1
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Salehi A, Sprejz S, Ruehl H, Olayioye M, Cattaneo G. An imprint-based approach to replicate nano- to microscale roughness on gelatin hydrogel scaffolds: surface characterization and effect on endothelialization. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2024; 35:1214-1235. [PMID: 38431849 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2024.2322771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Biologization of biomaterials with endothelial cells (ECs) is an important step in vascular tissue engineering, aiming at improving hemocompatibility and diminishing the thrombo-inflammatory response of implants. Since subcellular topography in the scale of nano to micrometers can influence cellular adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, we here investigate the effect of surface roughness on the endothelialization of gelatin hydrogel scaffolds. Considering the micron and sub-micron features of the different native tissues underlying the endothelium in the body, we carried out a biomimetic approach to replicate the surface roughness of tissues and analyzed how this impacted the adhesion and proliferation of human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs). Using an imprinting technique, nano and micro-roughness ranging from Sa= 402 nm to Sa= 8 μm were replicated on the surface of gelatin hydrogels. Fluorescent imaging of HUVECs on consecutive days after seeding revealed that microscale topographies negatively affect cell spreading and proliferation. By contrast, nanoscale roughnesses of Sa= 402 and Sa= 538 nm promoted endothelialization as evidenced by the formation of confluent cell monolayers with prominent VE-cadherin surface expression. Collectively, we present an affordable and flexible imprinting method to replicate surface characteristics of tissues on hydrogels and demonstrate how nanoscale roughness positively supports their endothelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Salehi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefanie Sprejz
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Holger Ruehl
- Institute for Micro Integration, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Monilola Olayioye
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Giorgio Cattaneo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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2
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Minoshima M, Reja SI, Hashimoto R, Iijima K, Kikuchi K. Hybrid Small-Molecule/Protein Fluorescent Probes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6198-6270. [PMID: 38717865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid small-molecule/protein fluorescent probes are powerful tools for visualizing protein localization and function in living cells. These hybrid probes are constructed by diverse site-specific chemical protein labeling approaches through chemical reactions to exogenous peptide/small protein tags, enzymatic post-translational modifications, bioorthogonal reactions for genetically incorporated unnatural amino acids, and ligand-directed chemical reactions. The hybrid small-molecule/protein fluorescent probes are employed for imaging protein trafficking, conformational changes, and bioanalytes surrounding proteins. In addition, fluorescent hybrid probes facilitate visualization of protein dynamics at the single-molecule level and the defined structure with super-resolution imaging. In this review, we discuss development and the bioimaging applications of fluorescent probes based on small-molecule/protein hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Minoshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Shahi Imam Reja
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Ryu Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Kohei Iijima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kikuchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
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3
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Ariyoshi R, Matsuzaki T, Sato R, Minamihata K, Hayashi K, Koga T, Orita K, Nishioka R, Wakabayashi R, Goto M, Kamiya N. Engineering the Propeptide of Microbial Transglutaminase Zymogen: Enabling Substrate-Dependent Activation for Bioconjugation Applications. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:340-350. [PMID: 38421254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase (MTG) from Streptomyces mobaraensis is a powerful biocatalytic glue for site-specific cross-linking of a range of biomolecules and synthetic molecules that have an MTG-reactive moiety. The preparation of active recombinant MTG requires post-translational proteolytic digestion of a propeptide that functions as an intramolecular chaperone to assist the correct folding of the MTG zymogen (MTGz) in the biosynthesis. Herein, we report engineered active zymogen of MTG (EzMTG) that is expressed in soluble form in the host Escherichia coli cytosol and exhibits cross-linking activity without limited proteolysis of the propeptide. We found that the saturation mutagenesis of residues K10 or Y12 in the propeptide domain generated several active MTGz mutants. In particular, the K10D/Y12G mutant exhibited catalytic activity comparable to that of mature MTG. However, the expression level was low, possibly because of decreased chaperone activity and/or the promiscuous substrate specificity of MTG, which is potentially harmful to the host cells. The K10R/Y12A mutant exhibited specific substrate-dependent reactivity toward peptidyl substrates. Quantitative analysis of the binding affinity of the mutated propeptides to the active site of MTG suggested an inverse relationship between the binding affinity and the catalytic activity of EzMTG. Our proof-of-concept study provides insights into the design of a new biocatalyst using the MTGz as a scaffold and a potential route to high-throughput screening of EzMTG mutants for bioconjugation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Ariyoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuzaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryo Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minamihata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kounosuke Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Taisei Koga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kensei Orita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Riko Nishioka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Rie Wakabayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masahiro Goto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Division of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Noriho Kamiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Division of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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4
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Alexander AK, Elshahawi SI. Promiscuous Enzymes for Residue-Specific Peptide and Protein Late-Stage Functionalization. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300372. [PMID: 37338668 PMCID: PMC10496146 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The late-stage functionalization of peptides and proteins holds significant promise for drug discovery and facilitates bioorthogonal chemistry. This selective functionalization leads to innovative advances in in vitro and in vivo biological research. However, it is a challenging endeavor to selectively target a certain amino acid or position in the presence of other residues containing reactive groups. Biocatalysis has emerged as a powerful tool for selective, efficient, and economical modifications of molecules. Enzymes that have the ability to modify multiple complex substrates or selectively install nonnative handles have wide applications. Herein, we highlight enzymes with broad substrate tolerance that have been demonstrated to modify a specific amino acid residue in simple or complex peptides and/or proteins at late-stage. The different substrates accepted by these enzymes are mentioned together with the reported downstream bioorthogonal reactions that have benefited from the enzymatic selective modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Alexander
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Sherif I Elshahawi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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5
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van der Ven AM, Gyamfi H, Suttisansanee U, Ahmad MS, Su Z, Taylor RM, Poole A, Chiorean S, Daub E, Urquhart T, Honek JF. Molecular Engineering of E. coli Bacterioferritin: A Versatile Nanodimensional Protein Cage. Molecules 2023; 28:4663. [PMID: 37375226 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, intense interest is focused on the discovery and application of new multisubunit cage proteins and spherical virus capsids to the fields of bionanotechnology, drug delivery, and diagnostic imaging as their internal cavities can serve as hosts for fluorophores or bioactive molecular cargo. Bacterioferritin is unusual in the ferritin protein superfamily of iron-storage cage proteins in that it contains twelve heme cofactors and is homomeric. The goal of the present study is to expand the capabilities of ferritins by developing new approaches to molecular cargo encapsulation employing bacterioferritin. Two strategies were explored to control the encapsulation of a diverse range of molecular guests compared to random entrapment, a predominant strategy employed in this area. The first was the inclusion of histidine-tag peptide fusion sequences within the internal cavity of bacterioferritin. This approach allowed for the successful and controlled encapsulation of a fluorescent dye, a protein (fluorescently labeled streptavidin), or a 5 nm gold nanoparticle. The second strategy, termed the heme-dependent cassette strategy, involved the substitution of the native heme with heme analogs attached to (i) fluorescent dyes or (ii) nickel-nitrilotriacetate (NTA) groups (which allowed for controllable encapsulation of a histidine-tagged green fluorescent protein). An in silico docking approach identified several small molecules able to replace the heme and capable of controlling the quaternary structure of the protein. A transglutaminase-based chemoenzymatic approach to surface modification of this cage protein was also accomplished, allowing for future nanoparticle targeting. This research presents novel strategies to control a diverse set of molecular encapsulations and adds a further level of sophistication to internal protein cavity engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M van der Ven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Hawa Gyamfi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | - Muhammad S Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zhengding Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Robert M Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Amanda Poole
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sorina Chiorean
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Daub
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Taylor Urquhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - John F Honek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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6
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Zhang L, Wang W, Yang Y, Zhu W, Li P, Wang S, Liu X. Site-specific, covalent immobilization of PNGase F on magnetic particles mediated by microbial transglutaminase. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1250:340972. [PMID: 36898812 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, endoglycosidase-mediated removal of glycans from glycoproteins is an essential and rate-limiting step. Peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) is the most appropriate and efficient endoglycosidase for the removal of N-glycans from glycoproteins prior to analysis. Due to the high demand for PNGase F in both basic and industrial research, convenient and efficient methods are urgently needed to generate PNGase F, preferably in the immobilized form to solid phases. However, there is no integrated approach to implement both efficient expression, and site-specific immobilization of PNGase F. Herein, efficient production of PNGase F with a glutamine tag in Escherichia coli and site-specific covalent immobilization of PNGase F with this special tag via microbial transglutaminase (MTG) is described. PNGase F was fused with a glutamine tag to facilitate the co-expression of proteins in the supernatant. The glutamine tag was covalently and site-specifically transformed to primary amine-containing magnetic particles, mediated by MTG, to immobilize PNGase F. Immobilized PNGase F could deglycosylate substrates with identical enzymatic performance to that of the soluble counterpart, and exhibit good reusability and thermal stability. Moreover, the immobilized PNGase F could also be applied to clinical samples, including serum and saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Hubei Superior Discipline Group of Exercise and Brain Science from Hubei Provincial, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yueqin Yang
- Exercise Immunology Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wenjie Zhu
- Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Pengjie Li
- Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Song Wang
- Hubei Superior Discipline Group of Exercise and Brain Science from Hubei Provincial, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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7
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Pei X, Luo Z, Qiao L, Xiao Q, Zhang P, Wang A, Sheldon RA. Putting precision and elegance in enzyme immobilisation with bio-orthogonal chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7281-7304. [PMID: 35920313 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01004b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The covalent immobilisation of enzymes generally involves the use of highly reactive crosslinkers, such as glutaraldehyde, to couple enzyme molecules to each other or to carriers through, for example, the free amino groups of lysine residues, on the enzyme surface. Unfortunately, such methods suffer from a lack of precision. Random formation of covalent linkages with reactive functional groups in the enzyme leads to disruption of the three dimensional structure and accompanying activity losses. This review focuses on recent advances in the use of bio-orthogonal chemistry in conjunction with rec-DNA to affect highly precise immobilisation of enzymes. In this way, cost-effective combination of production, purification and immobilisation of an enzyme is achieved, in a single unit operation with a high degree of precision. Various bio-orthogonal techniques for putting this precision and elegance into enzyme immobilisation are elaborated. These include, for example, fusing (grafting) peptide or protein tags to the target enzyme that enable its immobilisation in cell lysate or incorporating non-standard amino acids that enable the application of bio-orthogonal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Pei
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Luo
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Li Qiao
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Qinjie Xiao
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Anming Wang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Roger A Sheldon
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Department of Biotechnology, Section BOC, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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8
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Li Q, Yin G, Wang J, Li L, Liang Q, Zhao X, Chen Y, Zheng X, Zhao X. An emerging paradigm to develop analytical methods based on immobilized transmembrane proteins and its applications in drug discovery. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Le PJ, Miersch S, Forbes MW, Jarvik N, Ku A, Sidhu SS, Reilly RM, Winnik MA. Site-Specific Conjugation of Metal-Chelating Polymers to Anti-Frizzled-2 Antibodies via Microbial Transglutaminase. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2491-2504. [PMID: 33961407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metal-chelating polymer-based radioimmunoconjugates (RICs) are effective agents for radioimmunotherapy but are currently limited by nonspecific binding and off-target organ uptake. Nonspecific binding appears after conjugation of the polymer to the antibody and may be related to random lysine conjugation since the polymers themselves do not bind to cells. To investigate the role of conjugation sites on nonspecific binding of polymer RICs, we developed a microbial transglutaminase reaction to prepare site-specific antibody-polymer conjugates. The reaction was enabled by introducing a Q-tag (i.e., 7M48) into antibody (i.e., Fab) fragments and synthesizing a polyglutamide-based metal-chelating polymer with a PEG amine block to yield substrates. Mass spectrometric analyses confirmed that the microbial transglutaminase conjugation reaction was site-specific. For comparison, random lysine conjugation analogs with an average of one polymer per Fab were prepared by bis-aryl hydrazone conjugation. Conjugates were prepared from an anti-frizzled-2 Fab to target the Wnt pathway, along with a nonbinding specificity control, anti-Luciferase Fab. Fabs were engineered from a trastuzumab-based IgG1 framework and lack lysines in the antigen-binding site. Conjugates were analyzed for thermal conformational stability by differential scanning fluorimetry, which showed that the site-specific conjugate had a similar melting temperature to the parent Fab. Binding assays by biolayer interferometry showed that the site-specific anti-frizzled-2 conjugate maintained high affinity to the antigen, while the random conjugate showed a 10-fold decrease in affinity, which was largely due to changes in association rates. Radioligand cell-binding assays on frizzled-2+ PANC-1 cells and frizzled-2- CHO cells showed that the site-specific anti-frizzled-2 conjugate had ca. 4-fold lower nonspecific binding compared to the random conjugate. Site-specific conjugation appeared to reduce nonspecific binding associated with random conjugation of the polymer in polymer RICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny J Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1H6, Canada
| | - Shane Miersch
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Matthew W Forbes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1H6, Canada
| | - Nick Jarvik
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Anthony Ku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Raymond M Reilly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada.,Joint Department of Medical Imaging and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Mitchell A Winnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1H6, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
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10
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Staffler R, Pasternack R, Hils M, Kaiser W, Möller FM. Nucleotide binding kinetics and conformational change analysis of tissue transglutaminase with switchSENSE. Anal Biochem 2020; 605:113719. [PMID: 32697952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Function, activity, and interactions of proteins crucially depend on their three-dimensional structure and are often regulated by effector binding and environmental changes. Tissue transglutaminase (Transglutaminase 2, TG2) is a multifunctional protein, allosterically regulated by nucleotides and Ca2+ ions, which trigger opposing conformational changes. Here we introduce switchSENSE as a versatile tool for TG2 characterization and provide novel insights into protein conformation as well as analyte binding kinetics. For the first time, we succeeded in measuring the kinetic rate constants and affinities (kon, koff, KD) for guanosine nucleotides (GMP, GDP, GTP, GTPγS). Further, the conformational changes induced by GDP, Ca2+ and the covalent inhibitor Z-DON were observed by changes in TG2's hydrodynamic diameter. We confirmed the well-known compaction by guanosine nucleotides and extension by Ca2+, and provide evidence for TG2 conformations so far not described by structural analysis. Moreover, we analyze the influence of the peptidic Z-DON inhibitor and the R580A mutation on the conformational responsiveness of TG2 to its natural effectors. In summary, this work shows how the combination of structural and kinetic information obtained by switchSENSE opens new perspectives for the characterization of conformationally active proteins and their interactions with ligands, e.g. potential drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Staffler
- Dynamic Biosensors GmbH, Lochhamer Str. 15, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Martin Hils
- Zedira GmbH, Roesslerstrasse 83, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kaiser
- Dynamic Biosensors GmbH, Lochhamer Str. 15, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
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11
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Doti N, Caporale A, Monti A, Sandomenico A, Selis F, Ruvo M. A recent update on the use of microbial transglutaminase for the generation of biotherapeutics. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:53. [PMID: 32172335 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent scientific progresses on the use of enzyme-mediated reactions in organic, non-aqueous and aqueous media have significantly supported the growing demand of new biotechnological and/or pharmacological products. Today, a plethora of microbial enzymes, used as biocatalysts, are available. Among these, microbial transglutaminases (MTGs) are broadly used for their ability to catalyse the formation of an isopeptide bond between the γ-amide group of glutamines and the ε-amino group of lysine. Due to their promiscuity towards primary amine-containing substrates and the more stringent specificity for glutamine-containing peptide sequences, several combined approaches can be tailored for different settings, making MTGs very attractive catalysts for generating protein-protein and protein small molecule's conjugates. The present review offers a recent update on the modifications attainable by MTG-catalysed bioreactions as reported between 2014 and 2019. In particular, we present a detailed and comparative overview on the MTG-based methods for proteins and antibodies engineering, with a particular outlook on the synthesis of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Doti
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR (IBB-CNR), Via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Naples, Italy.
| | - A Caporale
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR (IC-CNR), c/o Area Science Park s.s. 14 Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Monti
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR (IBB-CNR), Via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABIF), University L. Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi, 43, 80100, Caserta, Italy
| | - A Sandomenico
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR (IBB-CNR), Via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Selis
- BioVIIIx R&D, Via B. Brin, 59C, 80142, Naples, Italy
| | - M Ruvo
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR (IBB-CNR), Via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Naples, Italy.
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12
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Mostafa HS. Microbial transglutaminase: An overview of recent applications in food and packaging. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2020.1720660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heba Sayed Mostafa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Science, University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt
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13
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Deweid L, Avrutina O, Kolmar H. Microbial transglutaminase for biotechnological and biomedical engineering. Biol Chem 2019; 400:257-274. [PMID: 30291779 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Research on bacterial transglutaminase dates back to 1989, when the enzyme has been isolated from Streptomyces mobaraensis. Initially discovered during an extensive screening campaign to reduce costs in food manufacturing, it quickly appeared as a robust and versatile tool for biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications due to its excellent activity and simple handling. While pioneering attempts to make use of its extraordinary cross-linking ability resulted in heterogeneous polymers, currently it is applied to site-specifically ligate diverse biomolecules yielding precisely modified hybrid constructs comprising two or more components. This review covers the extensive and rapidly growing field of microbial transglutaminase-mediated bioconjugation with the focus on pharmaceutical research. In addition, engineering of the enzyme by directed evolution and rational design is highlighted. Moreover, cumbersome drawbacks of this technique mainly caused by the enzyme's substrate indiscrimination are discussed as well as the ways to bypass these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Deweid
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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14
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Ebenig A, Juettner NE, Deweid L, Avrutina O, Fuchsbauer H, Kolmar H. Efficient Site‐Specific Antibody–Drug Conjugation by Engineering a Nature‐Derived Recognition Tag for Microbial Transglutaminase. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2411-2419. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Ebenig
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Norbert Egon Juettner
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences Darmstadt Stephanstrasse 7 64295 Darmstadt Germany
- Department of BiologyTechnische Universität Darmstadt Schnittspahnstrasse 10 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Lukas Deweid
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Hans‐Lothar Fuchsbauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences Darmstadt Stephanstrasse 7 64295 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
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15
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Strmiskova M, Tsao K, Keillor JW. Rational design of a highly reactive dicysteine peptide tag for fluorogenic protein labelling. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:6332-6340. [PMID: 30131994 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01417e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rationally designed libraries of a short helical peptide sequence containing two cysteine residues were screened kinetically for their reactivity towards complementary dimaleimide fluorogens. This screening revealed variant sequences whose reactivity has been increased by an order of magnitude relative to the original sequence. The most reactive engineered sequences feature mutant residues bearing positive charges, suggesting the pKa values of the adjacent thiol groups have been significantly lowered, through electrostatic stabilization of the thiolate ionization state. pH-Rate profiles measured for several mutant sequences support this mechanism of rate enhancement. The practical utility of the enhanced reactivity of the final engineered dicysteine tag ('dC10*') was then demonstrated in the fluorogenic intracellular labelling of histone H2B in living HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Strmiskova
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
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16
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Site-specific, covalent immobilization of an engineered enterokinase onto magnetic nanoparticles through transglutaminase-catalyzed bioconjugation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 177:506-511. [PMID: 30818243 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Enterokinase (EK) is one of the most popular enzymes for the in vitro cleavage of fusion proteins due to its high degree of specificity for the amino-acid sequence (Asp)4-Lys. Enzyme reusability is desirable for reducing operating costs and facilitating the industrial application of EK. In this work, we report the controlled, site-specific and covalent cross-linking of an engineered EKLC on amine-modified magnetic nanoparticles (NH2-MNPs) via microbial transglutaminase-catalyzed bioconjugation for the development of the oriented-immobilized enzyme, namely, EKLC@NH2-MNP biocatalyst. Upon the site-specific immobilization, approximately 90% EKLC enzymatic activity was retained, and the biocatalyst exhibited more than 85% of initial enzymatic activity regardless of storage or reusable stability over a month. The EKLC@NH2-MNP biocatalyst was further applied to remove the His tag-(Asp)4-Lys fusion partner from the His tag-(Asp)4-Lys-(GLP-1)3 substrate fusion protein, result suggested the EKLC@NH2-MNP possessed remarkable reusability, without a significant decrease of enzymatic activity over 10 cycles (P > 0.05). Supported by the unique properties of MNPs, the proposed EKLC@NH2-MNP biocatalyst is expected to promote the economical utilization of enterokinase in fusion protein cleavage.
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17
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Zhang Y, Park KY, Suazo KF, Distefano MD. Recent progress in enzymatic protein labelling techniques and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:9106-9136. [PMID: 30259933 PMCID: PMC6289631 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00537k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based conjugates are valuable constructs for a variety of applications. Conjugation of proteins to fluorophores is commonly used to study their cellular localization and the protein-protein interactions. Modification of therapeutic proteins with either polymers or cytotoxic moieties greatly enhances their pharmacokinetics or potency. To label a protein of interest, conventional direct chemical reaction with the side-chains of native amino acids often yields heterogeneously modified products. This renders their characterization complicated, requires difficult separation steps and may impact protein function. Although modification can also be achieved via the insertion of unnatural amino acids bearing bioorthogonal functional groups, these methods can have lower protein expression yields, limiting large scale production. As a site-specific modification method, enzymatic protein labelling is highly efficient and robust under mild reaction conditions. Significant progress has been made over the last five years in modifying proteins using enzymatic methods for numerous applications, including the creation of clinically relevant conjugates with polymers, cytotoxins or imaging agents, fluorescent or affinity probes to study complex protein interaction networks, and protein-linked materials for biosensing. This review summarizes developments in enzymatic protein labelling over the last five years for a panel of ten enzymes, including sortase A, subtiligase, microbial transglutaminase, farnesyltransferase, N-myristoyltransferase, phosphopantetheinyl transferases, tubulin tyrosin ligase, lipoic acid ligase, biotin ligase and formylglycine generating enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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18
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Biocatalysis by Transglutaminases: A Review of Biotechnological Applications. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9110562. [PMID: 30715061 PMCID: PMC6265872 DOI: 10.3390/mi9110562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The biocatalytic activity of transglutaminases (TGs) leads to the synthesis of new covalent isopeptide bonds (crosslinks) between peptide-bound glutamine and lysine residues, but also the transamidation of primary amines to glutamine residues, which ultimately can result into protein polymerisation. Operating with a cysteine/histidine/aspartic acid (Cys/His/Asp) catalytic triad, TGs induce the post-translational modification of proteins at both physiological and pathological conditions (e.g., accumulation of matrices in tissue fibrosis). Because of the disparate biotechnological applications, this large family of protein-remodelling enzymes have stimulated an escalation of interest. In the past 50 years, both mammalian and microbial TGs polymerising activity has been exploited in the food industry for the improvement of aliments' quality, texture, and nutritive value, other than to enhance the food appearance and increased marketability. At the same time, the ability of TGs to crosslink extracellular matrix proteins, like collagen, as well as synthetic biopolymers, has led to multiple applications in biomedicine, such as the production of biocompatible scaffolds and hydrogels for tissue engineering and drug delivery, or DNA-protein bio-conjugation and antibody functionalisation. Here, we summarise the most recent advances in the field, focusing on the utilisation of TGs-mediated protein multimerisation in biotechnological and bioengineering applications.
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Chen Y, Tsao K, Acton SL, Keillor JW. A Green BODIPY-Based, Super-Fluorogenic, Protein-Specific Labelling Agent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12390-12394. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingche Chen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Ottawa; 10 Marie-Curie Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Kelvin Tsao
- Department of Chemistry; University of Ottawa; 10 Marie-Curie Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Sydney L. Acton
- Department of Chemistry; University of Ottawa; 10 Marie-Curie Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Jeffrey W. Keillor
- Department of Chemistry; University of Ottawa; 10 Marie-Curie Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
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21
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Oteng-Pabi SK, Clouthier CM, Keillor JW. Design of a glutamine substrate tag enabling protein labelling mediated by Bacillus subtilis transglutaminase. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197956. [PMID: 29847605 PMCID: PMC5976192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGases) are enzymes that catalyse protein cross-linking through a transamidation reaction between the side chain of a glutamine residue on one protein and the side chain of a lysine residue on another. Generally, TGases show low substrate specificity with respect to their amine substrate, such that a wide variety of primary amines can participate in the modification of specific glutamine residue. Although a number of different TGases have been used to mediate these bioconjugation reactions, the TGase from Bacillus subtilis (bTG) may be particularly suited to this application. It is smaller than most TGases, can be expressed in a soluble active form, and lacks the calcium dependence of its mammalian counterparts. However, little is known regarding this enzyme and its glutamine substrate specificity, limiting the scope of its application. In this work, we designed a FRET-based ligation assay to monitor the bTG-mediated conjugation of the fluorescent proteins Clover and mRuby2. This assay allowed us to screen a library of random heptapeptide glutamine sequences for their reactivity with recombinant bTG in bacterial cells, using fluorescence assisted cell sorting. From this library, several reactive sequences were identified and kinetically characterized, with the most reactive sequence (YAHQAHY) having a kcat/KM value of 19 ± 3 μM-1 min-1. This sequence was then genetically appended onto a test protein as a reactive 'Q-tag' and fluorescently labelled with dansyl-cadaverine, in the first demonstration of protein labelling mediated by bTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K. Oteng-Pabi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis and Research Innovation, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher M. Clouthier
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis and Research Innovation, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey W. Keillor
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis and Research Innovation, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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22
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Li S, Chen J, Zhang X, Ding Z, Cao X. Preparation and Characterization of a pH-responsive Polymer that Interacts with Microbial Transglutaminase during Affinity Precipitation. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-017-0366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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Li T, Li C, Quan DN, Bentley WE, Wang LX. Site-specific immobilization of endoglycosidases for streamlined chemoenzymatic glycan remodeling of antibodies. Carbohydr Res 2018; 458-459:77-84. [PMID: 29475193 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemoenzymatic glycan remodeling of antibodies using an endoglycosidase and its mutant is emerging as an attractive approach for producing homogeneous antibody glycoforms. We report in this paper a site-specific covalent immobilization of the endoglycosidases (Endo-S2 and its glycosynthase mutant D184M) using a recombinant microbial transglutaminase (MTG) and evaluation of the immobilized enzymes in deglycosylation and glycosylation of a therapeutic antibody. The site-specific covalent immobilization was achieved by introduction of a Q-tag at the C-terminus of the recombinant enzymes followed by conjugation of the enzymes to a primary amine-containing solid support through MTG-catalyzed transglutamination. Using rituximab as a model system, we found that the Endo-S2 wild-type and D184M glycosynthase mutant immobilized by this approach were efficient in the two step antibody glycan remodeling to generate homogeneous antibody glycoforms. Notably using the covalently immobilized enzymes can efficiently avoid the need of intermediate purification and eliminate the residual contamination of wild type enzyme for product hydrolysis, thus streamlining the chemoenzymatic Fc glycan remodeling of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiezheng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - David N Quan
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - William E Bentley
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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24
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Rachel NM, Quaglia D, Lévesque É, Charette AB, Pelletier JN. Engineered, highly reactive substrates of microbial transglutaminase enable protein labeling within various secondary structure elements. Protein Sci 2017; 26:2268-2279. [PMID: 28857311 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase (MTG) is a practical tool to enzymatically form isopeptide bonds between peptide or protein substrates. This natural approach to crosslinking the side-chains of reactive glutamine and lysine residues is solidly rooted in food and textile processing. More recently, MTG's tolerance for various primary amines in lieu of lysine have revealed its potential for site-specific protein labeling with aminated compounds, including fluorophores. Importantly, MTG can label glutamines at accessible positions in the body of a target protein, setting it apart from most labeling enzymes that react exclusively at protein termini. To expand its applicability as a labeling tool, we engineered the B1 domain of Protein G (GB1) to probe the selectivity and enhance the reactivity of MTG toward its glutamine substrate. We built a GB1 library where each variant contained a single glutamine at positions covering all secondary structure elements. The most reactive and selective variants displayed a >100-fold increase in incorporation of a recently developed aminated benzo[a]imidazo[2,1,5-cd]indolizine-type fluorophore, relative to native GB1. None of the variants were destabilized. Our results demonstrate that MTG can react readily with glutamines in α-helical, β-sheet, and unstructured loop elements and does not favor one type of secondary structure. Introducing point mutations within MTG's active site further increased reactivity toward the most reactive substrate variant, I6Q-GB1, enhancing MTG's capacity to fluorescently label an engineered, highly reactive glutamine substrate. This work demonstrates that MTG-reactive glutamines can be readily introduced into a protein domain for fluorescent labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Rachel
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.,PROTEO, the Québec Network for Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,CGCC, the Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Daniela Quaglia
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.,PROTEO, the Québec Network for Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,CGCC, the Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Éric Lévesque
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.,CGCC, the Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - André B Charette
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.,CGCC, the Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Joelle N Pelletier
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.,PROTEO, the Québec Network for Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,CGCC, the Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0B8, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
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25
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Xu Z, Moyle PM. Bioconjugation Approaches to Producing Subunit Vaccines Composed of Protein or Peptide Antigens and Covalently Attached Toll-Like Receptor Ligands. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 29:572-586. [PMID: 28891637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional vaccines derived from attenuated or inactivated pathogens are effective at inducing antibody-based protective immune responses but tend to be highly reactogenic, causing notable adverse effects. Vaccines with superior safety profiles can be produced by subunit approaches, utilizing molecularly defined antigens (e.g., proteins and polysaccharides). These antigens, however, often elicit poor immunological responses, necessitating the use of adjuvants. Immunostimulatory adjuvants have the capacity to activate antigen presenting cells directly through specific receptors (e.g., Toll-like receptors (TLRs)), resulting in enhanced presentation of antigens as well as the secretion of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines. Consequently, innate immune responses are amplified and adaptive immunity is generated. Recently, site-specific conjugation of such immunostimulatory adjuvants (e.g., TLR ligands) onto defined antigens has shown superior efficacy over unconjugated mixtures, suggesting that the development of chemically characterized immunostimulatory adjuvants and optimized approaches for their conjugation with antigens may provide a better opportunity for the development of potent, novel vaccines. This review briefly summarizes various TLR agonists utilized as immunostimulatory adjuvants and focuses on the development of techniques (e.g., recombinant, synthetic, and semisynthetic) for generating adjuvant-antigen fusion vaccines incorporating peptide or protein antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Xu
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba 4102 , Queensland , Australia
| | - Peter Michael Moyle
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba 4102 , Queensland , Australia
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26
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Rachel NM, Toulouse JL, Pelletier JN. Transglutaminase-Catalyzed Bioconjugation Using One-Pot Metal-Free Bioorthogonal Chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2518-2523. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M. Rachel
- PROTEO, Québec Network for Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- CGCC, Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jacynthe L. Toulouse
- PROTEO, Québec Network for Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Joelle N. Pelletier
- PROTEO, Québec Network for Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- CGCC, Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
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27
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Meldal M, Schoffelen S. Recent advances in covalent, site-specific protein immobilization. F1000Res 2016; 5:F1000 Faculty Rev-2303. [PMID: 27785356 PMCID: PMC5022707 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9002.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The properties of biosensors, biomedical implants, and other materials based on immobilized proteins greatly depend on the method employed to couple the protein molecules to their solid support. Covalent, site-specific immobilization strategies are robust and can provide the level of control that is desired in this kind of application. Recent advances include the use of enzymes, such as sortase A, to couple proteins in a site-specific manner to materials such as microbeads, glass, and hydrogels. Also, self-labeling tags such as the SNAP-tag can be employed. Last but not least, chemical approaches based on bioorthogonal reactions, like the azide-alkyne cycloaddition, have proven to be powerful tools. The lack of comparative studies and quantitative analysis of these immobilization methods hampers the selection process of the optimal strategy for a given application. However, besides immobilization efficiency, the freedom in selecting the site of conjugation and the size of the conjugation tag and the researcher's expertise regarding molecular biology and/or chemical techniques will be determining factors in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Meldal
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanne Schoffelen
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Yu CM, Zhou H, Zhang WF, Yang HM, Tang JB. Site-specific, covalent immobilization of BirA by microbial transglutaminase: A reusable biocatalyst for in vitro biotinylation. Anal Biochem 2016; 511:10-2. [PMID: 27480497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A facile approach for the production of a reusable immobilized recombinant Escherichia coli biotin ligase (BirA) onto amine-modified magnetic microspheres (MMS) via covalent cross-linking catalyzed using microbial transglutaminase (MTG) was proposed in this study. The site-specifically immobilized BirA exhibited approximately 95% of enzymatic activity of the free BirA, and without a significant loss in intrinsic activity after 10 rounds of recycling (P > 0.05). In addition, the immobilized BirA can be easily recovered from the solution via a simple magnetic separation. Thus, the immobilized BirA may be of general use for in vitro biotinylation in an efficient and economical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Mei Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 261053 Weifang, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 261053 Weifang, China
| | - Wei-Fen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 261053 Weifang, China
| | - Hong-Ming Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 261053 Weifang, China.
| | - Jin-Bao Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 261053 Weifang, China.
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29
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Site-Specific, Covalent Immobilization of Dehalogenase ST2570 Catalyzed by Formylglycine-Generating Enzymes and Its Application in Batch and Semi-Continuous Flow Reactors. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070895. [PMID: 27409601 PMCID: PMC6273756 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Formylglycine-generating enzymes can selectively recognize and oxidize cysteine residues within the sulfatase sub motif at the terminus of proteins to form aldehyde-bearing formylglycine (FGly) residues, and are normally used in protein labeling. In this study, an aldehyde tag was introduced to proteins using formylglycine-generating enzymes encoded by a reconstructed set of the pET28a plasmid system for enzyme immobilization. The haloacid dehalogenase ST2570 from Sulfolobus tokodaii was used as a model enzyme. The C-terminal aldehyde-tagged ST2570 (ST2570CQ) exhibited significant enzymological properties, such as new free aldehyde groups, a high level of protein expression and improved enzyme activity. SBA-15 has widely been used as an immobilization support for its large surface and excellent thermal and chemical stability. It was functionalized with amino groups by aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The C-terminal aldehyde-tagged ST2570 was immobilized to SBA-15 by covalent binding. The site-specific immobilization of ST2570 avoided the chemical denaturation that occurs in general covalent immobilization and resulted in better fastening compared to physical adsorption. The site-specific immobilized ST2570 showed 3-fold higher thermal stability, 1.2-fold higher catalytic ability and improved operational stability than free ST2570. The site-specific immobilized ST2570 retained 60% of its original activity after seven cycles of batch operation, and it was superior to the ST2570 immobilized to SBA-15 by physical adsorption, which loses 40% of its original activity when used for the second time. It is remarkable that the site-specific immobilized ST2570 still retained 100% of its original activity after 10 cycles of reuse in the semi-continuous flow reactor. Overall, these results provide support for the industrial-scale production and application of site-specific, covalently immobilized ST2570.
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Glasgow JE, Salit ML, Cochran JR. In Vivo Site-Specific Protein Tagging with Diverse Amines Using an Engineered Sortase Variant. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7496-9. [PMID: 27280683 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemoenzymatic modification of proteins is an attractive option to create highly specific conjugates for therapeutics, diagnostics, or materials under gentle biological conditions. However, these methods often suffer from expensive specialized substrates, bulky fusion tags, low yields, and extra purification steps to achieve the desired conjugate. Staphylococcus aureus sortase A and its engineered variants are used to attach oligoglycine derivatives to the C-terminus of proteins expressed with a minimal LPXTG tag. This strategy has been used extensively for bioconjugation in vitro and for protein-protein conjugation in living cells. Here we show that an enzyme variant recently engineered for higher activity on oligoglycine has promiscuous activity that allows proteins to be tagged using a diverse array of small, commercially available amines, including several bioorthogonal functional groups. This technique can also be carried out in living Escherichia coli, enabling simple, inexpensive production of chemically functionalized proteins with no additional purification steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff E Glasgow
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Marc L Salit
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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31
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Zhou JQ, He T, Wang JW. PEGylation of cytochrome c at the level of lysine residues mediated by a microbial transglutaminase. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1121-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lotze J, Reinhardt U, Seitz O, Beck-Sickinger AG. Peptide-tags for site-specific protein labelling in vitro and in vivo. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:1731-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00023a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-tag based labelling can be achieved by (i) enzymes (ii) recognition of metal ions or small molecules and (iii) peptide–peptide interactions and enables site-specific protein visualization to investigate protein localization and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lotze
- Institut für Biochemie
- Universität Leipzig
- D-04103 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Ulrike Reinhardt
- Institut für Chemie
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Institut für Chemie
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
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Rachel NM, Pelletier JN. One-pot peptide and protein conjugation: a combination of enzymatic transamidation and click chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2541-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09163b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic transamidation and copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) were combined to yield covalently conjugated peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Rachel
- Department of Chemistry
- Université de Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada
- PROTEO
| | - J. N. Pelletier
- Department of Chemistry
- Université de Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada
- PROTEO
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Romero-Estudillo I, Boto A. Domino Process Achieves Site-Selective Peptide Modification with High Optical Purity. Applications to Chain Diversification and Peptide Ligation. J Org Chem 2015; 80:9379-91. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Romero-Estudillo
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alicia Boto
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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35
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Walper SA, Turner KB, Medintz IL. Enzymatic bioconjugation of nanoparticles: developing specificity and control. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 34:232-41. [PMID: 25955793 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are finding increasing roles in biotechnology for applications as contrast agents, probes, sensors, therapeutics and increasingly new value-added hybrid materials such as molecular logic devices. In most cases these materials must be conjugated to different types of biologicals such as proteins or DNA to accomplish this. However, most traditional methods of bioconjugation result in heterogeneous attachment and loss of activity. Bioorthogonal chemistries and in particular enzymatic labeling chemistries offer new strategies for catalyzing specific biomolecular attachment. We highlight current enzymatic labeling methods available for bioconjugating nanoparticles, some materials they have been used with, and how the resulting bioconjugates were applied. A discussion of the benefits and remaining issues associated with this type of bioconjugation chemistry and a brief perspective on how this field will develop is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Walper
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Kendrick B Turner
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Igor L Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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36
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Chen Y, Tsao K, Keillor JW. Fluorogenic protein labelling: a review of photophysical quench mechanisms and principles of fluorogen design. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent labelling of specific proteins in complex biological systems remains an important challenge in chemical biology. One promising approach comprises the use of small molecules designed to react specifically with a targeted protein of interest and to increase in fluorescent intensity following this reaction. This kind of fluorogenic reaction generally derives from fluorescence quenching in the unreacted probe that is abrogated over the course of the reaction. Herein, we review the mechanistic principles of three major photophysical quenching mechanisms involving Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), through-bond energy transfer (TBET), and photoinduced electron transfer (PeT). We then present design principles for novel fluorogenic probes based on an understanding of these quench mechanisms, with emphasis on the emerging utility of density functional theory (DFT) calculations in the design process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingche Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kelvin Tsao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jeffrey W. Keillor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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