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Steiner C, Fromm L, Gebhardt J, Liu Y, Heidenreich A, Hammer N, Görling A, Kivala M, Maier S. Host guest chemistry and supramolecular doping in triphenylamine-based covalent frameworks on Au(111). NANOSCALE 2021; 13:9798-9807. [PMID: 34028477 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr09140e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The post-synthetic modification of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) via host-guest chemistry is an important method to tailor their electronic properties for applications. Due to the limited structural control in the assembly of two-dimensional surface-supported COFs, supramolecular networks are traditionally used at present for host-guest experiments on surfaces, which lack structural and thermal stability, however. Here, we present a combined scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory study to understand the host-guest interaction in triphenylamine-based covalently-linked macrocycles and networks on Au(111). These triphenylamine-based structures feature carbonyl and hydrogen functionalized pores that create preferred adsorption sites for trimesic acid (TMA) and halogen atoms. The binding of the TMA through optimized hydrogen-bond interactions is corroborated by selective adsorption positions within the pores. Band structure calculations reveal that the strong intermolecular charge transfer through the TMA bonding reduces the band gap in the triphenylamine COFs, demonstrating the concept of supramolecular doping by host-guest interactions in surface-supported COFs. Halogen atoms selectively adsorb between two carbonyl groups at Au hollow sites. The mainly dispersive interaction of the halogens with the triphenylamine COF leads to a small downshift of the bands. Most of the halogens change their adsorption position selectively upon annealing near the desorption temperature. In conclusion, we demonstrate evidence for supramolecular doping via post-synthetic modification and to track chemical reactions in confined space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Steiner
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Fang Y, Lindner BD, Destoop I, Tsuji T, Zhang Z, Khaliullin RZ, Perepichka DF, Tahara K, Feyter SD, Tobe Y. Stereospecific Epitaxial Growth of Bilayered Porous Molecular Networks. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8662-8671. [PMID: 32306725 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stereocontrolled multilayer growth of supramolecular porous networks at the interface between graphite and a solution was investigated. For this study, we designed a chiral dehydrobenzo[12]annulene (DBA) building block bearing alkoxy chains substituted at the 2 position with hydroxy groups, which enable van der Waals stabilization in a layer and potential hydrogen-bonding interactions between the layers. Bias voltage-dependent scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments revealed the diastereospecificity of the bilayer with respect to both the intrinsic chirality of the building blocks and the supramolecular chirality of the self-assembled networks. Top and bottom layers within the same crystalline domain were composed of the same enantiomers but displayed opposite supramolecular chiralities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.,Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Benjamin D Lindner
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Iris Destoop
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Zhenzhe Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Rustam Z Khaliullin
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.,The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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Abstract
On-surface synthesis provides a route for the production of 1D and 2D covalently bonded polymeric structures. Such reactions are confined to the surface of a substrate and the catalytic properties of the substrate are often utilised to initiate the reaction. Recent studies have focused on the properties of various crystallographic planes of metallic substrates, as well as native surface features such as step-edges, in an effort to provide control over the pathway of the reaction and the resultant products. An alternative approach is to template the catalytic surface with a porous molecular overlayer; giving rise to well-defined surface regions within which an on-surface reaction may be confined. Here we present a methodology where macromolecular templates are used to confine an on-surface reaction. Cyclic porphyrin polymers, nanorings - consisting of 40 porphyrin units with internal diameter 13 nm, are used to form a template on a Au(111) surface, and an on-surface Ullmann-type coupling reaction is initiated within the nanoring template. The surface confined template and covalently coupled reaction products are investigated and characterised with scanning tunnelling microscopy.
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Teyssandier J, Feyter SD, Mali KS. Host-guest chemistry in two-dimensional supramolecular networks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:11465-11487. [PMID: 27709179 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05256h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanoporous supramolecular networks physisorbed on solid surfaces have been extensively used to immobilize a variety of guest molecules. Host-guest chemistry in such two-dimensional (2D) porous networks is a rapidly expanding field due to potential applications in separation technology, catalysis and nanoscale patterning. Diverse structural topologies with high crystallinity have been obtained to capture molecular guests of different sizes and shapes. A range of non-covalent forces such as hydrogen bonds, van der Waals interactions, coordinate bonds have been employed to assemble the host networks. Recent years have witnessed a surge in the activity in this field with the implementation of rational design strategies for realizing controlled and selective guest capture. In this feature article, we review the development in the field of surface-supported host-guest chemistry as studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Typical host-guest architectures studied on solid surfaces, both under ambient conditions at the solution-solid interface as well as those formed at the ultrahigh vacuum (UHV)-solid interface, are described. We focus on isoreticular host networks, hosts functionalized pores and dynamic host-guest systems that respond to external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Teyssandier
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Morley DO, Malfois M, Kamonsutthipaijit N, Kondratuk DV, Anderson HL, Wilson M. A Coarse-Grained Model for Free and Template-Bound Porphyrin Nanorings. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:5907-5920. [PMID: 28703593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coarse-grained simulation models are developed to study both template-bound and free porphyrin nanoring systems. Key interactions are modeled with relatively simple (and physically motivated) energy functions which allow for relatively facile transfer both between different ring sizes and between the template-bound and free nanoring systems. The effects of varying the model parameters on the respective radii of gyration are determined. The effects of including different templates on the ring structure are investigated both in terms of the detailed geometry of the template and the interaction strength between the template and the metal centers in the nanorings. The role of the template-nanoring interaction strength in controlling potential "caterpillar track" rotational motion is discussed. The relationship of the model to experimental small-angle X-ray, exchange spectroscopy, and electron spin resonance results is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ormrod Morley
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Marc Malfois
- Diamond Light Source Ltd , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Nuntaporn Kamonsutthipaijit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Dmitry V Kondratuk
- Diamond Light Source Ltd , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Mark Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
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Hinaut A, Pawlak R, Meyer E, Glatzel T. Electrospray deposition of organic molecules on bulk insulator surfaces. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:1927-34. [PMID: 26665062 PMCID: PMC4660929 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Large organic molecules are of important interest for organic-based devices such as hybrid photovoltaics or molecular electronics. Knowing their adsorption geometries and electronic structures allows to design and predict macroscopic device properties. Fundamental investigations in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) are thus mandatory to analyze and engineer processes in this prospects. With increasing size, complexity or chemical reactivity, depositing molecules by thermal evaporation becomes challenging. A recent way to deposit molecules in clean conditions is Electrospray Ionization (ESI). ESI keeps the possibility to work with large molecules, to introduce them in vacuum, and to deposit them on a large variety of surfaces. Here, ESI has been successfully applied to deposit triply fused porphyrin molecules on an insulating KBr(001) surface in UHV environment. Different deposition coverages have been obtained and characterization of the surface by in-situ atomic force microscopy working in the non-contact mode shows details of the molecular structures adsorbed on the surface. We show that UHV-ESI, can be performed on insulating surfaces in the sub-monolayer regime and to single molecules which opens the possibility to study a variety of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Kondratuk DV, Perdigão LMA, Esmail AMS, O'Shea JN, Beton PH, Anderson HL. Supramolecular nesting of cyclic polymers. Nat Chem 2015; 7:317-22. [PMID: 25970878 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Advances in template-directed synthesis make it possible to create artificial molecules with protein-like dimensions, directly from simple components. These synthetic macromolecules have a proclivity for self-organization that is reminiscent of biopolymers. Here, we report the synthesis of monodisperse cyclic porphyrin polymers, with diameters of up to 21 nm (750 C–C bonds). The ratio of the intrinsic viscosities for cyclic and linear topologies is 0.72, indicating that these polymers behave as almost ideal flexible chains in solution. When deposited on gold surfaces, the cyclic polymers display a new mode of two-dimensional supramolecular organization, combining encapsulation and nesting; one nanoring adopts a near-circular conformation, thus allowing a second nanoring to be captured within its perimeter, in a tightly folded conformation. Scanning tunnelling microscopy reveals that nesting occurs in combination with stacking when nanorings are deposited under vacuum, whereas when they are deposited directly from solution under ambient conditions there is stacking or nesting, but not a combination of both.
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