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Gonzalez-Sanchez FA, Sanchez-Huerta TM, Huerta-Gonzalez A, Sepulveda-Villegas M, Altamirano J, Aguilar-Aleman JP, Garcia-Varela R. Diabetes current and future translatable therapies. Endocrine 2024:10.1007/s12020-024-03944-8. [PMID: 38971945 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the major diseases and concerns of public health systems that affects over 200 million patients worldwide. It is estimated that 90% of these patients suffer from diabetes type 2, while 10% present diabetes type 1. This type of diabetes and certain types of diabetes type 2, are characterized by dysregulation of blood glycemic levels due to the total or partial depletion of insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells. Different approaches have been proposed for long-term treatment of insulin-dependent patients; amongst them, cell-based approaches have been the subject of basic and clinical research since they allow blood glucose level sensing and in situ insulin secretion. The current gold standard for insulin-dependent patients is on-demand exogenous insulin application; cell-based therapies aim to remove this burden from the patient and caregivers. In recent years, protocols to isolate and implant pancreatic islets from diseased donors have been developed and tested in clinical trials. Nevertheless, the shortage of donors, along with the need of immunosuppressive companion therapies, have pushed researchers to focus their attention and efforts to overcome these disadvantages and develop alternative strategies. This review discusses current tested clinical approaches and future potential alternatives for diabetes type 1, and some diabetes type 2, insulin-dependent patients. Additionally, advantages and disadvantages of these discussed methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Antonio Gonzalez-Sanchez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Departamento de Bioingeniería y Biotecnología, Av. General Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo Mexico, CP 45201, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Triana Mayra Sanchez-Huerta
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Departamento de Bioingeniería y Biotecnología, Av. General Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo Mexico, CP 45201, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Alexandra Huerta-Gonzalez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Departamento de Bioingeniería y Biotecnología, Av. General Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo Mexico, CP 45201, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Maricruz Sepulveda-Villegas
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Hepatología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Guadalajara, 44280, Jalisco, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, 44100, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Julio Altamirano
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Epigmenio González 500, San Pablo, 76130, Santiago de Queretaro, Qro, México
| | - Juan Pablo Aguilar-Aleman
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Departamento de Ingenieria Biomedica, Av. General Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo Mexico, CP 45201, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Rebeca Garcia-Varela
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Departamento de Bioingeniería y Biotecnología, Av. General Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo Mexico, CP 45201, Zapopan, Jalisco, México.
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Wisconsin, 53705, Madison, USA.
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Herrera-Pariente C, Bonjoch L, Muñoz J, Fernàndez G, Soares de Lima Y, Mahmood R, Cuatrecasas M, Ocaña T, Lopez-Prades S, Llargués-Sistac G, Domínguez-Rovira X, Llach J, Luzko I, Díaz-Gay M, Lazaro C, Brunet J, Castillo-Manzano C, García-González MA, Lanas A, Carrillo M, Hernández San Gil R, Quintero E, Sala N, Llort G, Aguilera L, Carot L, Diez-Redondo P, Jover R, Ramon Y Cajal T, Cubiella J, Castells A, Balaguer F, Bujanda L, Castellví-Bel S, Moreira L. CTNND1 is involved in germline predisposition to early-onset gastric cancer by affecting cell-to-cell interactions. Gastric Cancer 2024; 27:747-759. [PMID: 38796558 PMCID: PMC11193828 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-024-01504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CDH1 and CTNNA1 remain as the main genes for hereditary gastric cancer. However, they only explain a small fraction of gastric cancer cases with suspected inherited basis. In this study, we aimed to identify new hereditary genes for early-onset gastric cancer patients (EOGC; < 50 years old). METHODS After germline exome sequencing in 20 EOGC patients and replication of relevant findings by gene-panel sequencing in an independent cohort of 152 patients, CTNND1 stood out as an interesting candidate gene, since its protein product (p120ctn) directly interacts with E-cadherin. We proceeded with functional characterization by generating two knockout CTNND1 cellular models by gene editing and introducing the detected genetic variants using a lentiviral delivery system. We assessed β-catenin and E-cadherin levels, cell detachment, as well as E-cadherin localization and cell-to-cell interaction by spheroid modeling. RESULTS Three CTNND1 germline variants [c.28_29delinsCT, p.(Ala10Leu); c.1105C > T, p.(Pro369Ser); c.1537A > G, p.(Asn513Asp)] were identified in our EOGC cohorts. Cells encoding CTNND1 variants displayed altered E-cadherin levels and intercellular interactions. In addition, the p.(Pro369Ser) variant, located in a key region in the E-cadherin/p120ctn binding domain, showed E-cadherin mislocalization. CONCLUSIONS Defects in CTNND1 could be involved in germline predisposition to gastric cancer by altering E-cadherin and, consequently, cell-to-cell interactions. In the present study, CTNND1 germline variants explained 2% (3/172) of the cases, although further studies in larger external cohorts are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Herrera-Pariente
- Gastroenterology, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), CIBEREHD, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Bonjoch
- Gastroenterology, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), CIBEREHD, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jenifer Muñoz
- Gastroenterology, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), CIBEREHD, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Yasmin Soares de Lima
- Gastroenterology, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), CIBEREHD, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romesa Mahmood
- Gastroenterology, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), CIBEREHD, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Cuatrecasas
- Pathology, Hospital Clínic, FRCB-IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Ocaña
- Gastroenterology, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), CIBEREHD, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Gemma Llargués-Sistac
- Gastroenterology, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), CIBEREHD, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Domínguez-Rovira
- Gastroenterology, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), CIBEREHD, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Llach
- Gastroenterology, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), CIBEREHD, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irina Luzko
- Gastroenterology, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), CIBEREHD, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcos Díaz-Gay
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Bioengineering and Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Conxi Lazaro
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, CIBERONC, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Brunet
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, CIBERONC, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBGI, 17190, Girona, Spain
| | | | - María Asunción García-González
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de La Salud, CIBEREHD, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Angel Lanas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de La Salud, CIBEREHD, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Zaragoza, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, CIBEREHD, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Carrillo
- Gastroenterology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Canarias (CIBICAN), Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto Universitario de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, 38320, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Quintero
- Gastroenterology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Canarias (CIBICAN), Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto Universitario de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, 38320, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Nuria Sala
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) and Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Llort
- Medical Oncology, Parc Taulí University Hospital, 08208, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Lara Aguilera
- Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Carot
- Gastroenterology, Hospital del Mar, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Rodrigo Jover
- Gastroenterology, Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03010, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Joaquín Cubiella
- Gastroenterology, Complexo Hospitalario de Ourense, CIBEREHD, 32005, Ourense, Spain
| | - Antoni Castells
- Gastroenterology, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), CIBEREHD, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Balaguer
- Gastroenterology, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), CIBEREHD, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Bujanda
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), 20014, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sergi Castellví-Bel
- Gastroenterology, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), CIBEREHD, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leticia Moreira
- Gastroenterology, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), CIBEREHD, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.
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Suurmond CAE, Leeuwenburgh SCG, van den Beucken JJJP. Modelling bone metastasis in spheroids to study cancer progression and screen cisplatin efficacy. Cell Prolif 2024:e13693. [PMID: 38899562 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Most bone metastases are caused by primary breast or prostate cancer cells settling in the bone microenvironment, affecting normal bone physiology and function and reducing 5-year survival rates to 10% and 6%, respectively. To expedite clinical availability of novel and effective bone metastases treatments, reliable and predictive in vitro models are urgently required to screen for novel therapies as current in vitro 2D planar mono-culture models do not accurately predict the clinical efficacy. We herein engineered a novel human in vitro 3D co-culture model based on spheroids to study dynamic cellular quantities of (breast or prostate) cancer cells and human bone marrow stromal cells and screen chemotherapeutic efficacy and specificity of the common anticancer drug cisplatin. Bone metastatic spheroids (BMSs) were formed rapidly within 24 h, while the morphology of breast versus prostate cancer BMS differed in terms of size and circularity upon prolonged culture periods. Prestaining cell types prior to BMS formation enabled confocal imaging and quantitative image analysis of in-spheroid cellular dynamics for up to 7 days of BMS culture. We found that cancer cells in BMS proliferated faster and were less susceptible to cisplatin treatment compared to 2D control cultures. Based on these findings and the versatility of our methodology, BMS represent a feasible 3D in vitro model for screening of new bone cancer metastases therapies.
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Mygind KJ, Nikodemus D, Gnosa S, Kweder R, Albrechtsen NJW, Kveiborg M, Erler JT, Albrechtsen R. ADAM12-Generated Basigin Ectodomain Binds β1 Integrin and Enhances the Expression of Cancer-Related Extracellular Matrix Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5871. [PMID: 38892056 PMCID: PMC11172339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Desmoplasia is a common feature of aggressive cancers, driven by a complex interplay of protein production and degradation. Basigin is a type 1 integral membrane receptor secreted in exosomes or released by ectodomain shedding from the cell surface. Given that soluble basigin is increased in the circulation of patients with a poor cancer prognosis, we explored the putative role of the ADAM12-generated basigin ectodomain in cancer progression. We show that recombinant basigin ectodomain binds β1 integrin and stimulates gelatin degradation and the migration of cancer cells in a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)- and β1-integrin-dependent manner. Subsequent in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated the altered expression of extracellular matrix proteins, including fibronectin and collagen type 5. Thus, we found increased deposits of collagen type 5 in the stroma of nude mice tumors of the human tumor cell line MCF7 expressing ADAM12-mimicking the desmoplastic response seen in human cancer. Our findings indicate a feedback loop between ADAM12 expression, basigin shedding, TGFβ signaling, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, which could be a mechanism by which ADAM12-generated basigin ectodomain contributes to the regulation of desmoplasia, a key feature in human cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper J. Mygind
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.J.M.); (D.N.); (S.G.); (R.K.); (M.K.); (J.T.E.)
| | - Denise Nikodemus
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.J.M.); (D.N.); (S.G.); (R.K.); (M.K.); (J.T.E.)
| | - Sebastian Gnosa
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.J.M.); (D.N.); (S.G.); (R.K.); (M.K.); (J.T.E.)
| | - Ramya Kweder
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.J.M.); (D.N.); (S.G.); (R.K.); (M.K.); (J.T.E.)
| | | | - Marie Kveiborg
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.J.M.); (D.N.); (S.G.); (R.K.); (M.K.); (J.T.E.)
| | - Janine T. Erler
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.J.M.); (D.N.); (S.G.); (R.K.); (M.K.); (J.T.E.)
| | - Reidar Albrechtsen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.J.M.); (D.N.); (S.G.); (R.K.); (M.K.); (J.T.E.)
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Bittman-Soto XS, Thomas ES, Ganshert ME, Mendez-Santacruz LL, Harrell JC. The Transformative Role of 3D Culture Models in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Research. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1859. [PMID: 38791938 PMCID: PMC11119918 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Advancements in cell culturing techniques have allowed the development of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models sourced directly from patients' tissues and tumors, faithfully replicating the native tissue environment. These models provide a more clinically relevant platform for studying disease progression and treatment responses compared to traditional two-dimensional (2D) models. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) and patient-derived xenograft organoids (PDXOs) emerge as innovative 3D cancer models capable of accurately mimicking the tumor's unique features, enhancing our understanding of tumor complexities, and predicting clinical outcomes. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) poses significant clinical challenges due to its aggressive nature, propensity for early metastasis, and limited treatment options. TNBC PDOs and PDXOs have significantly contributed to the comprehension of TNBC, providing novel insights into its underlying mechanism and identifying potential therapeutic targets. This review explores the transformative role of various 3D cancer models in elucidating TNBC pathogenesis and guiding novel therapeutic strategies. It also provides an overview of diverse 3D cell culture models, derived from cell lines and tumors, highlighting their advantages and culturing challenges. Finally, it delves into live-cell imaging techniques, endpoint assays, and alternative cell culture media and methodologies, such as scaffold-free and scaffold-based systems, essential for advancing 3D cancer model research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier S. Bittman-Soto
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (E.S.T.)
- Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
- Division of Cancer Biology, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan, PR 00921, USA
| | - Evelyn S. Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (E.S.T.)
| | | | | | - J. Chuck Harrell
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (E.S.T.)
- Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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Jubelin C, Muñoz-Garcia J, Ollivier E, Cochonneau D, Vallette F, Heymann MF, Oliver L, Heymann D. Identification of MCM4 and PRKDC as new regulators of osteosarcoma cell dormancy based on 3D cell cultures. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119660. [PMID: 38216092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Dormancy is a potential way for tumors to develop drug resistance and escape treatment. However, the mechanisms involved in cancer dormancy remain poorly understood. This is mainly because there is no in vitro culture model making it possible to spontaneously induce dormancy. In this context, the present work proposes the use of three-dimensional (3D) spheroids developed from osteosarcoma cell lines as a relevant model for studying cancer dormancy. MNNG-HOS, SaOS-2, 143B, MG-63, U2OS and SJSA-1 cell lines were cultured in 3D using the Liquid Overlay Technique (LOT). Dormancy was studied by staining cancer cells with a lipophilic dye (DiD), and long-term DiD+ cells were considered as dormant cancer cells. The role of the extracellular matrix in inducing dormancy was investigated by embedding cells into methylcellulose or Geltrex™. Gene expression of DiD+ cells was assessed with a Nanostring™ approach and the role of the genes detected in dormancy was validated by a transient down-expression model using siRNA treatment. Proliferation was measured using fluorescence microscopy and the xCELLigence technology. We observed that MNNG-HOS, 143B and MG-G3 cell lines had a reduced proliferation rate in 3D compared to 2D. U2OS cells had an increased proliferation rate when they were cultured in Geltrex™ compared to other 3D culture methods. Using 3D cultures, a transcriptomic signature of dormancy was obtained and showed a decreased expression of 18 genes including ETV4, HELLS, ITGA6, MCM4, PRKDC, RAD21 and UBE2T. The treatment with siRNA targeting these genes showed that cancer cell proliferation was reduced when the expression of ETV4 and MCM4 were decreased, whereas proliferation was increased when the expression of RAD21 was decreased. 3D culture facilitates the maintenance of dormant cancer cells characterized by a reduced proliferation and less differential gene expression as compared to proliferative cells. Further studies of the genes involved has enabled us to envisage their role in regulating cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Jubelin
- Nantes Université, CNRS, US2B, UMR 6286, 44000 Nantes, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine Lab., 44805 Saint-Herblain, France; Atlantic Bone Screen, 44800 Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Javier Muñoz-Garcia
- Nantes Université, CNRS, US2B, UMR 6286, 44000 Nantes, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine Lab., 44805 Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Emilie Ollivier
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine Lab., 44805 Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Denis Cochonneau
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine Lab., 44805 Saint-Herblain, France
| | - François Vallette
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine Lab., 44805 Saint-Herblain, France; Nantes Université, INSERM, CRCI(2)NA, UMR1307, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Heymann
- Nantes Université, CNRS, US2B, UMR 6286, 44000 Nantes, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine Lab., 44805 Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Lisa Oliver
- Nantes Université, INSERM, CRCI(2)NA, UMR1307, 44000 Nantes, France; CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- Nantes Université, CNRS, US2B, UMR 6286, 44000 Nantes, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine Lab., 44805 Saint-Herblain, France; Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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7
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Tevlek A. The role of decellularized cell derived extracellular matrix in the establishment and culture of in vitrobreast cancer tumor model. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:025037. [PMID: 38286003 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad2378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Decades of research have shown that two-dimensional cell culture studies are insufficient for preclinical cancer diagnosis and treatment, and that cancer cells in three-dimensional (3D) culture systems have better cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, gene expression, heterogeneity, and structural complexity that more closely resemblein vivotumors. Researchers are still optimizing 3D culturing settings for different cancers. Despite promising tumor spheroid research, tumor cell-only aggregates lack the tumor microenvironment and cannot model tumors. Here, MCF-7 breast cancer cell derived decellularized extracellular matrix (CD-dECMs) were obtained and converted into autologous, biologically active, biocompatible, and non-immunogenic hydrogels to be used as micro-environment in both organoid formation and culture. For the production of organoids, CD-dECM doping concentrations ranging from 0.1 mg ml-1to 1.5 mg ml-1were evaluated, and the lowest concentration was found to be the most effective. For organoid culture, 8 mg ml-1CD-dECM, 4 mg ml-1rat tendon collagen type I (Col I) (4 mg ml-1) and a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of these two were used and the most viable and the biggest organoids were discovered in CD-dECM/Col I (1:1) group. The results show that autologous CD-dECM can replace hydrogels in tumor organoid generation and culture at low and high concentrations, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atakan Tevlek
- Middle East Technical University (METU), MEMS Research and Application Center, 06530 Ankara, Turkey
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Zieger V, Woehr E, Zimmermann S, Frejek D, Koltay P, Zengerle R, Kartmann S. Automated Nanodroplet Dispensing for Large-Scale Spheroid Generation via Hanging Drop and Parallelized Lossless Spheroid Harvesting. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:231. [PMID: 38398960 PMCID: PMC10893090 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Creating model systems that replicate in vivo tissues is crucial for understanding complex biological pathways like drug response and disease progression. Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models, especially multicellular spheroids (MCSs), offer valuable insights into physiological processes. However, generating MCSs at scale with consistent properties and efficiently recovering them pose challenges. We introduce a workflow that automates large-scale spheroid production and enables parallel harvesting into individual wells of a microtiter plate. Our method, based on the hanging-drop technique, utilizes a non-contact dispenser for dispensing nanoliter droplets of a uniformly mixed-cell suspension. The setup allows for extended processing times of up to 45 min without compromising spheroid quality. As a proof of concept, we achieved a 99.3% spheroid generation efficiency and maintained highly consistent spheroid sizes, with a coefficient of variance below 8% for MCF7 spheroids. Our centrifugation-based drop transfer for spheroid harvesting achieved a sample recovery of 100%. We successfully transferred HT29 spheroids from hanging drops to individual wells preloaded with collagen matrices, where they continued to proliferate. This high-throughput workflow opens new possibilities for prolonged spheroid cultivation, advanced downstream assays, and increased hands-off time in complex 3D cell culture protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Zieger
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (S.Z.); (P.K.); (R.Z.); (S.K.)
| | - Ellen Woehr
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (E.W.); (D.F.)
- Study Program Molecular and Technical Medicine, Faculty Medical and Life Science, University of Furtwangen, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (S.Z.); (P.K.); (R.Z.); (S.K.)
| | - Daniel Frejek
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (E.W.); (D.F.)
| | - Peter Koltay
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (S.Z.); (P.K.); (R.Z.); (S.K.)
| | - Roland Zengerle
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (S.Z.); (P.K.); (R.Z.); (S.K.)
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (E.W.); (D.F.)
| | - Sabrina Kartmann
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (S.Z.); (P.K.); (R.Z.); (S.K.)
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (E.W.); (D.F.)
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9
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Saxena N, Chakraborty S, Dutta S, Bhardwaj G, Karnik N, Shetty O, Jadhav S, Zafar H, Sen S. Stiffness-dependent MSC homing and differentiation into CAFs - implications for breast cancer invasion. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261145. [PMID: 38108421 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity and extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffening have been shown to be drivers of breast cancer invasiveness. Here, we examine how stiffness-dependent crosstalk between cancer cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) within an evolving tumor microenvironment regulates cancer invasion. By analyzing previously published single-cell RNA sequencing datasets, we establish the existence of a subpopulation of cells in primary tumors, secondary sites and circulatory tumor cell clusters of highly aggressive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) that co-express MSC and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) markers. By using hydrogels with stiffnesses of 0.5, 2 and 5 kPa to mimic different stages of ECM stiffening, we show that conditioned medium from MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells cultured on 2 kPa gels, which mimic the pre-metastatic stroma, drives efficient MSC chemotaxis and induces stable differentiation of MSC-derived CAFs in a TGFβ (TGFB1)- and contractility-dependent manner. In addition to enhancing cancer cell proliferation, MSC-derived CAFs on 2 kPa gels maximally boost local invasion and confer resistance to flow-induced shear stresses. Collectively, our results suggest that homing of MSCs at the pre-metastatic stage and their differentiation into CAFs actively drives breast cancer invasion and metastasis in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Saxena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Bombay,Mumbai 400076, India
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Soura Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sarbajeet Dutta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Garvit Bhardwaj
- Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Nupur Karnik
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Omshree Shetty
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Sameer Jadhav
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Bombay,Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Hamim Zafar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
- Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine , IIT Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Shamik Sen
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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10
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Kim MK, Jeong W, Jeon S, Kang HW. 3D bioprinting of dECM-incorporated hepatocyte spheroid for simultaneous promotion of cell-cell and -ECM interactions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1305023. [PMID: 38026892 PMCID: PMC10679743 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1305023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell spheroid technology, which greatly enhances cell-cell interactions, has gained significant attention in the development of in vitro liver models. However, existing cell spheroid technologies still have limitations in improving hepatocyte-extracellular matrix (ECM) interaction, which have a significant impact on hepatic function. In this study, we have developed a novel bioprinting technology for decellularized ECM (dECM)-incorporated hepatocyte spheroids that could enhance both cell-cell and -ECM interactions simultaneously. To provide a biomimetic environment, a porcine liver dECM-based cell bio-ink was developed, and a spheroid printing process using this bio-ink was established. As a result, we precisely printed the dECM-incorporated hepatocyte spheroids with a diameter of approximately 160-220 μm using primary mouse hepatocyte (PMHs). The dECM materials were uniformly distributed within the bio-printed spheroids, and even after more than 2 weeks of culture, the spheroids maintained their spherical shape and high viability. The incorporation of dECM also significantly improved the hepatic function of hepatocyte spheroids. Compared to hepatocyte-only spheroids, dECM-incorporated hepatocyte spheroids showed approximately 4.3- and 2.5-fold increased levels of albumin and urea secretion, respectively, and a 2.0-fold increase in CYP enzyme activity. These characteristics were also reflected in the hepatic gene expression levels of ALB, HNF4A, CPS1, and others. Furthermore, the dECM-incorporated hepatocyte spheroids exhibited up to a 1.8-fold enhanced drug responsiveness to representative hepatotoxic drugs such as acetaminophen, celecoxib, and amiodarone. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the dECM-incorporated spheroid printing technology has great potential for the development of highly functional in vitro liver tissue models for drug toxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyeong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonwoo Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Seunggyu Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Hyun-Wook Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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11
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Bindi B, Perioli A, Melo P, Mattu C, Ferreira AM. Bioinspired Collagen/Hyaluronic Acid/Fibrin-Based Hydrogels for Soft Tissue Engineering: Design, Synthesis, and In Vitro Characterization. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:495. [PMID: 37888160 PMCID: PMC10607851 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14100495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge for future drug development comprises finding alternative models for drug screening. The use of animal models in research is highly controversial, with an ongoing debate on their ethical acceptability. Also, animal models are often poorly predictive of therapeutic outcomes due to the differences between animal and human physiological environments. In this study, we aimed to develop a biomimetic hydrogel that replicates the composition of skin for potential use in in vitro modeling within tissue engineering. The hydrogel was fabricated through the crosslinking of collagen type I, hyaluronic acid, four-arm PEG succinimidyl glutarate (4S-StarPEG), and fibrinogen. Various ratios of these components were systematically optimized to achieve a well-interconnected porosity and desirable rheological properties. To evaluate the hydrogel's cytocompatibility, fibroblasts were embedded within the matrix. The resulting hydrogel exhibited promising properties as a scaffold, also facilitating the growth of and proliferation of the cells. This biomimetic hydrogel holds great potential for tissue engineering applications, particularly in skin regeneration and cancer research. The study used melanoma spheroids fabricated using the 96-round bottom well plate method as a potential application. The results demonstrate that the developed hydrogels allowed the maintenance of spheroid integrity and viability, meaning it has a promising use as a three-dimensional in vitro model of melanoma for both tissue engineering and drug screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Bindi
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Annalisa Perioli
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Priscila Melo
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Clara Mattu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Ana Marina Ferreira
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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12
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Rederer A, Rose V, Krüger R, Schmittutz L, Swierzy I, Fischer L, Thievessen I, Bauer J, Friedrich O, Schiffer M, Müller-Deile J. Partner, Neighbor, Housekeeper and Dimension: 3D versus 2D Glomerular Co-Cultures Reveal Drawbacks of Currently Used Cell Culture Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10384. [PMID: 37373531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling-pathway analyses and the investigation of gene responses to different stimuli are usually performed in 2D monocultures. However, within the glomerulus, cells grow in 3D and are involved in direct and paracrine interactions with different glomerular cell types. Thus, the results from 2D monoculture experiments must be taken with caution. We cultured glomerular endothelial cells, podocytes and mesangial cells in 2D/3D monocultures and 2D/3D co-cultures and analyzed cell survival, self-assembly, gene expression, cell-cell interaction, and gene pathways using live/dead assay, time-lapse analysis, bulk-RNA sequencing, qPCR, and immunofluorescence staining. Without any need for scaffolds, 3D glomerular co-cultures self-organized into spheroids. Podocyte- and glomerular endothelial cell-specific markers and the extracellular matrix were increased in 3D co-cultures compared to 2D co-cultures. Housekeeping genes must be chosen wisely, as many genes used for the normalization of gene expression were themselves affected in 3D culture conditions. The transport of podocyte-derived VEGFA to glomerular endothelial cells confirmed intercellular crosstalk in the 3D co-culture models. The enhanced expression of genes important for glomerular function in 3D, compared to 2D, questions the reliability of currently used 2D monocultures. Hence, glomerular 3D co-cultures might be more suitable in the study of intercellular communication, disease modelling and drug screening ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rederer
- Department of Nephrology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Victoria Rose
- Department of Nephrology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - René Krüger
- Department of Nephrology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Linda Schmittutz
- Department of Nephrology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Izabela Swierzy
- Department of Nephrology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lena Fischer
- Center for Medicine, Physics and Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingo Thievessen
- Center for Medicine, Physics and Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julian Bauer
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mario Schiffer
- Department of Nephrology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janina Müller-Deile
- Department of Nephrology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Mitrakas AG, Tsolou A, Didaskalou S, Karkaletsou L, Efstathiou C, Eftalitsidis E, Marmanis K, Koffa M. Applications and Advances of Multicellular Tumor Spheroids: Challenges in Their Development and Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086949. [PMID: 37108113 PMCID: PMC10138394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research requires both in vitro and in vivo studies in order to explore disease processes or drug interactions. Foundational investigations have been performed at the cellular level using two-dimensional cultures as the gold-standard method since the early 20th century. However, three-dimensional (3D) cultures have emerged as a new tool for tissue modeling over the last few years, bridging the gap between in vitro and animal model studies. Cancer has been a worldwide challenge for the biomedical community due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. Various methods have been developed to produce multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs), including scaffold-free and scaffold-based structures, which usually depend on the demands of the cells used and the related biological question. MCTSs are increasingly utilized in studies involving cancer cell metabolism and cell cycle defects. These studies produce massive amounts of data, which demand elaborate and complex tools for thorough analysis. In this review, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of several up-to-date methods used to construct MCTSs. In addition, we also present advanced methods for analyzing MCTS features. As MCTSs more closely mimic the in vivo tumor environment, compared to 2D monolayers, they can evolve to be an appealing model for in vitro tumor biology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas G Mitrakas
- Cell Biology Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Avgi Tsolou
- Cell Biology Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Stylianos Didaskalou
- Cell Biology Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Lito Karkaletsou
- Cell Biology Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christos Efstathiou
- Cell Biology Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Evgenios Eftalitsidis
- Cell Biology Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Marmanis
- Cell Biology Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Koffa
- Cell Biology Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
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14
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Parsonidis P, Mamagkaki A, Papasotiriou I. CTLs, NK cells and NK-derived EVs against breast cancer. Hum Immunol 2023:S0198-8859(23)00042-3. [PMID: 36925436 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Patients with advanced stage breast cancer need novel therapies. New potential treatments have been developed, such as adoptive cellular therapies and alternative cell-free immunotherapies. The goal of this study was to assess the cytotoxicity of three of the patient-derived immune components, CTLs, NK cells and NK-derived EVs, and evaluate the potential for the development of novel therapy against breast cancer. CTLs were activated against MUC-1 antigen. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of three components was assessed with flow cytometry and in vivo study revealed the efficacy of adoptive cell therapy. Overall, CTLs exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against spheroids of MCF7 breast adenocarcinoma, reaching in all cases higher than double the percentage of NK cells' cytotoxicity. NK-derived EVs exhibited the lowest effect against MCF7 spheroids comparing to the two cell populations. MUC-1 specific CTLs were evaluated with adoptive cell therapy mice study and appeared to be well tolerable and moderately efficacious. More studies need to be performed with CTLs to evaluate safety and efficacy in order to assess their clinical potential, while NK cells and NK-derived EVs are promising candidates that require more experiments to enhance their cytotoxicity.
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15
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MUG CCArly: A Novel Autologous 3D Cholangiocarcinoma Model Presents an Increased Angiogenic Potential. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061757. [PMID: 36980644 PMCID: PMC10046314 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) are characterized by their desmoplastic and hypervascularized tumor microenvironment (TME), which is mainly composed of tumor cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). CAFs play a pivotal role in general and CCA tumor progression, angiogenesis, metastasis, and the development of treatment resistance. To our knowledge, no continuous human in vivo-like co-culture model is available for research. Therefore, we aimed to establish a new model system (called MUG CCArly) that mimics the desmoplastic microenvironment typically seen in CCA. Proteomic data comparing the new CCA tumor cell line with our co-culture tumor model (CCTM) indicated a higher gene expression correlation of the CCTM with physiological CCA characteristics. A pro-angiogenic TME that is typically observed in CCA could also be better simulated in the CCTM group. Further analysis of secreted proteins revealed CAFs to be the main source of these angiogenic factors. Our CCTM MUG CCArly represents a new, reproducible, and easy-to-handle 3D CCA model for preclinical studies focusing on CCA-stromal crosstalk, tumor angiogenesis, and invasion, as well as the immunosuppressive microenvironment and the involvement of CAFs in the way that drug resistance develops.
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16
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Parigoris E, Lee JH, Liu AY, Zhao X, Takayama S. Extended longevity geometrically-inverted proximal tubule organoids. Biomaterials 2022; 290:121828. [PMID: 36215909 PMCID: PMC10693433 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the cellular self-organization of primary human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTECs) around a minimal Matrigel scaffold to produce basal-in and apical-out proximal tubule organoids (tubuloids). These tubuloids are produced and maintained in hanging drop cultures for 90+ days, the longest such culture of any kind reported to date. The tubuloids upregulate maturity markers, such as aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and megalin (LRP2), and exhibit less mesenchymal and proliferation markers, such as vimentin and Ki67, compared to 2D cultures. They also experience changes over time as revealed by a comparison of gene expression patterns of cells in 2D culture and in day 31 and day 67 tubuloids. Gene expression analysis and immunohistochemistry reveal an increase in the expression of megalin, an endocytic receptor that can directly bind and uptake protein or potentially assist protein uptake. The tubuloids, including day 90 tubuloids, uptake fluorescent albumin and reveal punctate fluorescent patterns, suggesting functional endocytic uptake through these receptors. Furthermore, the tubuloids release kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), a common biomarker for kidney injury, when exposed to albumin in both dose- and time-dependent manners. While this study focuses on potential applications for modeling proteinuric kidney disease, the tubuloids may have broad utility for studies where apical proximal tubule cell access is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Parigoris
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; The Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; The Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Amy Yunfan Liu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; The Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Xueying Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; The Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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17
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Jubelin C, Muñoz-Garcia J, Griscom L, Cochonneau D, Ollivier E, Heymann MF, Vallette FM, Oliver L, Heymann D. Three-dimensional in vitro culture models in oncology research. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:155. [PMID: 36089610 PMCID: PMC9465969 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCancer is a multifactorial disease that is responsible for 10 million deaths per year. The intra- and inter-heterogeneity of malignant tumors make it difficult to develop single targeted approaches. Similarly, their diversity requires various models to investigate the mechanisms involved in cancer initiation, progression, drug resistance and recurrence. Of the in vitro cell-based models, monolayer adherent (also known as 2D culture) cell cultures have been used for the longest time. However, it appears that they are often less appropriate than the three-dimensional (3D) cell culture approach for mimicking the biological behavior of tumor cells, in particular the mechanisms leading to therapeutic escape and drug resistance. Multicellular tumor spheroids are widely used to study cancers in 3D, and can be generated by a multiplicity of techniques, such as liquid-based and scaffold-based 3D cultures, microfluidics and bioprinting. Organoids are more complex 3D models than multicellular tumor spheroids because they are generated from stem cells isolated from patients and are considered as powerful tools to reproduce the disease development in vitro. The present review provides an overview of the various 3D culture models that have been set up to study cancer development and drug response. The advantages of 3D models compared to 2D cell cultures, the limitations, and the fields of application of these models and their techniques of production are also discussed.
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18
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He J, Zhou C, Xu X, Zhou Z, Danoy M, Shinohara M, Xiao W, Zhu D, Zhao X, Feng X, Mao Y, Sun W, Sakai Y, Yang H, Pang Y. Scalable Formation of Highly Viable and Functional Hepatocellular Carcinoma Spheroids in an Oxygen-Permeable Microwell Device for Anti-Tumor Drug Evaluation. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200863. [PMID: 35841538 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
For high-throughput anti-cancer drug screening, microwell arrays may serve as an effective tool to generate uniform and scalable tumor spheroids. However, microwell arrays are commonly anchored in non-oxygen-permeable culture plates, leading to limited oxygen supply for avascular spheroids. Herein, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based oxygen-permeable microwell device is introduced for generating highly viable and functional hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) spheroids. The PDMS sheets at the bottom of the microwell device provide a high flux of oxygen like in vivo neighboring hepatic sinusoids. Owing to the better oxygen supply, the generated HepG2 spheroids are larger in size and exhibit higher viability and proliferation with less cell apoptosis and necrosis. These spheroids also exhibit lower levels of anaerobic cellular respiration and express higher levels of liver-related functions. In anti-cancer drug testing, spheroids cultured in PDMS plates show a significantly stronger resistance against doxorubicin because of the stronger stem-cell and multidrug resistance phenotype. Moreover, higher expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A produces a stronger angiogenesis capability of the spheroids. Overall, compared to the spheroids cultured in conventional non-oxygen-permeable plates, these spheroids can be used as a more favorable model for early-stage HCCs and be applied in high-throughput anti-cancer drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu He
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chang Zhou
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Changping District, Beijing, 102218, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhou
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Mathieu Danoy
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-033, Japan
| | - Marie Shinohara
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Wenjin Xiao
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMR-S1138, CNRS SNC5014, University of Paris, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Dong Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Changping District, Beijing, 102218, P. R. China
| | - Xiuying Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Changping District, Beijing, 102218, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobin Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Changping District, Beijing, 102218, P. R. China
| | - Yilei Mao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, P. R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, College of Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-033, Japan
| | - Huayu Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Pang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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19
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Electrochemical microwell sensor with Fe-N co-doped carbon catalyst to monitor nitric oxide release from endothelial cell spheroids. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:1297-1304. [PMID: 35895213 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00160-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells have been widely used for vascular biology studies; recent progress in tissue engineering have offered three-dimensional (3D) culture systems for vascular endothelial cells which can be considered as physiologically relevant models. To facilitate the studies, we developed an electrochemical device to detect nitric oxide (NO), a key molecule in the vasculature, for the evaluation of 3D cultured endothelial cells. Using an NO-sensitive catalyst composed of Fe-N co-doped reduced graphene oxide, the real-time monitoring of NO release from the endothelial cell spheroids was demonstrated.
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20
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Morphometrical, Morphological, and Immunocytochemical Characterization of a Tool for Cytotoxicity Research: 3D Cultures of Breast Cell Lines Grown in Ultra-Low Attachment Plates. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10080415. [PMID: 35893848 PMCID: PMC9394479 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell cultures may better mimic avascular tumors. Yet, they still lack characterization and standardization. Therefore, this study aimed to (a) generate multicellular aggregates (MCAs) of four breast cell lines: MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and SKBR3 (tumoral) and MCF12A (non-tumoral) using ultra-low attachment (ULA) plates, (b) detail the methodology used for their formation and analysis, providing technical tips, and (c) characterize the MCAs using morphometry, qualitative cytology (at light and electron microscopy), and quantitative immunocytochemistry (ICC) analysis. Each cell line generated uniform MCAs with structural differences among cell lines: MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 MCAs showed an ellipsoid/discoid shape and compact structure, while MCF12A and SKBR3 MCAs were loose, more flattened, and presented bigger areas. MCF7 MCAs revealed glandular breast differentiation features. ICC showed a random distribution of the proliferating and apoptotic cells throughout the MCAs, not fitting in the traditional spheroid model. ICC for cytokeratin, vimentin, and E-cadherin showed different results according to the cell lines. Estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors were positive only in MCF7 and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) in SKBR3. The presented characterization of the MCAs in non-exposed conditions provided a good baseline to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of potential anticancer compounds.
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21
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Choy Buentello D, Koch LS, Trujillo-de Santiago G, Alvarez MM, Broersen K. Use of standard U-bottom and V-bottom well plates to generate neuroepithelial embryoid bodies. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262062. [PMID: 35536781 PMCID: PMC9089918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of organoids has become increasingly popular recently due to their self-organizing abilities, which facilitate developmental and disease modeling. Various methods have been described to create embryoid bodies (EBs) generated from embryonic or pluripotent stem cells but with varying levels of differentiation success and producing organoids of variable size. Commercial ultra-low attachment (ULA) V-bottom well plates are frequently used to generate EBs. These plates are relatively expensive and not as widely available as standard concave well plates. Here, we describe a cost-effective and low labor-intensive method that creates homogeneous EBs at high yield in standard V- and U-bottom well plates by applying an anti-adherence solution to reduce surface attachment, followed by centrifugation to enhance cellular aggregation. We also explore the effect of different seeding densities, in the range of 1 to 11 ×103 cells per well, for the fabrication of neuroepithelial EBs. Our results show that the use of V-bottom well plates briefly treated with anti-adherent solution (for 5 min at room temperature) consistently yields functional neural EBs in the range of seeding densities from 5 to 11×103 cells per well. A brief post-seeding centrifugation step further enhances EB establishment. EBs fabricated using centrifugation exhibited lower variability in their final size than their non-centrifuged counterparts, and centrifugation also improved EB yield. The span of conditions for reliable EB production is narrower in U-bottom wells than in V-bottom wells (i.e., seeding densities between 7×103 and 11×103 and using a centrifugation step). We show that EBs generated by the protocols introduced here successfully developed into neural organoids and expressed the relevant markers associated with their lineages. We anticipate that the cost-effective and easily implemented protocols presented here will greatly facilitate the generation of EBs, thereby further democratizing the worldwide ability to conduct organoid-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Choy Buentello
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre Enschede, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Sophie Koch
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre Enschede, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Grissel Trujillo-de Santiago
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecatrónica y Eléctrica, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - Mario Moisés Alvarez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
- * E-mail: (MMA); (KB)
| | - Kerensa Broersen
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre Enschede, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (MMA); (KB)
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22
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Gore M, Tiwari A, Jahagirdar D, Narayanasamy A, Jain R, Dandekar P. Three-dimensional spheroids of choroid-retinal vascular endothelial cells as an in-vitro model for diabetic retinopathy: Proof-of-concept investigation. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100111. [PMID: 35663283 PMCID: PMC9157473 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a primary microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and a vision-threatening condition. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces neovascularization and causes metabolic damage to the retinal and choroidal vasculature in diabetic patients. Existing drug screening models and treatment strategies for DR need to be refined through the establishment of relevant pre-clinical models, which may enable development of effective and safe therapies. The present study discusses the development of an in-vitro three-dimensional (3D) spheroid model, using RF/6A choroid-retinal vascular endothelial cells, to closely mimic the in-vivo disease condition. Compact, reproducibly-sized, viable and proliferating RF/6A spheroids were fabricated, as confirmed by microscopy, live/dead assay, cell proliferation assay and histological staining. In-vitro angiogenesis was studied by evaluating individual effects of VEGF and an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody, Bevacizumab, and their combination on cellular proliferation and 3D endothelial sprout formation. VEGF stimulated angiogenic sprouting while Bevacizumab demonstrated a dose-dependent anti-angiogenic effect, as determined from the cellular proliferation observed and extent and length of sprouting. These investigations validated the potential of RF/6A spheroids in providing an alternative-to-animal, pathophysiologically-relevant model to facilitate pre-clinical and biomedical research related to DR. Matrix-free three-dimensional RF/6A spheroids were developed and characterized. VEGF-induced sprouting in RF/6A spheroids mimicked in-vivo vascular angiogenesis. Bevacizumab showed clinically-relevant anti-angiogenic responses in spheroid model. Proof-of-concept for in-vitro diabetic retinopathy model was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Gore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400 019, India
| | - Ankit Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400 019, India
| | - Devashree Jahagirdar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400 019, India
| | - Angayarkanni Narayanasamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, 600 006, India
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400 019, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400 019, India
- Corresponding author.
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23
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Balkrishna A, Gohel V, Kumari P, Manik M, Bhattacharya K, Dev R, Varshney A. Livogrit Prevents Methionine-Cystine Deficiency Induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis by Modulation of Steatosis and Oxidative Stress in Human Hepatocyte-Derived Spheroid and in Primary Rat Hepatocytes. Bioengineered 2022; 13:10811-10826. [PMID: 35485140 PMCID: PMC9208489 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2065789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by fatty liver, oxidative injury, and inflammation, has considerably increased in the recent years. Due to the complexity of NASH pathogenesis, compounds which can target different mechanisms and stages of NASH development are required. A robust screening model with translational capability is also required to develop therapies targeting NASH. In this study, we used HepG2 spheroids and rat primary hepatocytes to evaluate the potency of Livogrit, a tri-herbal Ayurvedic prescription medicine, as a hepatoprotective agent. NASH was developed in the cells via methionine and cystine-deficient cell culture media. Livogrit at concentration of 30 µg/mL was able to prevent NASH development by decreasing lipid accumulation, ROS production, AST release, NFκB activation and increasing lipolysis, GSH (reduced glutathione), and mitochondrial membrane potential. This study suggests that Livogrit might reduce the lipotoxicity-mediated ROS generation and subsequent production of inflammatory mediators as evident from the increased gene expression of FXR, FGF21, CHOP, CXCL5, and their normalization due to Livogrit treatment. Taken together, Livogrit showed the potential as a multimodal therapeutic formulation capable of attenuating the development of NASH. Our study highlights the potential of Livogrit as a hepatoprotective agent with translational possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharya Balkrishna
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed by Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Haridwar, India.,Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Haridwar, India.,Patanjali Yog Peeth (UK) Trust, Glasgow, UK
| | - Vivek Gohel
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed by Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Haridwar, India
| | - Priya Kumari
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed by Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Haridwar, India
| | - Moumita Manik
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed by Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Haridwar, India
| | - Kunal Bhattacharya
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed by Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Haridwar, India
| | - Rishabh Dev
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed by Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Haridwar, India
| | - Anurag Varshney
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed by Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Haridwar, India.,Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Haridwar, India.,Special Centre for Systems Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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24
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Campioni G, Pasquale V, Busti S, Ducci G, Sacco E, Vanoni M. An Optimized Workflow for the Analysis of Metabolic Fluxes in Cancer Spheroids Using Seahorse Technology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050866. [PMID: 35269488 PMCID: PMC8909358 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional cancer models, such as spheroids, are increasingly being used to study cancer metabolism because they can better recapitulate the molecular and physiological aspects of the tumor architecture than conventional monolayer cultures. Although Agilent Seahorse XFe96 (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, United States) is a valuable technology for studying metabolic alterations occurring in cancer cells, its application to three-dimensional cultures is still poorly optimized. We present a reliable and reproducible workflow for the Seahorse metabolic analysis of three-dimensional cultures. An optimized protocol enables the formation of spheroids highly regular in shape and homogenous in size, reducing variability in metabolic parameters among the experimental replicates, both under basal and drug treatment conditions. High-resolution imaging allows the calculation of the number of viable cells in each spheroid, the normalization of metabolic parameters on a per-cell basis, and grouping of the spheroids as a function of their size. Multivariate statistical tests on metabolic parameters determined by the Mito Stress test on two breast cancer cell lines show that metabolic differences among the studied spheroids are mostly related to the cell line rather than to the size of the spheroid. The optimized workflow allows high-resolution metabolic characterization of three-dimensional cultures, their comparison with monolayer cultures, and may aid in the design and interpretation of (multi)drug protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Campioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (V.P.); (S.B.); (G.D.); (E.S.)
- SYSBIO (Centre of Systems Biology), ISBE (Infrastructure Systems Biology Europe), 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Pasquale
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (V.P.); (S.B.); (G.D.); (E.S.)
- SYSBIO (Centre of Systems Biology), ISBE (Infrastructure Systems Biology Europe), 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Busti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (V.P.); (S.B.); (G.D.); (E.S.)
- SYSBIO (Centre of Systems Biology), ISBE (Infrastructure Systems Biology Europe), 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Ducci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (V.P.); (S.B.); (G.D.); (E.S.)
- SYSBIO (Centre of Systems Biology), ISBE (Infrastructure Systems Biology Europe), 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Sacco
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (V.P.); (S.B.); (G.D.); (E.S.)
- SYSBIO (Centre of Systems Biology), ISBE (Infrastructure Systems Biology Europe), 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Vanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (V.P.); (S.B.); (G.D.); (E.S.)
- SYSBIO (Centre of Systems Biology), ISBE (Infrastructure Systems Biology Europe), 20126 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-6448-3525
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25
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Decarli MC, Mizukami A, Azoubel RA, Neto PI, Mota C, Moraes ÂM, Silva JVL, Moroni L. Static systems to obtain 3D spheroid cell models: a cost analysis comparing the implementation of four types of microwell array inserts. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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26
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Zoledronic acid-loaded cationic methylcellulose polyplex nanoparticles for enhanced gene delivery efficiency and breast cancer cell killing effect. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-02127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Murray ER, Menezes S, Henry JC, Williams JL, Alba-Castellón L, Baskaran P, Quétier I, Desai A, Marshall JJT, Rosewell I, Tatari M, Rajeeve V, Khan F, Wang J, Kotantaki P, Tyler EJ, Singh N, Reader CS, Carter EP, Hodivala-Dilke K, Grose RP, Kocher HM, Gavara N, Pearce O, Cutillas P, Marshall JF, Cameron AJM. Disruption of pancreatic stellate cell myofibroblast phenotype promotes pancreatic tumor invasion. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110227. [PMID: 35081338 PMCID: PMC8810397 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), differentiation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) into myofibroblast-like cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can both promote and suppress tumor progression. Here, we show that the Rho effector protein kinase N2 (PKN2) is critical for PSC myofibroblast differentiation. Loss of PKN2 is associated with reduced PSC proliferation, contractility, and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) stress fibers. In spheroid co-cultures with PDAC cells, loss of PKN2 prevents PSC invasion but, counter-intuitively, promotes invasive cancer cell outgrowth. PKN2 deletion induces a myofibroblast to inflammatory CAF switch in the PSC matrisome signature both in vitro and in vivo. Further, deletion of PKN2 in the pancreatic stroma induces more locally invasive, orthotopic pancreatic tumors. Finally, we demonstrate that a PKN2KO matrisome signature predicts poor outcome in pancreatic and other solid human cancers. Our data indicate that suppressing PSC myofibroblast function can limit important stromal tumor-suppressive mechanisms, while promoting a switch to a cancer-supporting CAF phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Murray
- Kinase Biology Laboratory, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Shinelle Menezes
- Kinase Biology Laboratory, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jack C Henry
- Kinase Biology Laboratory, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Josie L Williams
- Kinase Biology Laboratory, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Lorena Alba-Castellón
- Kinase Biology Laboratory, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Priththivika Baskaran
- Kinase Biology Laboratory, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ivan Quétier
- Kinase Biology Laboratory, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ami Desai
- Kinase Biology Laboratory, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jacqueline J T Marshall
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ian Rosewell
- Transgenic Services, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Marianthi Tatari
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Vinothini Rajeeve
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Faraz Khan
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jun Wang
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Panoraia Kotantaki
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Eleanor J Tyler
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Namrata Singh
- Kinase Biology Laboratory, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Claire S Reader
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Edward P Carter
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Kairbaan Hodivala-Dilke
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Richard P Grose
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Hemant M Kocher
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Barts and the London HPB Centre, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, Whitechapel, London E1 1BB, UK
| | - Nuria Gavara
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oliver Pearce
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Pedro Cutillas
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John F Marshall
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Angus J M Cameron
- Kinase Biology Laboratory, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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28
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The Impact of Astrocytes and Endothelial Cells on Glioblastoma Stemness Marker Expression in Multicellular Spheroids. Cell Mol Bioeng 2021; 14:639-651. [PMID: 34900016 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-021-00691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common primary brain tumor in adults, is extremely malignant and lethal. GBM tumors are highly heterogenous, being comprised of cellular and matrix components, which contribute to tumor cell invasion, cancer stem cell maintenance, and drug resistance. Here, we developed a heterotypic 3D spheroid model integrating GBM cells with astrocytes and endothelial cells (ECs) to better simulate the cellular components of the tumor microenvironment and investigate their impact on the stemness marker expression of GBM cells, which has not been previously investigated. Methods We used U87 GBM cells, C8-D1A mouse astrocytes, and human umbilical vein ECs to construct co- and tri-culture spheroid models in low-attachment U-well plates. We characterized the expression of known stemness markers NESTIN, SOX2, CD133, NANOG, and OCT4 in these models and compared it to respective mixed monoculture spheroids (control) using qRT-PCR and immunostaining. Results We incorporated GBM cells and astrocytes/ECs in 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, and 1:9 ratio and observed spontaneous self-assembled spheroids in all coculture conditions. We observed changing spheroid size dynamics over 7 days and an increased expression in stemness markers in GBM-astrocyte and GBM-EC coculture spheroids in 1:4 and 1:9 coculture conditions, respectively. In a triculture model employing GBM cells, astrocytes, and ECs in a 1:4:9 ratio, we found an increased expression of all the stemness markers. Conclusions We elucidated the impact of astrocytes and ECs on GBM stemness marker expression. This multicellular spheroid model may provide an important tool for investigating the crosstalk between cell types in GBM. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-021-00691-y.
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Aguilar Cosme JR, Gagui DC, Bryant HE, Claeyssens F. Morphological Response in Cancer Spheroids for Screening Photodynamic Therapy Parameters. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:784962. [PMID: 34869604 PMCID: PMC8637197 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.784962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment which uses light-activated compounds to produce reactive oxygen species, leading to membrane damage and cell death. Multicellular cancer spheroids are a preferable alternative for PDT evaluation in comparison to monolayer cell cultures due to their ability to better mimic in vivo avascular tumour characteristics such as hypoxia and cell-cell interactions, low cost, and ease of production. However, inconsistent growth kinetics and drug responsiveness causes poor experimental reproducibility and limits their usefulness. Herein, we used image analysis to establish a link between human melanoma C8161 spheroid morphology and drug responsiveness. Spheroids were pre-selected based on sphericity, area, and diameter, reducing variation in experimental groups before treatment. Spheroid morphology after PDT was analyzed using AnaSP and ReViSP, MATLAB-based open-source software, obtaining nine different parameters. Spheroids displayed a linear response between biological assays and morphology, with area (R2 = 0.7219) and volume (R2 = 0.6138) showing the best fit. Sphericity, convexity, and solidity were confirmed as poor standalone indicators of spheroid viability. Our results indicate spheroid morphometric parameters can be used to accurately screen inefficient treatment combinations of novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Aguilar Cosme
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Dan C Gagui
- INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Bryant
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Sun B, Zhao Y, Wu W, Zhao Q, Li G. A superhydrophobic chip integrated with an array of medium reservoirs for long-term hanging drop spheroid culture. Acta Biomater 2021; 135:234-242. [PMID: 34389482 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hanging drop (HD) is one of the most popular methods used for forming three-dimensional (3D) cell spheroids. However, conventional hanging drop systems are only applicable for short-term spheroid culture due to their inconvenience in exchanging cell culture media. Here we present a medium-reservoir-integrated superhydrophobic (MRI-SH) chip for long-term HD spheroid cultures. The device consists of two main components: i) a patterned superhydrophobic (SH) surface containing an array of wettable spots which anchor arrays of droplets of cell suspension, and ii) an array of chambers that serve as medium reservoirs, both interconnected via an array of thru-holes. This configuration provides two distinct advantages over conventional HD configurations: i) the high wettability contrast of the SH pattern on the chip leads to the formation and adhesion of nearly spherical hanging droplets on its surface, which minimizes interactions between the liquid and the substrate; ii) the integrated chambers provide large volumes of medium to maintain longer culture durations. Using this device, spheroids of MHCC97H cells were successfully formed, and the cultured spheroids could maintain high viability for up to 30 days and exhibited enhanced spheroid morphology compared to those cultured in the conventional HD systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This paper presents a medium-reservoir-integrated superhydrophobic hanging drop (HD) platform for the long-term culture of spheroids with enhanced morphology. By monolithically integrating medium reservoirs and a patterned SH surface into a single device, this HD platform can not only produce high-quality spheroids, but also permit them to sustain high viability for up to 30 days without the need for tedious medium replenishment. We believe that such a platform will be valuable in a wide range of biological or biomedical applications, including tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangyong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defence Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Weimin Wu
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defence Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defence Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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Zahn I, Braun T, Gögele C, Schulze-Tanzil G. Minispheroids as a Tool for Ligament Tissue Engineering: Do the Self-Assembly Techniques and Spheroid Dimensions Influence the Cruciate Ligamentocyte Phenotype? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11011. [PMID: 34681672 PMCID: PMC8537246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spheroid culture might stabilize the ligamentocyte phenotype. Therefore, the phenotype of lapine cruciate ligamentocyte (L-CLs) minispheroids prepared either by hanging drop (HD) method or by using a novel spheroid plate (SP) and the option of methyl cellulose (MC) for tuning spheroid formation was tested. A total of 250 and 1000 L-CLs per spheroid were seeded as HDs or on an SP before performing cell viability assay, morphometry, gene expression (qRT-PCR) and protein immunolocalization after 7 (HD/SP) and 14 (SP) days. Stable and viable spheroids of both sizes could be produced with both methods, but more rapidly with SP. MC accelerated the formation of round spheroids (HD). Their circular areas decreased significantly during culturing. After 7 days, the diameters of HD-derived spheroids were significantly larger compared to those harvested from the SP, with a tendency of lower circularity suggesting an ellipsoid shape. Gene expression of decorin increased significantly after 7 days (HD, similar trend in SP), tenascin C tended to increase after 7 (HD/SP) and 14 days (SP), whereas collagen type 1 decreased (HD/SP) compared to the monolayer control. The cruciate ligament extracellular matrix components could be localized in all mini-spheroids, confirming their conserved expression profile and their suitability for ligament tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Zahn
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str.1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany; (I.Z.); (T.B.); (C.G.)
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universitätsstraße 19, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Nuremberg Institute of Technology Georg Simon Ohm, Keßlerplatz 12, 90489 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Braun
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str.1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany; (I.Z.); (T.B.); (C.G.)
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Nuremberg Institute of Technology Georg Simon Ohm, Keßlerplatz 12, 90489 Nuremberg, Germany
- Department of Cardiac Surgery (Cardiovascular Center), Klinikum Nürnberg Süd, Breslauer Str. 201, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Gögele
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str.1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany; (I.Z.); (T.B.); (C.G.)
- Department of Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gundula Schulze-Tanzil
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str.1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany; (I.Z.); (T.B.); (C.G.)
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Hong S, Song JM. A 3D cell printing-fabricated HepG2 liver spheroid model for high-content in situ quantification of drug-induced liver toxicity. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:5939-5950. [PMID: 34318795 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00749a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
3D spheroid cultures are attractive candidates for application in in vitro drug-induced hepatotoxicity testing models to improve the reliability of biological information obtainable from a simple 2D culture model. Various 3D spheroid culture models exist for hepatotoxicity screening, but quantitative assays of spheroid response in situ are still challenging to achieve with the current 3D liver toxicity platforms. In this study, we developed a 3D printing-based HepG2 liver spheroid culture model for in situ quantitative evaluation and high-content monitoring of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. HepG2 liver spheroids grown in mini-fabricated hydrogel constructs using a 3D bioprinter were used to obtain the EC50 values and to measure the multi-parametric hepatotoxic effects, including mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), cytosolic calcium levels, and apoptosis. Interestingly, the average fluorescence intensities of apoptotic and cell death markers, calculated for out-of-focus and in-focus spheroids, increased proportionally as a function of the drug concentration, allowing for the determination of the EC50 values. In addition, 3D HepG2 spheroids were more resistant to nefazodone-induced MPT than 2D HepG2 cells, indicating that the gelatin/alginate hydrogel culture system provides enhanced resistance to hepatotoxic drugs. The drug response of HepG2 liver spheroids was also found to be unrelated to the spheroid size. These results demonstrate that the present 3D cell-printing-based embedded HepG2 liver spheroid platform is a promising approach for screening and characterizing drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sera Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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Kim H, Han Y, Suhito IR, Choi Y, Kwon M, Son H, Kim HR, Kim TH. Raman Spectroscopy-Based 3D Analysis of Odontogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cell Spheroids. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9995-10004. [PMID: 34241992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Numerous efforts have been made to establish three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures that mimic the structure, cell composition, and functions of actual tissues and organs in vitro; however, owing to its intrinsic complexity, precise characterization of 3D differentiation remains challenging and often results in high variations in the resulting differentiated spheroids. This study reports a 3D Raman mapping-based analytical method that helps us to identify the crucial factors responsible for inducing variability in differentiated stem cell spheroids. Human dental pulp stem cell spheroids were generated at various cell densities using the hanging drop (HD) and molded parafilm-based (MP) methods and were then further subjected to odontogenic differentiation. Thereafter, the 3D cellular differentiation in these spheroids was analyzed based on three different Raman peaks, namely, 960, 1156/1528, and 2935 cm-1, which correspond to hydroxyapatite (HA, odontogenic differentiation marker), β-carotene (precursor of HA), and proteins/cellular components (cell reference). By correlating such cell differentiation-related peaks and water/medium peaks (3400 cm-1), we discovered that the diffusion of the medium containing various nutrients and differentiation factors was crucial in determining the variations in 3D differentiation of stem cell spheroids. Odontogenic differentiation was majorly induced at the outer shell of HD spheroids (up to ∼20 μm), whereas odontogenic differentiation was markedly induced in MP spheroids (up to 40-50 μm). Considering the challenges associated with high variations in spheroid and organoid differentiation, we conclude that the proposed Raman-based 3D analysis plays a pivotal role in stem cell-based regenerative therapy and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijung Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoojoong Han
- R&D Division, Nanobase, Inc., Seoul 08502, Republic of Korea
| | - Intan Rosalina Suhito
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyeong Kwon
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungbin Son
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ryong Kim
- College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.,Integrative Research Center for Two-Dimensional Functional Materials, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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34
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Three-Dimensional Culture Models to Study Innate Anti-Tumor Immune Response: Advantages and Disadvantages. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143417. [PMID: 34298630 PMCID: PMC8303518 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several approaches have shown that the immune response against tumors strongly affects patients' clinical outcome. Thus, the study of anti-tumor immunity is critical to understand and potentiate the mechanisms underlying the elimination of tumor cells. Natural killer (NK) cells are members of innate immunity and represent powerful anti-tumor effectors, able to eliminate tumor cells without a previous sensitization. Thus, the study of their involvement in anti-tumor responses is critical for clinical translation. This analysis has been performed in vitro, co-incubating NK with tumor cells and quantifying the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. In vivo confirmation has been applied to overcome the limits of in vitro testing, however, the innate immunity of mice and humans is different, leading to discrepancies. Different activating receptors on NK cells and counter-ligands on tumor cells are involved in the antitumor response, and innate immunity is strictly dependent on the specific microenvironment where it takes place. Thus, three-dimensional (3D) culture systems, where NK and tumor cells can interact in a tissue-like architecture, have been created. For example, tumor cell spheroids and primary organoids derived from several tumor types, have been used so far to analyze innate immune response, replacing animal models. Herein, we briefly introduce NK cells and analyze and discuss in detail the properties of 3D tumor culture systems and their use for the study of tumor cell interactions with NK cells.
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Kim D, Lee SJ, Youn J, Hong H, Eom S, Kim DS. A deep and permeable nanofibrous oval-shaped microwell array for the stable formation of viable and functional spheroids. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 34030141 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac044c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the potential of a nanofibrous (NF) microwell array as a permeable microwell array to improve the viability and functions of spheroids, thanks to the superior permeability to both gases and solutes, there have still been difficulties regarding the stable formation of spheroids in the NF microwell array due to the low aspect ratio (AR) and the large interspacing between microwells. This study proposes a nanofibrous oval-shaped microwell array, named the NOVA microwell array, with both a high AR and a high well density, enabling us to not only collect cells in the microwell with a high cell seeding efficiency, but also to generate multiple viable and functional spheroids in a uniform and stable manner. To realize a deep NOVA microwell array with a high aspect ratio (AR = 0.9) and a high well density (494 wells cm-2), we developed a matched-mold thermoforming process for the fabrication of both size- and AR-controllable NOVA microwell arrays with various interspacing between microwells while maintaining the porous nature of the NF membrane. The human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell spheroids cultured on the deep NOVA microwell array not only had uniform size and shape, with a spheroid circularity of 0.80 ± 0.03 at a cell seeding efficiency of 94.29 ± 9.55%, but also exhibited enhanced viability with a small fraction of dead cells and promoted functionality with increased albumin secretion, compared with the conventional impermeable microwell array. The superior characteristics of the deep NOVA microwell array, i.e. a high AR, a high well density, and a high permeability, pave the way to the production of various viable and functional spheroids and even organoids in a scalable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohui Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jin Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseung Youn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjun Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsu Eom
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Sung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Tampakaki M, Oraiopoulou ME, Tzamali E, Tzedakis G, Makatounakis T, Zacharakis G, Papamatheakis J, Sakkalis V. PML Differentially Regulates Growth and Invasion in Brain Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126289. [PMID: 34208139 PMCID: PMC8230868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most malignant brain tumor among adults. Despite multimodality treatment, it remains incurable, mainly because of its extensive heterogeneity and infiltration in the brain parenchyma. Recent evidence indicates dysregulation of the expression of the Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein (PML) in primary Glioblastoma samples. PML is implicated in various ways in cancer biology. In the brain, PML participates in the physiological migration of the neural progenitor cells, which have been hypothesized to serve as the cell of origin of Glioblastoma. The role of PML in Glioblastoma progression has recently gained attention due to its controversial effects in overall Glioblastoma evolution. In this work, we studied the role of PML in Glioblastoma pathophysiology using the U87MG cell line. We genetically modified the cells to conditionally overexpress the PML isoform IV and we focused on its dual role in tumor growth and invasive capacity. Furthermore, we targeted a PML action mediator, the Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2), via the inhibitory drug DZNeP. We present a combined in vitro–in silico approach, that utilizes both 2D and 3D cultures and cancer-predictive computational algorithms, in order to differentiate and interpret the observed biological results. Our overall findings indicate that PML regulates growth and invasion through distinct cellular mechanisms. In particular, PML overexpression suppresses cell proliferation, while it maintains the invasive capacity of the U87MG Glioblastoma cells and, upon inhibition of the PML-EZH2 pathway, the invasion is drastically eliminated. Our in silico simulations suggest that the underlying mechanism of PML-driven Glioblastoma physiology regulates invasion by differential modulation of the cell-to-cell adhesive and diffusive capacity of the cells. Elucidating further the role of PML in Glioblastoma biology could set PML as a potential molecular biomarker of the tumor progression and its mediated pathway as a therapeutic target, aiming at inhibiting cell growth and potentially clonal evolution regarding their proliferative and/or invasive phenotype within the heterogeneous tumor mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tampakaki
- Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (M.T.); (M.-E.O.); (E.T.); (G.T.)
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Mariam-Eleni Oraiopoulou
- Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (M.T.); (M.-E.O.); (E.T.); (G.T.)
| | - Eleftheria Tzamali
- Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (M.T.); (M.-E.O.); (E.T.); (G.T.)
| | - Giorgos Tzedakis
- Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (M.T.); (M.-E.O.); (E.T.); (G.T.)
| | - Takis Makatounakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Giannis Zacharakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (J.P.); (V.S.)
| | - Joseph Papamatheakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (J.P.); (V.S.)
| | - Vangelis Sakkalis
- Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (M.T.); (M.-E.O.); (E.T.); (G.T.)
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (J.P.); (V.S.)
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An Improved Scalable Hydrogel Dish for Spheroid Culture. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060517. [PMID: 34204955 PMCID: PMC8228346 DOI: 10.3390/life11060517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in fields studying cellular response to surface tension and mechanical forces necessitate cell culture tools with tunability of substrate stiffness. We created a scalable hydrogel dish design to facilitate scaffold-free formation of multiple spheroids in a single dish. Our novel design features inner and outer walls, allowing efficient media changes and downstream experiments. The design is easily scalable, accommodating varying numbers of microwells per plate. We report that non-adherent hydrogel stiffness affects spheroid morphology and compaction. We found that spheroid morphology and viability in our hydrogel dishes were comparable to commercially available Aggrewell™800 plates, with improved tunability of surface stiffness and imaging area. Device function was demonstrated with a migration assay using two investigational inhibitors against EMT. We successfully maintained primary-derived spheroids from murine and porcine lungs in the hydrogel dish. These features increase the ability to produce highly consistent cell aggregates for biological research.
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Badea MA, Balas M, Dinischiotu A. Biological properties and development of hypoxia in a breast cancer 3D model generated by hanging drop technique. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 80:63-73. [PMID: 33904026 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-00982-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hanging drop represents a simple approach designed for the generation of 3D models that have potential to be used for the study of solid tumors characteristics. The aim of the study was to develop and characterize the breast cancer 3D cellular models obtained through hanging drop technique using MDA-MB-231 cells. The biological characteristics such as: morphology, cellular viability, proliferation capacity and hypoxia, were monitored for a six-day time period. The morphological evaluation indicated that the 3D models presented the aspect of compact (seeding density of 2500 and 5000 cells/drop) and loose (seeding density of 8000 cells/drop) aggregates, with a decrease in diameter and an increase of their circularity. The cellular viability and proliferation capacity decreased in time and the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased in a time-dependent manner, suggesting the presence of necrotic cells that were dispersed in the cellular aggregates. The occurrence of hypoxia process was suggested by the up-regulation of Hsp70 protein expression and increased level of nitric oxide (NO). Moreover, the up-regulation of HIF-1α and poli-ubiquitinated Nrf2 protein expressions and decreased level of reduced glutathione (GSH) indicated the presence of an acute hypoxic environment in MDA-MB-231 3D aggregates. In conclusion, the MDA-MB-231 3D models generated through hanging drop are compact and loose aggregates characterized by an acute hypoxic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Andreea Badea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest, R-050095, Romania
| | - Mihaela Balas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest, R-050095, Romania.
| | - Anca Dinischiotu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest, R-050095, Romania
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Han SJ, Kwon S, Kim KS. Challenges of applying multicellular tumor spheroids in preclinical phase. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:152. [PMID: 33663530 PMCID: PMC7934264 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTs) model is becoming an essential tool in cancer research as it expresses an intermediate complexity between 2D monolayer models and in vivo solid tumors. MCTs closely resemble in vivo solid tumors in many aspects, such as the heterogeneous architecture, internal gradients of signaling factors, nutrients, and oxygenation. MCTs have growth kinetics similar to those of in vivo tumors, and the cells in spheroid mimic the physical interaction of the tumors, such as cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. These similarities provide great potential for studying the biological properties of tumors and a promising platform for drug screening and therapeutic efficacy evaluation. However, MCTs are not well adopted as preclinical tools for studying tumor behavior and therapeutic efficacy up to now. In this review, we addressed the challenges with MCTs application and discussed various efforts to overcome the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jik Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Sangwoo Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Kyung Sook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
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40
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Roper SJ, Linke F, Scotting PJ, Coyle B. 3D spheroid models of paediatric SHH medulloblastoma mimic tumour biology, drug response and metastatic dissemination. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4259. [PMID: 33608621 PMCID: PMC7895940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83809-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying medulloblastoma, the most common malignant paediatric brain tumour, requires simple yet realistic in vitro models. In this study, we optimised a robust, reliable, three-dimensional (3D) culture method for medulloblastoma able to recapitulate the spatial conformation, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions that exist in vivo and in patient tumours. We show that, when grown under the same stem cell enriching conditions, SHH subgroup medulloblastoma cell lines established tight, highly reproducible 3D spheroids that could be maintained for weeks in culture and formed pathophysiological oxygen gradients. 3D spheroid culture also increased resistance to standard-of-care chemotherapeutic drugs compared to 2D monolayer culture. We exemplify how this model can enhance in vitro therapeutic screening approaches through dual-inhibitor studies and continual monitoring of drug response. Next, we investigated the initial stages of metastatic dissemination using brain-specific hyaluronan hydrogel matrices. RNA sequencing revealed downregulation of cell cycle genes and upregulation of cell movement genes and key fibronectin interactions in migrating cells. Analyses of these upregulated genes in patients showed that their expression correlated with early relapse and overall poor prognosis. Our 3D spheroid model is a significant improvement over current in vitro techniques, providing the medulloblastoma research community with a well-characterised and functionally relevant culture method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Roper
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Franziska Linke
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Paul J Scotting
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Beth Coyle
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Decarli MC, do Amaral RLF, Dos Santos DP, Tofani LB, Katayama E, Rezende RA, Silva JVLD, Swiech K, Suazo CAT, Mota C, Moroni L, Moraes ÂM. Cell spheroids as a versatile research platform: formation mechanisms, high throughput production, characterization and applications. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 33592595 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abe6f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell culture has tremendous advantages to closely mimic the in vivo architecture and microenvironment of healthy tissue and organs, as well as of solid tumors. Spheroids are currently the most attractive 3D model to produce uniform reproducible cell structures as well as a potential basis for engineering large tissues and complex organs. In this review we discuss, from an engineering perspective, processes to obtain uniform 3D cell spheroids, comparing dynamic and static cultures and considering aspects such as mass transfer and shear stress. In addition, computational and mathematical modelling of complex cell spheroid systems are discussed. The non-cell-adhesive hydrogel-based method and dynamic cell culture in bioreactors are focused in detail and the myriad of developed spheroid characterization techniques is presented. The main bottlenecks and weaknesses are discussed, especially regarding the analysis of morphological parameters, cell quantification and viability, gene expression profiles, metabolic behavior and high-content analysis. Finally, a vast set of applications of spheroids as tools for in vitro study model systems is examined, including drug screening, tissue formation, pathologies development, tissue engineering and biofabrication, 3D bioprinting and microfluidics, together with their use in high-throughput platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monize Caiado Decarli
- School of Chemical Engineering/Department of Engineering of Materials and of Bioprocesses, University of Campinas, Av. Albert Einstein, 500 - Bloco A - Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13083-852, BRAZIL
| | - Robson Luis Ferraz do Amaral
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto/Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, no number, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, BRAZIL
| | - Diogo Peres Dos Santos
- Departament of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz (SP-310), km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, BRAZIL
| | - Larissa Bueno Tofani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto/Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, no number, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, BRAZIL
| | - Eric Katayama
- Departament of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz (SP-310), km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, BRAZIL
| | - Rodrigo Alvarenga Rezende
- Centro de Tecnologia da Informacao Renato Archer, Rod. Dom Pedro I (SP-65), km 143,6 - Amarais, Campinas, SP, 13069-901, BRAZIL
| | - Jorge Vicente Lopes da Silva
- Centro de Tecnologia da Informacao Renato Archer, Rod. Dom Pedro I (SP-65), km 143,6 - Amarais, Campinas, SP, 13069-901, BRAZIL
| | - Kamilla Swiech
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto/Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14040-903, BRAZIL
| | - Cláudio Alberto Torres Suazo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz (SP-310), km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, BRAZIL
| | - Carlos Mota
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration (CTR), University of Maastricht , Universiteitssingel, 40, office 3.541A, Maastricht, 6229 ER, NETHERLANDS
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University, Universiteitsingel, 40, Maastricht, 6229ER, NETHERLANDS
| | - Ângela Maria Moraes
- School of Chemical Engineering/Department of Engineering of Materials and of Bioprocesses, University of Campinas, Av. Albert Einstein, 500 - Bloco A - Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13083-852, BRAZIL
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Onbas R, Arslan Yildiz A. Fabrication of Tunable 3D Cellular Structures in High Volume Using Magnetic Levitation Guided Assembly. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:1794-1802. [PMID: 35014525 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tunable and reproducible size with high circularity is an important limitation to obtain three-dimensional (3D) cellular structures and spheroids in scaffold free tissue engineering approaches. Here, we present a facile methodology based on magnetic levitation (MagLev) to fabricate 3D cellular structures rapidly and easily in high-volume and low magnetic field. In this study, 3D cellular structures were fabricated using magnetic levitation directed assembly where cells are suspended and self-assembled by contactless magnetic manipulation in the presence of a paramagnetic agent. The effect of cell seeding density, culture time, and paramagnetic agent concentration on the formation of 3D cellular structures was evaluated for NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. In addition, magnetic levitation guided cellular assembly and 3D tumor spheroid formation was examined for five different cancer cell lines: MCF7 (human epithelial breast adenocarcinoma), MDA-MB-231 (human epithelial breast adenocarcinoma), SH-SY5Y (human bone-marrow neuroblastoma), PC-12 (rat adrenal gland pheochromocytoma), and HeLa (human epithelial cervix adenocarcinoma). Moreover, formation of a 3D coculture model was successfully observed by using MDA-MB-231 dsRED and MDA-MB-231 GFP cells. Taken together, these results indicate that the developed MagLev setup provides an easy and efficient way to fabricate 3D cellular structures and may be a feasible alternative to conventional methodologies for cellular/multicellular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Onbas
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology (IZTECH), 35430 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ahu Arslan Yildiz
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology (IZTECH), 35430 Izmir, Turkey
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Leedale JA, Lucendo-Villarin B, Meseguer-Ripolles J, Kasarinaite A, Webb SD, Hay DC. Mathematical modelling of oxygen gradients in stem cell-derived liver tissue. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244070. [PMID: 33556073 PMCID: PMC7870006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A major bottleneck in the study of human liver physiology is the provision of stable liver tissue in sufficient quantity. As a result, current approaches to modelling human drug efficacy and toxicity rely heavily on immortalized human and animal cell lines. These models are informative but do possess significant drawbacks. To address the issues presented by those models, researchers have turned to pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). PSCs can be generated from defined genetic backgrounds, are scalable, and capable of differentiation to all the cell types found in the human body, representing an attractive source of somatic cells for in vitro and in vivo endeavours. Although unlimited numbers of somatic cell types can be generated in vitro, their maturation still remains problematic. In order to develop high fidelity PSC-derived liver tissue, it is necessary to better understand the cell microenvironment in vitro including key elements of liver physiology. In vivo a major driver of zonated liver function is the oxygen gradient that exists from periportal to pericentral regions. In this paper, we demonstrate how cell culture conditions for PSC-derived liver sphere systems can be optimised to recapitulate physiologically relevant oxygen gradients by using mathematical modelling. The mathematical model incorporates some often-understated features and mechanisms of traditional spheroid systems such as cell-specific oxygen uptake, media volume, spheroid size, and well dimensions that can lead to a spatially heterogeneous distribution of oxygen. This mathematical modelling approach allows for the calibration and identification of culture conditions required to generate physiologically realistic function within the microtissue through recapitulation of the in vivo microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Leedale
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JAL); (DCH)
| | | | - Jose Meseguer-Ripolles
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alvile Kasarinaite
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Steven D. Webb
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JAL); (DCH)
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Parigoris E, Lee S, Mertz D, Turner M, Liu AY, Sentosa J, Djomehri S, Chang HC, Luker K, Luker G, Kleer CG, Takayama S. Cancer Cell Invasion of Mammary Organoids with Basal-In Phenotype. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2000810. [PMID: 32583612 PMCID: PMC7759600 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes mammary organoids with a basal-in phenotype where the basement membrane is located on the interior surface of the organoid. A key materials consideration to induce this basal-in phenotype is the use of a minimal gel scaffold that the epithelial cells self-assemble around and encapsulate. When MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells are co-cultured with epithelial cells from day 0 under these conditions, cells self-organize into patterns with distinct cancer cell populations both inside and at the periphery of the epithelial organoid. In another type of experiment, the robust formation of the basement membrane on the epithelial organoid interior enables convenient studies of MDA-MB-231 invasion in a tumor progression-relevant direction relative to epithelial cell-basement membrane positioning. That is, the study of cancer invasion through the epithelium first, followed by the basement membrane to the basal side, is realized in an experimentally convenient manner where the cancer cells are simply seeded on the outside of preformed organoids, and their invasion into the organoid is monitored. Interestingly, invasion is more prominent when tumor cells are added to day 7 organoids with less developed basement membranes compared to day 16 organoids with more defined ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Parigoris
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and The Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Soojung Lee
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and The Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - David Mertz
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and The Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Madeleine Turner
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and The Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Amy Y Liu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and The Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jason Sentosa
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and The Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Sabra Djomehri
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hao Chen Chang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and The Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Kathryn Luker
- Departments of Radiology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Gary Luker
- Departments of Radiology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Celina G Kleer
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and The Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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45
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Abstract
In many solid tumors, collective cell invasion prevails over single-cell dissemination strategies. Collective modes of invasion often display specific front/rear cellular organization, where invasive leader cells arise from cancer cell populations or the tumor stroma. Collective invasion involves coordinated cellular movements which require tight mechanical crosstalk through specific combinations of cell-cell interactions and cell-matrix adhesions. Cancer Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) have been recently reported to drive the dissemination of epithelial cancer cells through ECM remodeling and direct intercellular contact. However, the cooperation between tumor and stromal cells remains poorly understood. Here we present a simple spheroid invasion assay to assess the role of CAFs in the collective migration of epithelial tumor cells. This method enables the characterization of 3D spheroid invasion patterns through live cell fluorescent labeling combined with spinning disc microscopy. When embedded in extracellular matrix, the invasive strands of spheroids can be tracked and leader/follower organization of CAFs and cancer cells can be quantified.
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46
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Khera E, Cilliers C, Smith MD, Ganno ML, Lai KC, Keating TA, Kopp A, Nessler I, Abu-Yousif AO, Thurber GM. Quantifying ADC bystander payload penetration with cellular resolution using pharmacodynamic mapping. Neoplasia 2020; 23:210-221. [PMID: 33385970 PMCID: PMC7779838 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With the recent approval of 3 new antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) for solid tumors, this class of drugs is gaining momentum for the targeted treatment of cancer. Despite significant investment, there are still fundamental issues that are incompletely understood. Three of the recently approved ADCs contain payloads exhibiting bystander effects, where the payload can diffuse out of a targeted cell into adjacent cells. These effects are often studied using a mosaic of antigen positive and negative cells. However, the distance these payloads can diffuse in tumor tissue while maintaining a lethal concentration is unclear. Computational studies suggest bystander effects partially compensate for ADC heterogeneity in tumors in addition to targeting antigen negative cells. However, this type of study is challenging to conduct experimentally due to the low concentrations of extremely potent payloads. In this work, we use a series of 3-dimensional cell culture and primary human tumor xenograft studies to directly track fluorescently labeled ADCs and indirectly follow the payload via an established pharmacodynamic marker (γH2A. X). Using TAK-164, an anti-GCC ADC undergoing clinical evaluation, we show that the lipophilic DNA-alkylating payload, DGN549, penetrates beyond the cell targeted layer in GCC-positive tumor spheroids and primary human tumor xenograft models. The penetration distance is similar to model predictions, where the lipophilicity results in moderate tissue penetration, thereby balancing improved tissue penetration with sufficient cellular uptake to avoid significant washout. These results aid in mechanistic understanding of the interplay between antigen heterogeneity, bystander effects, and heterogeneous delivery of ADCs in the tumor microenvironment to design clinically effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshita Khera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cornelius Cilliers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna Kopp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ian Nessler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Greg M Thurber
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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47
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Fröhlich E. Issues with Cancer Spheroid Models in Therapeutic Drug Screening. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2137-2148. [PMID: 32067603 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200218094200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In vitro screening for anti-cancer agents currently uses mainly cell lines in 2D culture. It is generally assumed that 3D culture, namely spheroids, represents physiologically more relevant models for tumors. Unfortunately, drug testing in spheroids is not as easy and reproducible as in 2D culture because there are factors that limit the universal use of spheroids as screening platforms. Technical problems in the generation of uniform spheroids, cell/tumor-specific differences in the ability to form spheroids, and more complex readout parameters are the main reasons for differences between spheroid data. The review discusses requirements for cancer spheroids to be representative models, suitable methodologies to generate spheroids for the screening and readout parameters for the evaluation of anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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48
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Dalir Abdolahinia E, Jafari B, Parvizpour S, Barar J, Nadri S, Omidi Y. Role of cellulose family in fibril organization of collagen for forming 3D cancer spheroids: In vitro and in silico approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 11:111-117. [PMID: 33842281 PMCID: PMC8022235 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2021.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Cell aggregation of three-dimensional (3D) culture systems (the so-called spheroids) are designed as in vitro platform to represent more accurately the in vivo environment for drug discovery by using semi-solid media. The uniform multicellular tumor spheroids can be generated based on the interaction of cells with extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules such as collagen and integrin. This study aimed to investigate the possible interactions between the cellulose family and collagen using both in vitro and in silico approaches. Methods: The 3D microtissue of JIMT-1 cells was generated using hanging drop method to study the effects of charge and viscosity of the medium containing cellulose family. To determine the mode of interaction between cellulose derivatives (CDs) and collagen-integrin, docking analysis and molecular simulation were further performed using open source web servers and chemical simulations (GROMACS), respectively. Results: The results confirmed that the addition of CDs into the 3D medium can promote the formation of solid spheroids, where methylcellulose (MC) yielded uniform spheroids compared to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Moreover, the computational analysis showed that MC interacted with both integrin and collagen, while sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) only interacted with collagen residues. The stated different behaviors in the 3D culture formation and collagen interaction were found in the physicochemical properties of CDs. Conclusion: Based on in vitro and in silico findings, MC is suggested as an important ECM-mimicking entity that can support the semi-solid medium and promote the formation of the uniform spheroid in the 3D culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Dalir Abdolahinia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Jafari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sepideh Parvizpour
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samad Nadri
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
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49
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Adhikari J, Roy A, Das A, Ghosh M, Thomas S, Sinha A, Kim J, Saha P. Effects of Processing Parameters of 3D Bioprinting on the Cellular Activity of Bioinks. Macromol Biosci 2020; 21:e2000179. [PMID: 33017096 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this review, few established cell printing techniques along with their parameters that affect the cell viability during bioprinting are considered. 3D bioprinting is developed on the principle of additive manufacturing using biomaterial inks and bioinks. Different bioprinting methods impose few challenges on cell printing such as shear stress, mechanical impact, heat, laser radiation, etc., which eventually lead to cell death. These factors also cause alteration of cells phenotype, recoverable or irrecoverable damages to the cells. Such challenges are not addressed in detail in the literature and scientific reports. Hence, this review presents a detailed discussion of several cellular bioprinting methods and their process-related impacts on cell viability, followed by probable mitigation techniques. Most of the printable bioinks encompass cells within hydrogel as scaffold material to avoid the direct exposure of the harsh printing environment on cells. However, the advantages of printing with scaffold-free cellular aggregates over cell-laden hydrogels have emerged very recently. Henceforth, optimal and favorable crosslinking mechanisms providing structural rigidity to the cell-laden printed constructs with ideal cell differentiation and proliferation, are discussed for improved understanding of cell printing methods for the future of organ printing and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Adhikari
- J. Adhikari, A. Das, Dr. A. Sinha, M. N. Dastur School of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, 711103, India
| | - Avinava Roy
- A. Roy, Dr. M. Ghosh, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, 711103, India
| | - Anindya Das
- J. Adhikari, A. Das, Dr. A. Sinha, M. N. Dastur School of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, 711103, India
| | - Manojit Ghosh
- A. Roy, Dr. M. Ghosh, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, 711103, India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- Prof. S. Thomas, School of Chemical Sciences, MG University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - Arijit Sinha
- J. Adhikari, A. Das, Dr. A. Sinha, M. N. Dastur School of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, 711103, India
| | - Jinku Kim
- Prof. J. Kim, Department of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong, 30016, South Korea
| | - Prosenjit Saha
- Dr. P. Saha, Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, JIS Institute of Advanced Studies and Research (JISIASR) Kolkata, JIS University, Arch Water Front Building, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, 700091, India
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50
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Mertz D, Sentosa J, Luker G, Takayama S. Studying Adipose Tissue in the Breast Tumor Microenvironment In Vitro: Progress and Opportunities. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:773-785. [PMID: 32939672 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The breast cancer microenvironment contains a variety of stromal cells that are widely implicated in worse patient outcomes. While many in vitro models of the breast tumor microenvironment have been published, only a small fraction of these feature adipocytes. Adipocytes are a cell type increasingly recognized to have complex functions in breast cancer. METHODS In this review, we examine findings from recent examples of in vitro experiments modeling adipocytes within the local breast tumor microenvironment. RESULTS Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional models of adipocytes in the breast tumor microenvironment are covered in this review and both have uncovered interesting phenomena related to breast tumor progression. CONCLUSION Certain aspects of breast cancer and associated adipocyte biology: extracellular matrix effects, cell-cell contact, and physiological mass transport can only be examined with a three-dimensional culture platform. Opportunities remain for innovative improvements to be made to in vitro models that further increase what is known about adipocytes during breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mertz
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jason Sentosa
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Gary Luker
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, 500 S State St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA. .,Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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