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Choi S, Zhao J, Lee PC, Choi D. The Effect of Coupling Agents and Graphene on the Mechanical Properties of Film-Based Post-Consumer Recycled Plastic. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:380. [PMID: 38337269 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to improve the mechanical properties of post-consumer recycled (PCR) plastic composed primarily of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE), which generally exhibit poor miscibility, by applying coupling agents and graphene. Here, we compare a commercially available coupling agent with a directly synthesized maleic anhydride (MA) coupling agent. When applied to a 5:5 blend of recycled PP and PE, an optimum tensile strength was achieved at a 3 wt% coupling agent concentration, with the MA coupling agent outperforming the commercial one. Characterization through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) revealed a PP:PE ratio of approximately 3:7 in the PCR plastics, with 4.86% heterogeneous materials present. Applying 3 wt% of the commercial and MA coupling agents to the PCR plastics resulted in a significant 53.9% increase in the tensile strength, reaching 11.25 MPa, and a remarkable 421.54% increase in the melt flow index (MFI), reaching 25.66 g/10 min. Furthermore, incorporating 5 wt% graphene led to a notable 64.84% increase in the tensile strength. In addition, the application of MA coupling agents and graphene improved the thermal stability of the PCR plastics. These findings show significant promise for addressing environmental concerns associated with plastic waste by facilitating the recycling of PCR plastics into new products. The utilization of coupling agents and graphene offers a viable approach to enhance the mechanical properties of PCR plastics, paving the way for sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoong Choi
- Carbon & Light Materials Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Jeonju 54853, Republic of Korea
- Division of Mechanical Design Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianxiang Zhao
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Patrick C Lee
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Duyoung Choi
- Carbon & Light Materials Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Jeonju 54853, Republic of Korea
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2
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Azubuike L, Wang J, Sundararaj U. Carbon Nanotube Migration in a Compatibilized Blend System, Leading to Kinetically Induced Enhancement in Electrical Conductivity and Mechanical Properties. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1039. [PMID: 36985933 PMCID: PMC10051242 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic factors that facilitate carbon nanotube (CNT) migration in a polymer blend from a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) phase to a poly (p-phenylene ether) (PPE) phase were studied, with the objective to induce CNT migration and localization at the interface. Herein, a CNT filler was pre-localized in an HDPE polymer and then blended with PPE at different blend compositions of 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, and 80:20 of PPE/HDPE at a constant filler concentration of 1 wt%. The level of CNT migration was studied at different mixing times of 5 and 10 min. The electrical conductivity initially increased by 2-3 orders of magnitude, with an increase in the PPE content up to 40%, and then it decreased significantly by up to 12 orders of magnitude at high PPE content up to 100%. We determined that the extent of migration was related to the difference in the melt viscosity between the constituent polymers. A triblock copolymer styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS) was used to improve the blend miscibility, and 2 wt% copolymer was found to be the optimum concentration for the electrical properties for the two blend compositions of 20:80 and 80:20 of PPE/HDPE, at a constant filler concentration of 1 wt%. The introduction of the SEBS triblock copolymer significantly increased the conductivity almost by almost four orders of magnitude for PPE/HDPE/80:20 composites with 1 wt% CNT and 2 wt% SEBS compared to the uncompatibilized blend nanocomposite. The mechanical strength of the compatibilized blend nanocomposites was found to be higher than the unfilled compatibilized blend (i.e., without CNT), uncompatibilized blend nanocomposites, and the pristine blend, illustrating the synergistic effect of adding nanofillers and a compatibilizer. SEM and TEM microstructures were used to interpret the structure-property relationships of these polymer blend nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Azubuike
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jun Wang
- Advanced Materials Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511453, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Uttandaraman Sundararaj
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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3
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Blending polar rubber with polyurethane to construct self-healing rubber with multiple hydrogen bond networks. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Gangineni PK, Patnaik S, Prusty RK, Ray BC. Mechanical behavior of electrophoretically modified
CFRP
composites at elevated temperatures: An assessment of the influence of graphene carboxyl bath concentration. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar Gangineni
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, FRP Composite Laboratory National Institute of Technology Rourkela India
| | - Satyaroop Patnaik
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, FRP Composite Laboratory National Institute of Technology Rourkela India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Prusty
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, FRP Composite Laboratory National Institute of Technology Rourkela India
| | - Bankim Chandra Ray
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, FRP Composite Laboratory National Institute of Technology Rourkela India
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5
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Kelnar I, Kaprálková L, Krejčíková S, Zhigunov A, Dybal J, Pavlovec L, Janata M. Formation of graphene oxide-based ordered structures in epoxy: effect of grafted polymer chains. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1876882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kelnar
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Kaprálková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Sabina Krejčíková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Zhigunov
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Dybal
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Pavlovec
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Janata
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic
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7
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Sharifzadeh E. Modeling of the Tensile Strength of Immiscible Binary Polymer Blends Considering the Effects of Polymer/Polymer Interface and Morphological Variation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-019-2274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Cobo Sánchez C, Wåhlander M, Karlsson M, Marin Quintero DC, Hillborg H, Malmström E, Nilsson F. Characterization of Reduced and Surface-Modified Graphene Oxide in Poly(Ethylene- co-Butyl Acrylate) Composites for Electrical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E740. [PMID: 31022914 PMCID: PMC6523082 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Promising electrical field grading materials (FGMs) for high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) applications have been designed by dispersing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) grafted with relatively short chains of poly (n-butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) in a poly(ethylene-co-butyl acrylate) (EBA) matrix. All rGO-PBMA composites with a filler fraction above 3 vol.% exhibited a distinct non-linear resistivity with increasing electric field; and it was confirmed that the resistivity could be tailored by changing the PBMA graft length or the rGO filler fraction. A combined image analysis- and Monte-Carlo simulation strategy revealed that the addition of PBMA grafts improved the enthalpic solubility of rGO in EBA; resulting in improved particle dispersion and more controlled flake-to-flake distances. The addition of rGO and rGO-PBMAs increased the modulus of the materials up to 200% and the strain did not vary significantly as compared to that of the reference matrix for the rGO-PBMA-2 vol.% composites; indicating that the interphase between the rGO and EBA was subsequently improved. The new composites have comparable electrical properties as today's commercial FGMs; but are lighter and less brittle due to a lower filler fraction of semi-conductive particles (3 vol.% instead of 30-40 vol.%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Cobo Sánchez
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE⁻100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Martin Wåhlander
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE⁻100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mattias Karlsson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE⁻100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Diana C Marin Quintero
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE⁻100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Eva Malmström
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE⁻100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Fritjof Nilsson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE⁻100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Nie H, Xiao W, Ma Y, Liu C, He A. High-Performance Isotactic Poly(1-butene)/Isotactic Polypropylene Alloys with in-Situ-Synthesized Poly(propylene- co-butene). Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huarong Nie
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Olefin Catalysis and Polymerization, Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics (Ministry of Education), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China
| | - Weijia Xiao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Olefin Catalysis and Polymerization, Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics (Ministry of Education), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China
| | - Yaping Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Olefin Catalysis and Polymerization, Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics (Ministry of Education), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China
| | - Chenguang Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Olefin Catalysis and Polymerization, Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics (Ministry of Education), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China
| | - Aihua He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Olefin Catalysis and Polymerization, Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics (Ministry of Education), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China
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10
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Kelnar I, Bal Ü, Zhigunov A, Kaprálková L, Fortelný I, Krejčíková S, Kredatusová J, Dybal J, Janata M, Nofar M. Nano‐modified HDPE/PA6 microfibrillar composites: Effect of aminated graphite platelets coupling. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kelnar
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Heyrovského nám. 2 162 06, Praha Czech Republic
| | - Ümitcan Bal
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical EngineeringIstanbul Technical University Maslak, Istanbul 34469 Turkey
| | - Alexander Zhigunov
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Heyrovského nám. 2 162 06, Praha Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Kaprálková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Heyrovského nám. 2 162 06, Praha Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Fortelný
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Heyrovského nám. 2 162 06, Praha Czech Republic
| | - Sabina Krejčíková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Heyrovského nám. 2 162 06, Praha Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kredatusová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Heyrovského nám. 2 162 06, Praha Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Dybal
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Heyrovského nám. 2 162 06, Praha Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Janata
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Heyrovského nám. 2 162 06, Praha Czech Republic
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical EngineeringIstanbul Technical University Maslak, Istanbul 34469 Turkey
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11
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Muzata TS, P L J, Kar GP, Bose S. Phase miscibility and dynamic heterogeneity in PMMA/SAN blends through solvent free reactive grafting of SAN on graphene oxide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:19470-19485. [PMID: 29998240 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02716a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of nanoparticles in a particular host polymer matrix can be improved by using brush coated nanoparticles. In this work we have grafted styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) onto the surface of graphene oxide (GO) and investigated as to how the demixing temperature, morphology and volume cooperativity of PMMA/SAN blends are influenced. Grafting of polymer chains on the surface of nanoparticles usually involves the use of large amounts of solvents, many which are detrimental to the environment besides involving cumbersome processes. SAN-g-GO was prepared by a robust solvent-free strategy wherein the cyano group in SAN was replaced by oxazoline groups during melt mixing in the presence of zinc acetate and ethanol amine. These newly created oxazoline groups reacted with the COOH group of GO under melt extrusion resulting in grafting of SAN on the surface of GO sheets. The effect of SAN-g-GO nanoparticles on the demixing, local segmental motions and morphology evolution for different annealing times was carefully investigated in a classical LCST system, PMMA/SAN blend, using melt rheology, modulated DSC and AFM, respectively. The changes in viscoelastic behavior in the vicinity of demixing are investigated systematically for the control, and blends with GO and SAN-g-GO. Various models were used to gain insight into the spinodal decomposition temperatures of the blends. Interestingly, the demixing temperature determined rheologically and the spinodal decomposition temperature increased significantly in the presence of polymer grafted nanoparticles in comparison to the control and blends with GO. The evolution of the morphology, interfacial driven coarsening as a function of temperature and the localization of nanoparticles were assessed using atomic force microscopy. The cooperatively re-arranging regions estimated from calorimetric measurements begin to suggest enhanced dynamic heterogeneity in the presence of GO and SAN-g-GO in the blends. Taken together, our study reveals that the solvent-free approach of grafting SAN onto GO delays demixing, suppresses coalescence and alters cooperative relaxation in PMMA/SAN blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanyaradzwa S Muzata
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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12
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Zhu G, Ding Y, Zhao D, Jiang Y, Zheng J. Effect of flake size on thermal properties of graphene oxide/poly(methyl methacrylate) composites prepared via in situ
polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangda Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Junping Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
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13
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Kar GP, Bose S. Nucleation barrier, growth kinetics in ternary polymer blend filled with preferentially distributed carbon nanotubes. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Functionally modified polyacrylamide- graft -gum karaya pH-sensitive spray dried microspheres for colon targeting of an anti-cancer drug. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:829-839. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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The preparation, characterization, and properties of silver nanoparticle reinforced reduced graphene oxide-poly(amidoamine) nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Li L, Wang Z, Zhao P, Luo Y, Liao L, Xu K, Li P, Wang Z, Peng Z. Thermodynamics favoured preferential location of nanoparticles in co-continuous rubber blend toward improved electromagnetic properties. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Del Campo A, de León AS, Rodríguez-Hernández J, Muñoz-Bonilla A. Honeycomb Films with Core-Shell Dispersed Phases Prepared by the Combination of Breath Figures and Phase Separation Process of Ternary Blends. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:2872-2877. [PMID: 28247766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we propose a strategy to fabricate core-shell microstructures ordered in hexagonal arrays by combining the breath figures approach and phase separation of immiscible ternary blends. This simple strategy to fabricate these structures involves only the solvent casting of a ternary polymer blend under moist atmosphere, which provides a facile and low-cost fabrication method to obtain the porous structures with a core-shell morphology. For this purpose, blends consisting of polystyrene (PS) as a major component and PS40-b-P(PEGMA300)48 amphiphilic copolymer and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as minor components were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and cast onto glass wafers under humid conditions, 70% of relative humidity. The resulting porous morphologies were characterized by optical and confocal Raman microscopy. In particular, confocal Raman results demonstrated the formation of core-shell morphologies into the ordered pores, in which the PS forms the continuous matrix, whereas the other two phases are located into the cavities (PDMS is the core while the amphiphilic copolymer is the shell). Besides, by controlling the weight ratio of the polymer blends, the structural parameters of the porous structure such as pore diameter and the size of the core can be effectively tuned.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Del Campo
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (ICV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , C/Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - A S de León
- Mechano(Bio)chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Science Park Potsdam-Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - J Rodríguez-Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Muñoz-Bonilla
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Wang Y, Xing W, Meng Q, Zhang Q. Preparation of compatibilizer with large specific surface and its application in immiscible polymer blends with ultra-high molecular weight. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuexin Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Hebei University of Technology; Tianjin 300130 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxiao Xing
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Hebei University of Technology; Tianjin 300130 People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Meng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Hebei University of Technology; Tianjin 300130 People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Hebei University of Technology; Tianjin 300130 People's Republic of China
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19
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The Compatibilization Effects of Alkylated-grafted-Graphene Oxide on Polypropylene/Polystyrene Blends. INT J POLYM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/2151205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by covalently grafted alkylated chains on GO sheets and their compatibilization effects on the morphologies and mechanical properties of immiscible polypropylene/polystyrene (PP/PS) blends were investigated. Alkylated-grafted-GO/PP/PS batches were fabricated by melt-mixing approach and displayed different morphologies with various modified GO loadings. When the content of alkylated-grafted-GO is 0.2 wt%, the tensile strength of obtained composite could reach 17.97 MPa, showing a 36.3% enhancement compared to that of pristine PP/PS, indicating the positive compatibilization of modified GO in polymer blends. Moreover, the mixing order also plays an important role in achieving the desired improvement in properties. Due to the preferential location of modified GO in PP phase, a favorable “transition zone” could be formed at the interfacial region of two polymers when alkylated-grafted-GO was premixed with PS and subsequently mixed with PP, leading to an improvement of compatibilization between two polymers and an enhancement of mechanical properties. However, serious phase separation and declined tensile strength were obtained with a reversed mixing sequence.
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20
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Kelnar I, Kratochvíl J, Kaprálková L, Nevoralová M, Janata M, Fortelný I, Zhigunov A, Dybal J. Improvement of performance of a ductile/brittle polymer system by graphite nanoplatelets: effect of component coupling. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06611b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The upgrade of a PA/PS system based on the combination of reactive compatibilization of polymer components and their coupling with carbon nanoplatelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kelnar
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Science
- 162 06 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kratochvíl
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Science
- 162 06 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Kaprálková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Science
- 162 06 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Martina Nevoralová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Science
- 162 06 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Janata
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Science
- 162 06 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Fortelný
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Science
- 162 06 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Zhigunov
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Science
- 162 06 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Dybal
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Science
- 162 06 Prague
- Czech Republic
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21
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Kim TH, Kim H, Choi KI, Yoo J, Seo YS, Lee JS, Koo J. Graphene Oxide Monolayer as a Compatibilizer at the Polymer-Polymer Interface for Stabilizing Polymer Bilayer Films against Dewetting. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:12741-12748. [PMID: 27934522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of adding graphene oxide (GO) sheets at the polymer-polymer interface on the dewetting dynamics and compatibility of immiscible polymer bilayer films. GO monolayers are deposited at the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-polystyrene (PS) interface by the Langmuir-Schaefer technique. GO monolayers are found to significantly inhibit the dewetting behavior of both PMMA films (on PS substrates) and PS films (on PMMA substrates). This can be interpreted in terms of an interfacial interaction between the GO sheets and these polymers, which is evidenced by the reduced contact angle of the dewet droplets. The favorable interaction of GO with both PS and PMMA facilitates compatibilization of the immiscible polymer bilayer films, thereby stabilizing their bilayer films against dewetting. This compatibilization effect is verified by neutron reflectivity measurements, which reveal that the addition of GO monolayers broadens the interface between PS and the deuterated PMMA films by 2.2 times over that of the bilayer in the absence of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Ho Kim
- Neutron Science Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) , Daejeon 34057, South Korea
| | - Hyeri Kim
- Neutron Science Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) , Daejeon 34057, South Korea
| | - Ki-In Choi
- Neutron Science Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) , Daejeon 34057, South Korea
| | - Jeseung Yoo
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sejong University , Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Young-Soo Seo
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sejong University , Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Soo Lee
- Neutron Science Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) , Daejeon 34057, South Korea
| | - Jaseung Koo
- Neutron Science Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) , Daejeon 34057, South Korea
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22
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Parviz D, Irin F, Shah SA, Das S, Sweeney CB, Green MJ. Challenges in Liquid-Phase Exfoliation, Processing, and Assembly of Pristine Graphene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:8796-8818. [PMID: 27546380 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in the exfoliation, dispersion, and processing of pristine graphene (i.e., non-oxidized graphene) are described. General metrics are outlined that can be used to assess the quality and processability of various "graphene" products, as well as metrics that determine the potential for industrial scale-up. The pristine graphene production process is categorized from a chemical engineering point of view with three key steps: i) pretreatment, ii) exfoliation, and iii) separation. How pristine graphene colloidal stability is distinct from the exfoliation step and is dependent upon graphene interactions with solvents and dispersants are extensively reviewed. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of using pristine graphene as nanofillers in polymer composites, as well as as building blocks for macrostructure assemblies are summarized in the context of large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Parviz
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Fahmida Irin
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Smit A Shah
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Sriya Das
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Charles B Sweeney
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Micah J Green
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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23
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Kar GP, Biswas S, Bose S. X-ray micro computed tomography, segmental relaxation and crystallization kinetics in interfacial stabilized co-continuous immiscible PVDF/ABS blends. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Panapitiya N, Wijenayake S, Nguyen D, Karunaweera C, Huang Y, Balkus K, Musselman I, Ferraris J. Compatibilized Immiscible Polymer Blends for Gas Separations. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9080643. [PMID: 28773766 PMCID: PMC5509093 DOI: 10.3390/ma9080643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-based gas separation has attracted a great deal of attention recently due to the requirement for high purity gasses in industrial applications like fuel cells, and because of environment concerns, such as global warming. The current methods of cryogenic distillation and pressure swing adsorption are energy intensive and costly. Therefore, polymer membranes have emerged as a less energy intensive and cost effective candidate to separate gas mixtures. However, the use of polymeric membranes has a drawback known as the permeability-selectivity tradeoff. Many approaches have been used to overcome this limitation including the use of polymer blends. Polymer blending technology synergistically combines the favorable properties of different polymers like high gas permeability and high selectivity, which are difficult to attain with a single polymer. During polymer mixing, polymers tend to uncontrollably phase separate due to unfavorable thermodynamics, which limits the number of completely miscible polymer combinations for gas separations. Therefore, compatibilizers are used to control the phase separation and to obtain stable membrane morphologies, while improving the mechanical properties. In this review, we focus on immiscible polymer blends and the use of compatibilizers for gas separation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimanka Panapitiya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA.
| | - Sumudu Wijenayake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA.
| | - Do Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA.
| | - Chamaal Karunaweera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA.
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA.
| | - Kenneth Balkus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA.
| | - Inga Musselman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA.
| | - John Ferraris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA.
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25
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Xie L, Duan G, Wang W, Wang M, Wu Q, Zhou X, Ge X. Effect of γ-Ray-Radiation-Modified Graphene Oxide on the Integrated Mechanical Properties of PET Blends. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhao Xie
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Guowei Duan
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Weikang Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Mozhen Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Qichao Wu
- Guangdong Tian’an New Material Co., Ltd., Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Guangdong Tian’an New Material Co., Ltd., Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P. R. China
| | - Xuewu Ge
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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26
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K R, Kar GP, Bose S, Basu B. Synergistic effect of polymorphism, substrate conductivity and electric field stimulation towards enhancing muscle cell growth in vitro. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26104j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinylidene difluoride), a well-known candidate for artificial muscle patch applications is a semi-crystalline polymer with a host of attributes such as piezo- and pyroelectricity, polymorphism along with low dielectric constant and stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar K
- Materials Research Centre
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
| | - Goutam Prasanna Kar
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
| | - Bikramjit Basu
- Materials Research Centre
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
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27
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Biswas S, Kar GP, Bose S. Tailor-Made Distribution of Nanoparticles in Blend Structure toward Outstanding Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:25448-63. [PMID: 26512416 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Engineering blend structure with tailor-made distribution of nanoparticles is the prime requisite to obtain materials with extraordinary properties. Herein, a unique strategy of distributing nanoparticles in different phases of a blend structure has resulted in >99% blocking of incoming electromagnetic (EM) radiation. This is accomplished by designing a ternary polymer blend structure using polycarbonate (PC), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to simultaneously improve the structural, electrical, and electromagnetic interference shielding (EMI). The blend structure was made conducting by preferentially localizing the multi-wall nanotubes (MWNTs) in the PVDF phase. By taking advantage of "π-π stacking" MWNTs was noncovalently modified with an imidazolium based ionic liquid (IL). Interestingly, the enhanced dispersion of IL-MWNTs in PVDF improved the electrical conductivity of the blends significantly. While one key requisite to attenuate EM radiation (i.e., electrical conductivity) was achieved using MWNTs, the magnetic properties of the blend structure was tuned by introducing barium ferrite (BaFe) nanoparticles, which can interact with the incoming EM radiation. By suitably modifying the surface of BaFe nanoparticles, we can tailor their localization under the macroscopic processing condition. The precise localization of BaFe nanoparticles in the PC phase, due to nucleophilic substitution reaction, and the MWNTs in the PVDF phase not only improved the conductivity but also facilitated in absorption of the incoming microwave radiation due to synergetic effect from MWNT and BaFe. The shielding effectiveness (SE) was measured in X and Ku band, and an enhanced SE of -37 dB was noted at 18 GHz frequency. PMMA, which acted as an interfacial modifier in PC/PVDF blends further, resulting in a significant enhancement in the mechanical properties besides retaining high SE. This study opens a new avenue in designing mechanically strong microwave absorbers with a suitable combination of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Biswas
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, India 560012
| | - Goutam Prasanna Kar
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, India 560012
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, India 560012
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28
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29
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Biswas S, Kar GP, Arora D, Bose S. A unique strategy towards high dielectric constant and low loss with multiwall carbon nanotubes anchored onto graphene oxide sheets. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15885g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were anchored onto graphene oxide sheets (GOs) via diazonium and C–C coupling reactions and characterized by spectroscopic and electron microscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Biswas
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Goutam Prasanna Kar
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Deepshikha Arora
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
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30
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Kar GP, Biswas S, Bose S. Simultaneous enhancement in mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and electromagnetic shielding properties in PVDF–ABS blends containing PMMA wrapped multiwall carbon nanotubes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:14856-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01452b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A unique approach was adopted to drive the multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) to the interface of immiscible PVDF–ABS blends by wrapping the nanotubes with a mutually miscible homopolymer (PMMA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Prasanna Kar
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
| | - Sourav Biswas
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
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31
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Parameswaranpillai J, Joseph G, Shinu KP, Jose S, Salim NV, Hameed N. Development of hybrid composites for automotive applications: effect of addition of SEBS on the morphology, mechanical, viscoelastic, crystallization and thermal degradation properties of PP/PS–xGnP composites. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16637j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of SEBS and xGnP in PP/PS blend allows better stress transfer between the phases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Joseph
- Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology
- Cochin University of Science and Technology
- Cochin 682022
- India
| | - K. P. Shinu
- Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology
- Cochin University of Science and Technology
- Cochin 682022
- India
| | - Seno Jose
- Department of Chemistry
- Government College Kottayam
- India 686013
| | - Nisa V. Salim
- Carbon Nexus
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Waurn Ponds Campus
- Geelong
| | - Nishar Hameed
- Carbon Nexus
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Waurn Ponds Campus
- Geelong
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32
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Pawar SP, Bose S. Peculiar morphological transitions induced by nanoparticles in polymeric blends: retarded relaxation or altered interfacial tension? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:14470-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01644d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles of different shapes can induce peculiar morphologies in binary polymer blends depending on their position.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
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