow diet for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisha Xie
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, Sichuan, China
| | - Kangyu Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongjun Yuan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, Sichuan, China
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2
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Mahmad Rasid I, Rao A, Holten-Andersen N, Olsen BD. Self-Diffusion in a Weakly Entangled Associative Network. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Mahmad Rasid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ameya Rao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Niels Holten-Andersen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley D. Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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3
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Boyes VL, Janani R, Partridge S, Fielding LA, Breen C, Foulkes J, Le Maitre CL, Sammon C. One-pot precipitation polymerisation strategy for tuneable injectable Laponite®-pNIPAM hydrogels: Polymerisation, processability and beyond. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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4
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Hughes MD, Hanson BS, Cussons S, Mahmoudi N, Brockwell DJ, Dougan L. Control of Nanoscale In Situ Protein Unfolding Defines Network Architecture and Mechanics of Protein Hydrogels. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11296-11308. [PMID: 34214394 PMCID: PMC8320229 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical assemblies of proteins exhibit a wide-range of material properties that are exploited both in nature and by artificially by humankind. However, little is understood about the importance of protein unfolding on the network assembly, severely limiting opportunities to utilize this nanoscale transition in the development of biomimetic and bioinspired materials. Here we control the force lability of a single protein building block, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and demonstrate that protein unfolding plays a critical role in defining the architecture and mechanics of a photochemically cross-linked native protein network. The internal nanoscale structure of BSA contains "molecular reinforcement" in the form of 17 covalent disulphide "nanostaples", preventing force-induced unfolding. Upon addition of reducing agents, these nanostaples are broken rendering the protein force labile. Employing a combination of circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, small-angle scattering (SAS), rheology, and modeling, we show that stapled protein forms reasonably homogeneous networks of cross-linked fractal-like clusters connected by an intercluster region of folded protein. Conversely, in situ protein unfolding results in more heterogeneous networks of denser fractal-like clusters connected by an intercluster region populated by unfolded protein. In addition, gelation-induced protein unfolding and cross-linking in the intercluster region changes the hydrogel mechanics, as measured by a 3-fold enhancement of the storage modulus, an increase in both the loss ratio and energy dissipation, and markedly different relaxation behavior. By controlling the protein's ability to unfold through nanoscale (un)stapling, we demonstrate the importance of in situ unfolding in defining both network architecture and mechanics, providing insight into fundamental hierarchical mechanics and a route to tune biomaterials for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt D.
G. Hughes
- School of
Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Benjamin S. Hanson
- School of
Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Astbury Centre
for Structural Molecular Biology, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Sophie Cussons
- Astbury Centre
for Structural Molecular Biology, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- School of
Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Najet Mahmoudi
- ISIS Neutron
and Muon Spallation Source, STFC Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - David J. Brockwell
- Astbury Centre
for Structural Molecular Biology, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- School of
Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Lorna Dougan
- School of
Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Astbury Centre
for Structural Molecular Biology, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
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5
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Chu W, Nie M, Ke X, Luo J, Li J. Recent Advances in Injectable Dual Crosslinking Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100109. [PMID: 33908175 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Injectable dual crosslinking hydrogels hold great promise to improve therapeutic efficacy in minimally invasive surgery. Compared with prefabricated hydrogels, injectable hydrogels can be implanted more accurately into deeply enclosed sites and repair irregularly shaped lesions, showing great applicable potential. Here, the current fabrication considerations of injectable dual crosslinking hydrogels are reviewed. Besides, the progress of the hydrogels used in corresponding applications and emerging challenges are discussed, with detailed emphasis in the fields of bone and cartilage regeneration, wound dressings, sensors and other less mentioned applications for their more hopeful employments in clinic. It is envisioned that the further development of the injectable dual crosslinking hydrogels will catalyze their innovation and transformation in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Chu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Mingxi Nie
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xiang Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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6
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Mahmad Rasid I, Holten-Andersen N, Olsen BD. Anomalous Diffusion in Associative Networks of High-Sticker-Density Polymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Mahmad Rasid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Niels Holten-Andersen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley D. Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Deo KA, Singh KA, Peak CW, Alge DL, Gaharwar AK. Bioprinting 101: Design, Fabrication, and Evaluation of Cell-Laden 3D Bioprinted Scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:318-338. [PMID: 32079490 PMCID: PMC7480731 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
3D bioprinting is an additive manufacturing technique that recapitulates the native architecture of tissues. This is accomplished through the precise deposition of cell-containing bioinks. The spatiotemporal control over bioink deposition permits for improved communication between cells and the extracellular matrix, facilitates fabrication of anatomically and physiologically relevant structures. The physiochemical properties of bioinks, before and after crosslinking, are crucial for bioprinting complex tissue structures. Specifically, the rheological properties of bioinks determines printability, structural fidelity, and cell viability during the printing process, whereas postcrosslinking of bioinks are critical for their mechanical integrity, physiological stability, cell survival, and cell functions. In this review, we critically evaluate bioink design criteria, specifically for extrusion-based 3D bioprinting techniques, to fabricate complex constructs. The effects of various processing parameters on the biophysical and biochemical characteristics of bioinks are discussed. Furthermore, emerging trends and future directions in the area of bioinks and bioprinting are also highlighted. Graphical abstract [Figure: see text] Impact statement Extrusion-based 3D bioprinting is an emerging additive manufacturing approach for fabricating cell-laden tissue engineered constructs. This review critically evaluates bioink design criteria to fabricate complex tissue constructs. Specifically, pre- and post-printing evaluation approaches are described, as well as new research directions in the field of bioink development and functional bioprinting are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaivalya A. Deo
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Kanwar Abhay Singh
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Charles W. Peak
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Daniel L. Alge
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Akhilesh K. Gaharwar
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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8
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End Group Stability of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP)-Synthesized Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide): Perspectives for Diblock Copolymer Synthesis. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040678. [PMID: 31013945 PMCID: PMC6523552 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the end group stability of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) during the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) process are presented. Polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide was conducted in different solvents using a copper(I) chloride/Me6Tren catalyst complex. The influence of the ATRP solvent as well as the polymer purification process on the end group stability was investigated. For the first time, mass spectrometry results clearly underline the loss of ω end groups via an intramolecular cyclization reaction. Furthermore, an ATRP system based on a copper(I) bromide/Me6Tren catalyst complex was introduced, that showed not only good control over the polymerization process, but also provided the opportunity of block copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide with acrylates and other N-substituted acrylamides. The polymers were characterized using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. Polymer end groups were determined via ESI-TOF mass spectrometry enhanced by ion mobility separation (IMS).
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9
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Xu D, Xu T, Gao G, Xiao Y, Wang Z, Chen J, Zhou Y, Wang R, Yin J, Fu J. Effect of solvent-matrix interactions on structures and mechanical properties of micelle-crosslinked gels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road; Shanghai 200444 China
- Polymers and Composites Division; Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road; Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Ting Xu
- Polymers and Composites Division; Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road; Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Guorong Gao
- Polymers and Composites Division; Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road; Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Polymers and Composites Division; Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road; Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Zongbao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Ningbo University, 18 Fenghua Road; Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Jing Chen
- Polymers and Composites Division; Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road; Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Polymers and Composites Division; Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road; Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Rong Wang
- Polymers and Composites Division; Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road; Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Jingbo Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Jun Fu
- Polymers and Composites Division; Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road; Ningbo 315201 China
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10
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Sharma S, Kumar R, Kumari P, Kharwar RN, Yadav AK, Saripella S. Mechanically magnified chitosan-based hydrogel as tissue adhesive and antimicrobial candidate. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 125:109-115. [PMID: 30521916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The present article reports the development of chitosan (CS) based hydrogel series by varying the concentration of cross-linking agent i.e. N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) (0.8-1.4 wt%) via free-radical polymerization in aqueous medium. SEM image analysis confirmed the presence of porous 3D-network in the hydrogel. Prepared hydrogel series exhibited good tissue adhesive property along with antimicrobial activity against E. coli, K. pneumonia, S. aureus, C. albicans &M. gypseum bacteria with the good MIC (4-20 mm). The adhesive strength of hydrogel was found 14 kPa, which seems to be quite efficient in tissue adhesiveness applications, which was also validated and tested on Drosophila (Oregon-R) tissues, results were promising. Magnified mechanical strength i.e. storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″) were found 106 Pa and 104 Pa, respectively, which makes the hydrogel a potential candidate in the biomedical field. Moreover, CS hydrogel showed good swelling ratio in aqueous medium up to 390% at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sharma
- Organic Polymer Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Organic Polymer Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, UP, India.
| | - Puja Kumari
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Ravindra Nath Kharwar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Amarish Kumar Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Srikrishna Saripella
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, UP, India
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11
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Abstract
Polymeric chains crosslinked through supramolecular interactions-directional and reversible non-covalent interactions-compose an emerging class of modular and tunable biomaterials. The choice of chemical moiety utilized in the crosslink affords different thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of association, which in turn illustrate the connectivity and dynamics of the system. These parameters, coupled with the choice of polymeric architecture, can then be engineered to control environmental responsiveness, viscoelasticity, and cargo diffusion profiles, yielding advanced biomaterials which demonstrate rapid shear-thinning, self-healing, and extended release. In this review we examine the relationship between supramolecular crosslink chemistry and biomedically relevant macroscopic properties. We then describe how these properties are currently leveraged in the development of materials for drug delivery, immunology, regenerative medicine, and 3D-bioprinting (253 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Mann
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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12
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Sing MK, Burghardt WR, Olsen BD. Influence of End-Block Dynamics on Deformation Behavior of Thermoresponsive Elastin-like Polypeptide Hydrogels. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wesley R. Burghardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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13
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Sing MK, Glassman MJ, Vronay-Ruggles XT, Burghardt WR, Olsen BD. Structure and rheology of dual-associative protein hydrogels under nonlinear shear flow. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8511-8524. [PMID: 29091099 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00638a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dual-associative protein di- and triblock copolymers composed of sticker-decorated midblocks and micelle-forming elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) endblocks form shear-thinning, thermoresponsively reinforceable hydrogels that are potentially useful as injectable materials for a variety of applications. Here, the combination of rheological and in situ scattering measurements under shear on these dual-associative gels is employed in order to better understand how block architecture plays a role in controlling microscopic structural rearrangement and the resulting macroscopic mechanical responses. These gels, which form a disordered sphere phase due to endblock aggregation under quiescent conditions with the midblock domains physically crosslinked by protein associations, exhibit both viscoelastic and thixotropic signatures with relative magnitudes dependent upon gel concentration and block architecture. In situ SAXS measurements during flow indicate that these thixotropic responses correspond to the development of ordered domains following start-up of shear. For both architectures, the rate of alignment increases with increasing concentration. However, the rate of domain formation when increasing the temperature from 35 to 50 °C depends on the interplay between thermoresponsive toughening of the endblocks and softening of the coiled-coil domains such that rate of rearrangement decreases in the triblock while it increases in the diblock. Following a step-down in shear flow, structural rearrangement within the samples results in a thixotropic stress response. Upon cessation of flow, gel recovery is characterized by a concentration-dependent restoration of the micellar network over time, with two timescales observed that correspond to two different length scales of network relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Sing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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14
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Sing MK, Ramírez J, Olsen BD. Mechanical response of transient telechelic networks with many-part stickers. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:194902. [PMID: 29166120 DOI: 10.1063/1.4993649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A central question in soft matter is understanding how several individual, weak bonds act together to produce collective interactions. Here, gel-forming telechelic polymers with multiple stickers at each chain end are studied through Brownian dynamics simulations to understand how collective interaction of the bonds affects mechanical response of the gels. These polymers are modeled as finitely extensible dumbbells using an explicit tau-leap algorithm and the binding energy of these associations was kept constant regardless of the number of stickers. The addition of multiple bonds to the associating ends of telechelic polymers increases or decreases the network relaxation time depending on the relative kinetics of association but increases both shear stress and extensional viscosity. The relationship between the rate of association and the Rouse time of dangling chains results in two different regimes for the equilibrium stress relaxation of associating physical networks. In case I, a dissociated dangling chain is able to fully relax before re-associating to the network, resulting in two characteristic relaxation times and a non-monotonic terminal relaxation time with increasing number of bonds per polymer endgroup. In case II, the dissociated dangling chain is only able to relax a fraction of the way before it re-attaches to the network, and increasing the number of bonds per endgroup monotonically increases the terminal relaxation time. In flow, increasing the number of stickers increases the steady-state shear and extensional viscosities even though the overall bond kinetics and equilibrium constant remain unchanged. Increased dissipation in the simulations is primarily due to higher average chain extension with increasing bond number. These results indicate that toughness and dissipation in physically associating networks can both be increased by breaking single, strong bonds into smaller components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Sing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jorge Ramírez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial Y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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15
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Grindy SC, Holten-Andersen N. Bio-inspired metal-coordinate hydrogels with programmable viscoelastic material functions controlled by longwave UV light. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:4057-4065. [PMID: 28534049 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00617a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Control over the viscoelastic mechanical properties of hydrogels intended for use as biomedical materials has long been a goal of soft matter scientists. Recent research has shown that materials made from polymers with reversibly associating transient crosslinks are a promising strategy for controlling viscoelasticity in hydrogels, for example leading to systems with precisely tunable mechanical energy-dissipation. We and others have shown that bio-inspired histidine:transition metal ion complexes allow highly precise and tunable control over the viscoelastic properties of transient network hydrogels. In this paper, we extend the design of these hydrogels such that their viscoelastic properties respond to longwave UV radiation. We show that careful selection of the histidine:transition metal ion crosslink mixtures allows unique control over pre- and post-UV viscoelastic properties. We anticipate that our strategy for controlling stimuli-responsive viscoelastic properties will aid biomedical materials scientists in the development of soft materials with specific stress-relaxing or energy-dissipating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Grindy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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16
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Gonzalez MA, Simon JR, Ghoorchian A, Scholl Z, Lin S, Rubinstein M, Marszalek P, Chilkoti A, López GP, Zhao X. Strong, Tough, Stretchable, and Self-Adhesive Hydrogels from Intrinsically Unstructured Proteins. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1604743. [PMID: 28060425 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Strong, tough, stretchable, and self-adhesive hydrogels are designed with intrinsically unstructured proteins. The extraordinary mechanical properties exhibited by these materials are enabled by an integration of toughening mechanisms that maintain high elasticity and dissipate mechanical energy within the protein networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Gonzalez
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Joseph R Simon
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Ali Ghoorchian
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Zachary Scholl
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Shaoting Lin
- Soft Active Materials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Piotr Marszalek
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Gabriel P López
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Xuanhe Zhao
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Soft Active Materials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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17
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Wang R, Sing MK, Avery RK, Souza BS, Kim M, Olsen BD. Classical Challenges in the Physical Chemistry of Polymer Networks and the Design of New Materials. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2786-2795. [PMID: 27993006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymer networks are widely used from commodity to biomedical materials. The space-spanning, net-like structure gives polymer networks their advantageous mechanical and dynamic properties, the most essential factor that governs their responses to external electrical, thermal, and chemical stimuli. Despite the ubiquity of applications and a century of active research on these materials, the way that chemistry and processing interact to yield the final structure and the material properties of polymer networks is not fully understood, which leads to a number of classical challenges in the physical chemistry of gels. Fundamentally, it is not yet possible to quantitatively predict the mechanical response of a polymer network based on its chemical design, limiting our ability to understand and characterize the nanostructure of gels and rationally design new materials. In this Account, we summarize our recent theoretical and experimental approaches to study the physical chemistry of polymer networks. First, our understanding of the impact of molecular defects on topology and elasticity of polymer networks is discussed. By systematically incorporating the effects of different orders of loop structure, we develop a kinetic graph theory and real elastic network theory that bridge the chemical design, the network topology, and the mechanical properties of the gel. These theories show good agreement with the recent experimental data without any fitting parameters. Next, associative polymer gel dynamics is discussed, focusing on our evolving understanding of the effect of transient bonds on the mechanical response. Using forced Rayleigh scattering (FRS), we are able to probe diffusivity across a wide range of length and time scales in gels. A superdiffusive region is observed in different associative network systems, which can be captured by a two-state kinetic model. Further, the effects of the architecture and chemistry of polymer chains on gel nanostructure are studied. By incorporating shear-thinning coiled-coil protein motifs into the midblock of a micelle-forming block copolymer, we are able to responsively adjust the gel toughness through controlling the nanostructure. Finally, we review the development of novel application-oriented materials that emerge from our enhanced understanding of gel physical chemistry, including injectable gel hemostats designed to treat internal wounds and engineered nucleoporin-like polypeptide (NLP) hydrogels that act as biologically selective filters. We believe that the fundamental physical chemistry questions articulated in this Account will provide inspiration to fully understand the design of polymer networks, a group of mysterious yet critically important materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruno S. Souza
- Department
of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
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18
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Qin G, Perez PM, Mills CE, Olsen BD. Effect of ELP Sequence and Fusion Protein Design on Concentrated Solution Self-Assembly. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:928-34. [PMID: 26927835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fusion proteins provide a facile route for the purification and self-assembly of biofunctional protein block copolymers into complex nanostructures; however, the use of biochemical synthesis techniques introduces unexplored variables into the design of the structures. Using model fusion constructs of the red fluorescent protein mCherry and the coil-like protein elastin-like polypeptide (ELP), it is shown that the molar mass and hydrophobicity of the ELP sequence have a large effect on the propensity of a fusion to form well-ordered nanostructures, even when the ELP is in the low temperature, highly solvated state. In contrast, the presence of a 6xHis purification tag has little effect on self-assembly, and the order of blocks in the construct (N-terminal vs C-terminal) only has a significant effect on the nanostructure when the conjugates are heated above the transition temperature of the ELP block. These results indicate that for a sufficiently hydrophobic and high molar mass ELP block, there is a great deal of design latitude in the construction of fusion protein block copolymers for self-assembling nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guokui Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Paola M Perez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Carolyn E Mills
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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19
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Wang H, Heilshorn SC. Adaptable hydrogel networks with reversible linkages for tissue engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:3717-36. [PMID: 25989348 PMCID: PMC4528979 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Adaptable hydrogels have recently emerged as a promising platform for three-dimensional (3D) cell encapsulation and culture. In conventional, covalently crosslinked hydrogels, degradation is typically required to allow complex cellular functions to occur, leading to bulk material degradation. In contrast, adaptable hydrogels are formed by reversible crosslinks. Through breaking and re-formation of the reversible linkages, adaptable hydrogels can be locally modified to permit complex cellular functions while maintaining their long-term integrity. In addition, these adaptable materials can have biomimetic viscoelastic properties that make them well suited for several biotechnology and medical applications. In this review, an overview of adaptable-hydrogel design considerations and linkage selections is presented, with a focus on various cell-compatible crosslinking mechanisms that can be exploited to form adaptable hydrogels for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Wang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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20
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Sing MK, Wang ZG, McKinley GH, Olsen BD. Celebrating Soft Matter's 10th Anniversary: chain configuration and rate-dependent mechanical properties in transient networks. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:2085-2096. [PMID: 25607419 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Numerical solution of a coupled set of Smoluchowski convection-diffusion equations of associating polymers modelled as finitely extensible dumbbells enables computation of time-dependent end-to-end distributions for bridged, dangling, and looped chains in three dimensions as a function of associating end-group kinetics. Non-monotonic flow curves which can lead to flow instabilities during shear flow result at low equilibrium constant and high association rate from two complementary phenomena: a decrease in the fraction of elastically active chains with increasing shear rate and non-monotonic extension in the population of elastically active chains. Chain tumbling leads to reformation of bridges, resulting in an increased fraction of bridged chains at high Deborah number and significant reduction in the average bridge chain extension. In the start-up of steady shear, force-activated chain dissociation and chain tumbling cause both stress overshoot and stress ringing behaviour prior to reaching steady state stress values. During stress relaxation following steady shear, chain kinetics and extension mediate both the number of relaxations and the length of time required for system relaxation. While at low association rate relaxation is limited by the relaxation of dangling chains and the rate of dangling chain formation, at high association rate coupling of dangling and bridged chains leads to simultaneous relaxation of all chains due to a dynamic equilibrium between dangling and bridged states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Sing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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21
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Glassman MJ, Olsen BD. End Block Design Modulates the Assembly and Mechanics of Thermoresponsive, Dual-Associative Protein Hydrogels. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502494s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Glassman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Ave, Room 66-153, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley D. Olsen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Ave, Room 66-153, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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22
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Tang S, Wang M, Olsen BD. Anomalous self-diffusion and sticky Rouse dynamics in associative protein hydrogels. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:3946-57. [PMID: 25764061 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic materials based on associating polymers possess diverse mechanical behavior, transport properties and responsiveness to external stimuli. Although much is known about their dynamics on the molecular and macroscopic level, knowledge of self-diffusive dynamics of the network-forming constituents remains limited. Using forced Rayleigh scattering, anomalous self-diffusion is observed in model associating protein hydrogels originating from the interconversion between species that diffuse in both the molecular and associated state. The diffusion can be quantitatively modeled using a two-state model for polymers in the gel, where diffusivity in the associated state is critical to the super diffusive behavior. The dissociation time from bulk rheology measurements was 2-3 orders of magnitude smaller than the one measured by diffusion, because the former characterizes submolecular dissociation dynamics, whereas the latter depicts single protein molecules completely disengaging from the network. Rheological data also show a sticky Rouse-like relaxation at long times due to collective relaxation of large groups of proteins, suggesting mobility of associated molecules. This study experimentally demonstrates a hierarchy of relaxation processes in associating polymer networks, and it is anticipated that the results can be generalized to other associative systems to better understand the relationship of dynamics among sticky bonds, single molecules, and the entire network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchang Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Muzhou Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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23
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Lau HK, Kiick KL. Opportunities for multicomponent hybrid hydrogels in biomedical applications. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:28-42. [PMID: 25426888 PMCID: PMC4294583 DOI: 10.1021/bm501361c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels provide mechanical support and a hydrated environment that offer good cytocompatibility and controlled release of molecules, and myriad hydrogels thus have been studied for biomedical applications. In the past few decades, research in these areas has shifted increasingly to multicomponent hydrogels that better capture the multifunctional nature of native biological environments and that offer opportunities to selectively tailor materials properties. This review summarizes recent approaches aimed at producing multicomponent hydrogels, with descriptions of contemporary chemical and physical approaches for forming networks, and of the use of both synthetic and biologically derived molecules to impart desired properties. Specific multicomponent materials with enhanced mechanical properties are presented, as well as materials in which multiple biological functions are imparted for applications in tissue engineering, cancer treatment, and gene therapies. The progress in the field suggests significant promise for these approaches in the development of biomedically relevant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Kuen Lau
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware , Newark Delaware 19716, United States
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24
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Tang S, Olsen BD. Controlling topological entanglement in engineered protein hydrogels with a variety of thiol coupling chemistries. Front Chem 2014; 2:23. [PMID: 24860800 PMCID: PMC4030145 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Topological entanglements between polymer chains are achieved in associating protein hydrogels through the synthesis of high molecular weight proteins via chain extension using a variety of thiol coupling chemistries, including disulfide formation, thiol-maleimide, thiol-bromomaleimide and thiol-ene. Coupling of cysteines via disulfide formation results in the most pronounced entanglement effect in hydrogels, while other chemistries provide versatile means of changing the extent of entanglement, achieving faster chain extension, and providing a facile method of controlling the network hierarchy and incorporating stimuli responsivities. The addition of trifunctional coupling agents causes incomplete crosslinking and introduces branching architecture to the protein molecules. The high-frequency plateau modulus and the entanglement plateau modulus can be tuned by changing the ratio of difunctional chain extender to the trifunctional branching unit. Therefore, these chain extension reactions show promise in delicately controlling the relaxation and mechanical properties of engineered protein hydrogels in ways that complement their design through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchang Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
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25
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Tang S, Glassman MJ, Li S, Socrate S, Olsen BD. Oxidatively Responsive Chain Extension to Entangle Engineered Protein Hydrogels. Macromolecules 2014; 47:791-799. [PMID: 24910474 DOI: 10.1021/ma401684w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Engineering artificial protein hydrogels for medical applications requires precise control over their mechanical properties, including stiffness, toughness, extensibility and stability in the physiological environment. Here we demonstrate topological entanglement as an effective strategy to robustly increase the mechanical tunability of a transient hydrogel network based on coiled-coil interactions. Chain extension and entanglement are achieved by coupling the cysteine residues near the N- and C- termini, and the resulting chain distribution is found to agree with the Jacobson-Stockmayer theory. By exploiting the reversible nature of the disulfide bonds, the entanglement effect can be switched on and off by redox stimuli. With the presence of entanglements, hydrogels exhibit a 7.2-fold enhanced creep resistance and a suppressed erosion rate by a factor of 5.8, making the gels more mechanically stable in a physiologically relevant open system. While hardly affecting material stiffness (only resulting in a 1.5-fold increase in the plateau modulus), the entanglements remarkably lead to hydrogels with a toughness of 65,000 J m-3 and extensibility to approximately 3,000% engineering strain, which enables the preparation of tough yet soft tissue simulants. This improvement in mechanical properties resembles that from double-network hydrogels, but is achieved with the use of a single associating network and topological entanglement. Therefore, redox-triggered chain entanglement offers an effective approach for constructing mechanically enhanced and responsive injectable hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchang Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew J Glassman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shuaili Li
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Simona Socrate
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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