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Zhao S, Wang N, James Young D, Mi Y, Hu FL. Coordination Site Selective Occupation Strategy for Tuning the Photosalient Effects of Photoactive Cd Complexes. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400559. [PMID: 38972847 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The application of photo responsive crystals to useful actuation demands a rational design to elicit controllable movement. The [2+2] photocycloaddition reaction triggers mechanical motion using associated photosalient (PS) effects. We herein report a coordination site selective occupation strategy to modulate the arrangement of C=C bonds and thereby tune the PS effect. Replacing or repositioning the donor atom at one end of the linear ligand allowed for a greater level of molecular structural flexibility, facilitating [2+2] photocycloaddition. The distance between photoreactive centres and coordination sites was adjusted by ligand design to regulate PS behaviour. This work suggests new avenues for modulating PS movement to achieve useful motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, 530006, P. R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, 530006, P. R. China
| | - David James Young
- Glasgow College UESTC, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Yan Mi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, 530006, P. R. China
| | - Fei-Long Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, 530006, P. R. China
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2
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Rohullah M, Pradeep VV, Singh S, Chandrasekar R. Mechanically controlled multifaceted dynamic transformations in twisted organic crystal waveguides. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4040. [PMID: 38740755 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47924-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study introduces mechanically induced phenomena such as standing, leaning, stacking, and interlocking behaviors in naturally twisted optical waveguiding microcrystals on a substrate. The microscale twisted crystal self-assembled from 2,4-dibromo-6-(((2-bromo-5-fluorophenyl)imino)methyl)phenol is flexible and emits orange fluorescence. Mechanistic analysis reveals the strain generated by the intergrowing orientationally mismatched nanocrystallites is responsible for the twisted crystal growth. The crystal's mechanical flexibility in the perpendicular direction to (001) and (010) planes can be attributed to intermolecular Br···Br, F···Br, and π···π stacking interactions. Through a systematic process involving step-by-step bending and subsequent optical waveguiding experiments at each bent position, a linear relationship between optical loss and mechanical strain is established. Additionally, the vertical standing and leaning of these crystals at different angles on a flat surface and the vertical stacking of multiple crystals reveal the three-dimensional aspects of organic crystal waveguides, introducing light trajectories in a 3D space. Furthermore, the integration of two axially interlocked twisted crystals enables the coupling of polarization rotation along their long axis. These crystal dynamics expand the horizons of crystal behavior and have the potential to revolutionize various applications, rendering these crystals invaluable in the realm of crystal-related science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rohullah
- Advanced Photonic Materials and Technology Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Centre for Nanotechnology, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Vuppu Vinay Pradeep
- Advanced Photonic Materials and Technology Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Centre for Nanotechnology, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Shruti Singh
- Advanced Photonic Materials and Technology Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Centre for Nanotechnology, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Rajadurai Chandrasekar
- Advanced Photonic Materials and Technology Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Centre for Nanotechnology, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, Telangana, India.
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3
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Commins P, Dippenaar AB, Li L, Hara H, Haynes DA, Naumov P. Mechanically compliant single crystals of a stable organic radical. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6188-6193. [PMID: 33996017 PMCID: PMC8098752 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01246k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanically compliant organic crystals are the foundation of the development of future flexible, light-weight single-crystal electronics, and this requires reversibly deformable crystalline organic materials with permanent magnetism. Here, we report and characterize the first instance of a plastically bendable single crystal of a permanent organic radical, 4-(4'-cyano-2',3',4',5'-tetrafluorophenyl)-1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolyl. The weak interactions between the radicals render single crystals of the β phase of this material exceedingly soft, and the S-N interactions facilitate plastic bending. EPR imaging of a bent single crystal reveals the effect of deformation on the three-dimensional spin density of the crystal. The unusual mechanical compliance of this material opens prospects for exploration into flexible crystals of other stable organic radicals towards the development of flexible light-weight organic magnetoresistance devices based on weak, non-hydrogen-bonded interactions in molecular crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Commins
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - A Bernard Dippenaar
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University P. Bag X1 Matieland 7602 Republic of South Africa
| | - Liang Li
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Hideyuki Hara
- Bruker K.K. 3-9, Moriya, Kanagawa Yokohama Kanagawa 221-0022 Japan
| | - Delia A Haynes
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University P. Bag X1 Matieland 7602 Republic of South Africa
| | - Panče Naumov
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
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4
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Tong F, Xu W, Al‐Haidar M, Kitagawa D, Al‐Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Photomechanically Induced Magnetic Field Response by Controlling Molecular Orientation in 9‐Methylanthracene Microcrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Chemistry Department University of California, Riverside 501 Big Spring Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Chemistry Department University of California, Riverside 501 Big Spring Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Maram Al‐Haidar
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124 King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh 11426 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka City University Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Rabih O. Al‐Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124 King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh 11426 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J. Bardeen
- Chemistry Department University of California, Riverside 501 Big Spring Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
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5
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Tong F, Xu W, Al-Haidar M, Kitagawa D, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Photomechanically Induced Magnetic Field Response by Controlling Molecular Orientation in 9-Methylanthracene Microcrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7080-7084. [PMID: 29660217 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A surfactant-assisted seeded-growth method is used to form single-crystal platelets composed of 9-methylanthracene with two different internal molecular orientations. The more stable form exhibits a photoinduced twisting, as observed previously for 9-methylanthracene microribbons grown by the floating drop method. However, the newly discovered elongated hexagonal platelets undergo a photoinduced rolling-up and unrolling. The ability of the rolled-up cylindrical shape to trap superparamagnetic nanoparticles enables it to be carried along in a magnetic field gradient. The new photoinduced shape change, made possible by a novel surfactant-assisted crystal growth method, opens up the possibility of using light to modulate the crystal translational motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Spring Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Spring Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Maram Al-Haidar
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Spring Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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6
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Wang Q, Yang F, Zhang Y, Chen M, Zhang X, Lei S, Li R, Hu W. Space-Confined Strategy toward Large-Area Two-Dimensional Single Crystals of Molecular Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Fangxu Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mingxi Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shengbin Lei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Rongjin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
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7
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Al-Kaysi RO, Tong F, Al-Haidar M, Zhu L, Bardeen CJ. Highly branched photomechanical crystals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:2622-2625. [PMID: 28195281 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08999b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
When a suspension of the tert-butyl ester of 4-fluoroanthracene-9-carboxylic acid (4F9AC) was slowly hydrolyzed, highly branched photomechanical microcrystals of 4F9AC were grown. Exposure to UV light caused the branches to undergo a reversible sweeping motion that could be used to move and concentrate silica microspheres on a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Maram Al-Haidar
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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8
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Chirality-controlled spontaneous twisting of crystals due to thermal topochemical reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:2896-2901. [PMID: 29507233 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718965115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystals that show mechanical response against various stimuli are of great interest. These stimuli induce polymorphic transitions, isomerizations, or chemical reactions in the crystal and the strain generated between the daughter and parent domains is transcribed into mechanical response. We observed that the crystals of modified dipeptide LL (N3-l-Ala-l-Val-NHCH2C≡CH) undergo spontaneous twisting to form right-handed twisted crystals not only at room temperature but also at 0 °C over time. Using various spectroscopic techniques, we have established that the twisting is due to the spontaneous topochemical azide-alkyne cycloaddition (TAAC) reaction at room temperature or lower temperatures. The rate of twisting can be increased by heating, exploiting the faster kinetics of the TAAC reaction at higher temperatures. To address the role of molecular chirality in the direction of twisting the enantiomer of dipeptide LL, N3-d-Ala-d-Val-NHCH2C≡CH (DD), was synthesized and topochemical reactivity and mechanoresponse of its crystals were studied. We have found that dipeptide DD not only underwent TAAC reaction, giving 1,4-triazole-linked pseudopolypeptides of d-amino acids, but also underwent twisting with opposite handedness (left-handed twisting), establishing the role of molecular chirality in controlling the direction of mechanoresponse. This paper reports (i) a mechanical response due to a thermal reaction and (ii) a spontaneous mechanical response in crystals and (iii) explains the role of molecular chirality in the handedness of the macroscopic mechanical response.
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9
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So HS, Minami T, Jindo T, Matsumoto S. Thermosalient effect of two polymorphs of a diketopyrrolopyrrole dye with different crystal systems and molecular arrangements. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00940f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two polymorphs of a diketopyrrolopyrrole dye, one yellow and the other orange, were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Soo So
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences
- Yokohama National University
- Yokohama 240-8501
- Japan
| | - Takaya Minami
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences
- Yokohama National University
- Yokohama 240-8501
- Japan
| | - Takumi Jindo
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences
- Yokohama National University
- Yokohama 240-8501
- Japan
| | - Shinya Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences
- Yokohama National University
- Yokohama 240-8501
- Japan
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10
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Karothu DP, Weston J, Desta IT, Naumov P. Shape-Memory and Self-Healing Effects in Mechanosalient Molecular Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13298-13306. [PMID: 27618207 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The thermosalient crystals of terephthalic acid are extraordinarily mechanically compliant and reversibly shape-shift between two forms with different crystal habits. While the transition of form II to form I is spontaneous, the transition of form I to form II is latent and can be triggered by applying local mechanical stress, whereby crystals leap several centimeters in air. This mechanosalient effect (mechanically stimulated motility) is due to sudden release of strain that has accrued in the crystal of form I, which is a metastable structure at ambient conditions. High-speed optical analysis and serial scanning electron microscopy reveal that the mechanical effect is due to rapid reshaping of crystal domains on a millisecond time scale triggered by mechanical stimulation. Mechanically pre-deformed crystals taken over the thermal phase transition exhibit memory effects and partially regain their shape, while cracked, sliced, or otherwise damaged crystals tend to recover their macroscopic integrity by restorative action of intermolecular π-π interactions in a manner which resembles the behavior of shape-memory and self-healing polymers. These observations provide additional evidence that the thermo-/photo-/mechanosalient effects are macroscopic manifestations of martensitic-type transitions in molecular solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Prasad Karothu
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - James Weston
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Israel Tilahun Desta
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Zhu L, Al‐Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Photoinduced Ratchet‐Like Rotational Motion of Branched Molecular Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Rabih O. Al‐Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124 King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh 11426 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J. Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
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12
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Zhu L, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Photoinduced Ratchet-Like Rotational Motion of Branched Molecular Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7073-6. [PMID: 27150819 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Photomechanical molecular crystals can undergo a variety of light-induced motions, including expansion, bending, twisting, and jumping. The use of more complex crystal shapes may provide ways to turn these motions into useful work. To generate such shapes, pH-driven reprecipitation has been used to grow branched microcrystals of the anthracene derivative 4-fluoroanthracenecarboxylic acid. When these microcrystals are illuminated with light of λ=405 nm, an intermolecular [4+4] photodimerization reaction drives twisting and bending of the individual branches. These deformations drive a rotation of the overall crystal that can be repeated over multiple exposures to light. The magnitude and direction of this rotation vary because of differences in the crystal shape, but a typical branched crystal undergoes a 50° net rotation after 25 consecutive irradiations for 1 s. The ability of these crystals to undergo ratchet-like rotation is attributed to their chiral shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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