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Kuznetsov PM, Martynov IV, Zhidkov IS, Gutsev LG, Komissarova EA, Maskaev AV, Kukharenko AI, Prudnov FA, Troshin PA. Molecular Structure-Intrinsic Photostability Relationships for a Series of Conjugated Polymers: Backbone Substitution Matters! J Phys Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37428962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c03242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present an efficient approach for screening the intrinsic photostability of organic absorber materials used in photovoltaic applications. Using a series of structurally related conjugated polymers and a set of complementary techniques, we established important "material structure-photostability" relationships. In particular, we have revealed that the introduction of alkoxy, thioalkyl, and fluorine substituents adversely affects the material photostability. Further systematic screening of different types of materials using the developed techniques should yield a set of guidelines for designing more stable absorber materials for organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr M Kuznetsov
- Federal Research Center for Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FRC PCP MC RAS), Academician Semenov ave. 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Ilya V Martynov
- Federal Research Center for Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FRC PCP MC RAS), Academician Semenov ave. 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan S Zhidkov
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Mira St. 19, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- M. N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch, S. Kovalevskaya St. 18, 620108 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Lavrenty G Gutsev
- Federal Research Center for Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FRC PCP MC RAS), Academician Semenov ave. 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina A Komissarova
- Federal Research Center for Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FRC PCP MC RAS), Academician Semenov ave. 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey V Maskaev
- Federal Research Center for Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FRC PCP MC RAS), Academician Semenov ave. 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey I Kukharenko
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Mira St. 19, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- M. N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch, S. Kovalevskaya St. 18, 620108 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Fedor A Prudnov
- Federal Research Center for Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FRC PCP MC RAS), Academician Semenov ave. 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel A Troshin
- Federal Research Center for Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FRC PCP MC RAS), Academician Semenov ave. 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russian Federation
- Zhengzhou Research Institute of HIT, 26 Longyuan East seventh, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450000, China
- Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Nan Gang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, China
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2
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Tian R, Li K, Lin Y, Lu C, Duan X. Characterization Techniques of Polymer Aging: From Beginning to End. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3007-3088. [PMID: 36802560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymers have been widely applied in various fields in the daily routines and the manufacturing. Despite the awareness of the aggressive and inevitable aging for the polymers, it still remains a challenge to choose an appropriate characterization strategy for evaluating the aging behaviors. The difficulties lie in the fact that the polymer features from the different aging stages require different characterization methods. In this review, we present an overview of the characterization strategies preferable for the initial, accelerated, and late stages during polymer aging. The optimum strategies have been discussed to characterize the generation of radicals, variation of functional groups, substantial chain scission, formation of low-molecular products, and deterioration in the polymers' macro-performances. In view of the advantages and the limitations of these characterization techniques, their utilization in a strategic approach is considered. In addition, we highlight the structure-property relationship for the aged polymers and provide available guidance for lifetime prediction. This review could allow the readers to be knowledgeable of the features for the polymers in the different aging stages and provide access to choose the optimum characterization techniques. We believe that this review will attract the communities dedicated to materials science and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kaitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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3
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Martynov IV, Inasaridze LN, Troshin PA. Resist or Oxidize: Identifying Molecular Structure-Photostability Relationships for Conjugated Polymers Used in Organic Solar Cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202101336. [PMID: 34519424 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although organic solar cells have started to demonstrate competitive power conversion efficiencies of >18 %, their operational lifetimes remain insufficient for wide practical use and the factors influencing the photostability of absorber materials and completed devices are still not completely understood. A systematic study of two series of structurally similar [XTBT]n and [XTTBTBTT]n polymers (16 structures in total) reveals the building blocks that enable the highest material stability towards photooxidation: fluorene, silafluorene, carbazole, diketopyrrolopyrrole, and isoindigo. Furthermore, a direct correlation is evident between the electronic properties of the conjugated polymers and their reactivity towards oxygen. The structures with the lowest highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energies show the highest electrochemical oxidation potentials and appear to be the most resistant towards chemical oxidation. These relationships set important guidelines for the further rational design of new absorber materials for efficient and stable organic photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Martynov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Semenov avenue 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Liana N Inasaridze
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Semenov avenue 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel A Troshin
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Semenov avenue 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russian Federation
- Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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4
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Chen Z, Li W, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhu W, Zeng M, Li Y. Aggregation-Induced Radical of Donor-Acceptor Organic Semiconductors. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9783-9790. [PMID: 34596405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Narrow bandgap donor-acceptor organic semiconductors are generally considered to show a closed-shell singlet ground state, and their radicals are reported as impurities, defects, polarons, and charge transfer monoradicals. Herein, we systematically investigated the open-shell singlet diradical electronic ground state of two diketopyrrolopyrrole-based compounds via the combination of electron spin resonance (ESR), nuclear magnetic resonance, superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry, and theoretical calculations. It is widely known that the quinoidal character will be significantly enhanced in the aggregation state accompanied by improved planarity and enhanced delocalization. We proposed an aggregation-induced radical and captodative effect as the driving force for the formation and stabilization of the open-shell quinoid diradical based on the ESR test in different proportions of mixed solvents. Our results provided a novel view for understanding the intrinsic chemical structure of donor-acceptor organic semiconductors, the open-shell singlet and thermally excited triplet electronic states, and the unexpected physical processes between the ground state and the excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxin Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yiheng Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zejun Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weiya Zhu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Miao Zeng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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5
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Chen Z, Li W, Sabuj MA, Li Y, Zhu W, Zeng M, Sarap CS, Huda MM, Qiao X, Peng X, Ma D, Ma Y, Rai N, Huang F. Evolution of the electronic structure in open-shell donor-acceptor organic semiconductors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5889. [PMID: 34620849 PMCID: PMC8497548 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organic semiconductors have closed-shell electronic structures, however, studies have revealed open-shell character emanating from design paradigms such as narrowing the bandgap and controlling the quinoidal-aromatic resonance of the π-system. A fundamental challenge is understanding and identifying the molecular and electronic basis for the transition from a closed- to open-shell electronic structure and connecting the physicochemical properties with (opto)electronic functionality. Here, we report donor-acceptor organic semiconductors comprised of diketopyrrolopyrrole and naphthobisthiadiazole acceptors and various electron-rich donors commonly utilized in constructing high-performance organic semiconductors. Nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, single-crystal X-ray studies, and computational investigations connect the bandgap, π-extension, structural, and electronic features with the emergence of various degrees of diradical character. This work systematically demonstrates the widespread diradical character in the classical donor-acceptor organic semiconductors and provides distinctive insights into their ground state structure-property relationship.
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Grants
- The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Basic and Applied Basic Research Major Program of Guangdong Province (No. 2019B030302007), Innovation Research Group Project of Fund Committee (No. 51521002), National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2019YFA0705900) funded by MOST, Natural Science Foundation of China (51973063, 21733005, 91633301), and the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou (No. 201707020019). MAS, CSS, MMH, and NR acknowledge the financial support from the National Science Foundation (OIA-1757220) for the computational aspects of this project. This work used supercomputing resources at the high-performance computing center at Mississippi State University and the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), which is supported by National Science Foundation grant number ACI-1548562. This work used XSEDE Stampede 2 at the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) through allocation TG-CHE140141.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxin Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Md Abdus Sabuj
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, United States
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Weiya Zhu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Miao Zeng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chandra S Sarap
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, United States
| | - Md Masrul Huda
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, United States
| | - Xianfeng Qiao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobin Peng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Dongge Ma
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yuguang Ma
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Neeraj Rai
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, United States.
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China.
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Tokhy HH, Elmaghraby EK, Abdelhady AM, Eid AM, Rammah YS, Awad ESM, Abdelaal S. The influence of gamma radiation on organic compounds having carbon ring and its application in dosimetry. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2020-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The formation of highly oxidizing radicals in multifunctional-solid compounds upon irradiation with gamma-ray had been investigated. Five organic compounds having a single carbon ring had been used in the present investigation; these materials are 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene, 4′-aminoacetophenone, 3′-hydroxyacetophenone, n-anthranilic acid, and triphenylmethane. These material were irradiated using 60Co radiation with different doses between 20 and 100 kGy. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy spotted increases of the resonance absorption having landé factor around 2.0113 ± 0.003 upon irradiation with the increasing of dose. This resonance absorption was related to the formation of long-lived oxygen radicals that were attached to one of the radiation synthesized compounds. The method of infrared absorption spectroscopy emphasized the formation of cyclic and aliphatic hexane in addition to the active oxygen radicals. n-Anthranilic acid was found to be suitable for radiation the dosimetry with long-lasting radiation signature as electron spin and also to determine the exposure dose. The time-lapse infrared and electron spin resonance measurements had been used to tracked the formation of active species within the time-lapsed after the end of exposure; results showed that the dosimetric signature may be used as a tracker for the time when the exposure happens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Hussny Tokhy
- Department of Radiation Protection and Dosimetry , National Center for Radiation Research and Technology NCRRT, Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo 13759 , Egypt
- Physics Department , Faculty of Science, Menoufia University , Shebin El-Koom 32511 , Egypt
| | - Elsayed K. Elmaghraby
- Experimental Nuclear Physics Department , Nuclear Research Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo 13759 , Egypt
| | - AbdelWahab M. Abdelhady
- Accelerator and Ion Sources Department , Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo 13759 , Egypt
- Central Lab for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo 13759 , Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Eid
- Department of Radiation Protection and Dosimetry , National Center for Radiation Research and Technology NCRRT, Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo 13759 , Egypt
| | - Yasser S. Rammah
- Physics Department , Faculty of Science, Menoufia University , Shebin El-Koom 32511 , Egypt
| | - El-Sayed M. Awad
- Physics Department , Faculty of Science, Menoufia University , Shebin El-Koom 32511 , Egypt
| | - Saad Abdelaal
- Accelerator and Ion Sources Department , Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo 13759 , Egypt
- Central Lab for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo 13759 , Egypt
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7
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Uvarov MN, Plekhanov MS, Zinoviev VA, Yanshole VV, Fedin MV, Kulik LV. Free radicals in organic semiconductors during photooxidation: Thin films of polymers P3HT and PCDTBT vs small molecules DRCN5T and BTR. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Li Z, Shan J, Yan L, Gu H, Lin Y, Tan H, Ma CQ. The Role of the Hydrogen Bond between Piperazine and Fullerene Molecules in Stabilizing Polymer:Fullerene Solar Cell Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:15472-15481. [PMID: 32138508 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Piperazine has been recently reported as a stabilizer for polymer:fullerene solar cells that can minimize the "burn-in" degradation of the cell. In this paper, the influence of N-substituents on the stabilization effect of piperazine in P3HT:PC61BM cells was investigated. Results confirmed that only piperazine derivatives (PZs) with N-H bonds showed the stabilization effect, whereas the bis-alkyl-substituted piperazine compounds cannot improve the stability. An efficient photon-induced electron transfer (PET) process between PZ and PC61BM was only detected for the N-H-containing PZ:PC61BM blends, corresponding very well to the stabilization effect of the PZs, which indicates that the PET process between PZ and PC61BM stabilizes the cell performance, and the N-H bond plays a critical role ensuring the PET process and the consequent stabilization effect. Both 1H-NMR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations confirmed the formation of N-H···O-C and N-H···π bonds for the PC61BM:piperazine adduct, which was considered as the driving force that promotes the PET process between these two components. In addition, comparison of the calculated electron affinity energy (EA) and excitation energy (EEx) of PC61BM with/without piperazine confirmed that piperazine doping is able to promote the electron transfer (which leads to the formation of PC61BM anions) than the energy transfer (leads to the formation of PC61BM excitons) between P3HT and PC61BM, which is beneficial for the performance and stability improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerui Li
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 398 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ruoshui Road 398, SEID, SIP, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiankai Shan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, 19 Waida Street, Xinjie Kou, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Lingpeng Yan
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ruoshui Road 398, SEID, SIP, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- Institute of New Carbon Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingze Street, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Gu
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ruoshui Road 398, SEID, SIP, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingze Street, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Renai Road 11, SEID, SIP, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Tan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, 19 Waida Street, Xinjie Kou, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Qi Ma
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 398 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ruoshui Road 398, SEID, SIP, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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9
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Martynov IV, Akkuratov AV, Luchkin SY, Tsarev SA, Babenko SD, Petrov VG, Stevenson KJ, Troshin PA. Impressive Radiation Stability of Organic Solar Cells Based on Fullerene Derivatives and Carbazole-Containing Conjugated Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:21741-21748. [PMID: 31091872 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We explored the radiation stability of carbazole-based electron-donor conjugated polymers, acceptor fullerene derivative [60]PCBM, and their blends as active layer components of organic solar cells. An exposure to γ rays induced evident degradation effects in bulk samples of the pristine fullerene acceptor ([60]PCBM) and two investigated electron-donor conjugated polymers: PCDTBT and PCDTTBTBTT. The most severe radiation damage occurred in [60]PCBM as can be concluded from the significant losses in open circuit voltage, fill factor, and efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) devices comprising the exposed fullerene acceptor. Conjugated polymers PCDTBT and PCDTTBTBTT showed substantially different radiation stabilities: the samples of PCDTTBTBTT exposed to 200 Gy lost ∼25% of their nominal photovoltaic efficiency due to a substantial decay of all device parameters, while PCDTBT alone showed just a minor aging under the same conditions. The fullerene-polymer composites were much more resistant with respect to the radiation damage than the bulk samples of pristine materials. In particular, the PCDTBT/[60]PCBM composite films demonstrated an outstanding radiation stability while maintaining more than 80% of the initial photovoltaic efficiency after exposure to γ rays with a maximum absorbed dose of 6500 Gy. Considering an average annual radiation dose of 160 Gy according to the NASA estimations for satellites at geocentric Earth orbits, organic solar cells based on PCDTBT/[60]PCBM blends hold a promise to deliver lifetimes well above 10 years. The revealed impressive radiation stability of PCDTBT/[60]PCBM blends in combination with other advantages of organic solar cells, for example, their mechanical flexibility and lightweight, points to a bright future of this PV technology in space industry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Martynov
- The Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Semenov Prospect 1 , Chernogolovka 142432 , Russia
| | - Alexander V Akkuratov
- The Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Semenov Prospect 1 , Chernogolovka 142432 , Russia
| | - Sergey Yu Luchkin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Nobel St. 3 , Moscow 143026 , Russia
| | - Sergey A Tsarev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Nobel St. 3 , Moscow 143026 , Russia
| | - Sergei D Babenko
- The Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Branch) , Semenov Prospect 1/10 , Chernogolovka 142432 , Russia
| | - Vladimir G Petrov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University , GSP-1, Leninskie Gory , Moscow 119991 , Russian Federation
| | - Keith J Stevenson
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Nobel St. 3 , Moscow 143026 , Russia
| | - Pavel A Troshin
- The Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Semenov Prospect 1 , Chernogolovka 142432 , Russia
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Nobel St. 3 , Moscow 143026 , Russia
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10
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Biskup T. Structure-Function Relationship of Organic Semiconductors: Detailed Insights From Time-Resolved EPR Spectroscopy. Front Chem 2019; 7:10. [PMID: 30775359 PMCID: PMC6367236 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics (OPV) is a promising technology to account for the increasing demand for energy in form of electricity. Whereas the last decades have seen tremendous progress in the field witnessed by the steady increase in efficiency of OPV devices, we still lack proper understanding of fundamental aspects of light-energy conversion, demanding for systematic investigation on a fundamental level. A detailed understanding of the electronic structure of semiconducting polymers and their building blocks is essential to develop efficient materials for organic electronics. Illuminating conjugated polymers not only leads to excited states, but sheds light on some of the most important aspects of device efficiency in organic electronics as well. The interplay between electronic structure, morphology, flexibility, and local ordering, while at the heart of structure-function relationship of organic electronic materials, is still barely understood. (Time-resolved) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is particularly suited to address these questions, allowing one to directly detect paramagnetic states and to reveal their spin-multiplicity, besides its clearly superior spectral resolution compared to optical methods. This article aims at giving a non-specialist audience an overview of what EPR spectroscopy and particularly its time-resolved variant (TREPR) can contribute to unraveling aspects of structure-function relationship in organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Biskup
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Naveed KUR, Wang L, Yu H, Ullah RS, Haroon M, Fahad S, Li J, Elshaarani T, Khan RU, Nazir A. Recent progress in the electron paramagnetic resonance study of polymers. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00689j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides an overview of the contemporary research based on a tailor-made technique to understand the paramagnetic behavior of different polymer classes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Zhejiang
- China
| | - Haojie Yu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Zhejiang
- China
| | - Raja Summe Ullah
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Zhejiang
- China
| | - Muhammad Haroon
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Zhejiang
- China
| | - Shah Fahad
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Zhejiang
- China
| | - Jiyang Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Zhejiang
- China
| | - Tarig Elshaarani
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Zhejiang
- China
| | - Rizwan Ullah Khan
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Zhejiang
- China
| | - Ahsan Nazir
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Zhejiang
- China
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Mateker WR, McGehee MD. Progress in Understanding Degradation Mechanisms and Improving Stability in Organic Photovoltaics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603940. [PMID: 28004854 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the degradation mechanisms of organic photovoltaics is particularly important, as they tend to degrade faster than their inorganic counterparts, such as silicon and cadmium telluride. An overview is provided here of the main degradation mechanisms that researchers have identified so far that cause extrinsic degradation from oxygen and water, intrinsic degradation in the dark, and photo-induced burn-in. In addition, it provides methods for researchers to identify these mechanisms in new materials and device structures to screen them more quickly for promising long-term performance. These general strategies will likely be helpful in other photovoltaic technologies that suffer from insufficient stability, such as perovskite solar cells. Finally, the most promising lifetime results are highlighted and recommendations to improve long-term performance are made. To prevent degradation from oxygen and water for sufficiently long time periods, OPVs will likely need to be encapsulated by barrier materials with lower permeation rates of oxygen and water than typical flexible substrate materials. To improve stability at operating temperatures, materials will likely require glass transition temperatures above 100 °C. Methods to prevent photo-induced burn-in are least understood, but recent research indicates that using pure materials with dense and ordered film morphologies can reduce the burn-in effect.
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Synthesis of the (X-DADAD) n -type conjugated polymers with 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole acceptor blocks and their application in organic solar cells. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.11.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shatrova AA, Baranov DS, Uvarov MN, Kazantsev MS, Glebov EM, Fadeev DS, Kulik LV. Novel Anthrathiophene-Based Small Molecules as Donor Material for Organic Photovoltaics: Synthesis and Light-Induced EPR Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2016-0832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A novel anthrathiophene-based compound, 1,4-bis((5-(6,11-dioxoanthra[2,1-b]thiophene-2-yl)thien-2-yl)ethynyl)-2,5-bis(octyloxy)benzene, was synthesized and characterized. The optical absorption spectrum of the synthesized compound in film is strongly red-shifted as compared to the solution spectrum. The energies of frontier orbitals measured by cyclic voltammetry show that this compound can act as electron donor in a composite with the widely used fullerene derivative PCBM. This is confirmed by light-induced electron transfer from it to PCBM evidenced from light-induced EPR spectroscopy. The spectroscopic data suggest that anthrathiophene is a promising platform for synthesis of small-molecular electron donors for organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A. Shatrova
- A. E. Favorsky Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Favorsky 1, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - Denis S. Baranov
- V. V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Institutskaya 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Mikhail N. Uvarov
- V. V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Institutskaya 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Maxim S. Kazantsev
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Ac. Lavrentieva 9, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Evgeni M. Glebov
- V. V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Institutskaya 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry S. Fadeev
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Ac. Lavrentieva 9, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Leonid V. Kulik
- V. V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Institutskaya 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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Darlatt E, Muhsin B, Roesch R, Lupulescu C, Roth F, Kolbe M, Gottwald A, Hoppe H, Richter M. Irradiation-induced degradation of PTB7 investigated by valence band and S 2p photoelectron spectroscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:324005. [PMID: 27363480 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/32/324005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Monochromatic radiation with known absolute radiant power from an undulator at the electron storage ring Metrology Light Source (MLS) was used to irradiate PTB7 (a thieno[3, 4-b]thiophene-alt-benzodithiophene polymer) thin films at wavelengths (photon energies) of 185 nm (6.70 eV), 220 nm (5.64 eV), 300 nm (4.13 eV), 320 nm (3.88 eV), 356 nm (3.48 eV) and 675 nm (1.84 eV) under ultra-high vacuum conditions for the investigation of radiation-induced degradation effects. The characterization of the thin films is focused at ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) of valence bands and is complemented by S 2p x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (S 2p XPS) before and after the irradiation procedure. The radiant exposure was determined for each irradiation by means of photodiodes traceably calibrated to the international system of units SI. The valence band spectra show the strongest changes for the shortest wavelengths and no degradation effect at 356 nm and 675 nm even with the highest radiant exposure applied. In the spectral range where the Sun appears bright on the Earth's surface, no degradation effects are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Darlatt
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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Burgués-Ceballos I, Hermerschmidt F, Akkuratov AV, Susarova DK, Troshin PA, Choulis SA. High-Performing Polycarbazole Derivatives for Efficient Solution-Processing of Organic Solar Cells in Air. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:4209-4215. [PMID: 26663820 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201501128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The application of conjugated materials in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) is usually demonstrated in lab-scale spin-coated devices that are processed under controlled inert conditions. Although this is a necessary step to prove high efficiency, testing of promising materials in air should be done in the early stages of research to validate their real potential for low-cost, solution-processed, and large-scale OPVs. Also relevant for approaching commercialization needs is the use of printing techniques that are compatible with upscaling. Here, solution processing of organic solar cells based on three new poly(2,7-carbazole) derivatives is efficiently transferred, without significant losses, to air conditions and to several deposition methods using a simple device architecture. High efficiencies in the range between 5.0 % and 6.3 % are obtained in (rigid) spin-coated, doctor-bladed, and (flexible) slot-die-coated devices, which surpass the reference devices based on poly[N-9'-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT). In contrast, inkjet printing does not provide reliable results with the presented polymers, which is attributed to their high molecular weight. When the device area in the best-performing system is increased from 9 mm(2) to 0.7 cm(2), the efficiency drops from 6.2 % to 5.0 %. Photocurrent mapping reveals inhomogeneous current generation derived from changes in the thickness of the active layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Burgués-Ceballos
- Molecular Electronics and Photonics Research Unit, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 45 Kitiou Kyprianou Street, Limassol, 3041 Cyprus.
| | - Felix Hermerschmidt
- Molecular Electronics and Photonics Research Unit, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 45 Kitiou Kyprianou Street, Limassol, 3041 Cyprus
| | - Alexander V Akkuratov
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Semenov Prospect 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432, Russia
| | - Diana K Susarova
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Semenov Prospect 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432, Russia
| | - Pavel A Troshin
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Semenov Prospect 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432, Russia
| | - Stelios A Choulis
- Molecular Electronics and Photonics Research Unit, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 45 Kitiou Kyprianou Street, Limassol, 3041 Cyprus
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Kuznetsov IE, Susarova DK, Inasaridze LN, Klyuev MV, Troshin PA. Synthesis of statistical carbazole–fluorene–thiophene–benzothiadiazole copolymers and their investigation in organic solar cells. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Kuznetsov IE, Akkuratow AV, Susarova DK, Anokhin DV, Moskvin YL, Kluyev MV, Peregudov AS, Troshin PA. Statistical carbazole–fluorene–TTBTBTT terpolymers as promising electron donor materials for organic solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:7562-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00678c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Statistical carbazole–fluorene–TTBTBTT terpolymers demonstrated tunable optoelectronic characteristics and solar cell performances approaching 6.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Denis V. Anokhin
- IPCP RAS
- Chernogolovka
- Russia
- Moscow State University
- Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering
| | - Yuriy L. Moskvin
- The Branch of Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics RAS
- Chernogolovka
- Russia
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