1
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Putra MH, Bagemihl B, Rau S, Groß A. Prediction of Strong Solvatochromism in a Molecular Photocatalyst. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302643. [PMID: 37754665 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Based on quantum chemical calculations, we predict strong solvatochromism in a light-driven molecular photocatalyst for hydrogen generation, that is we show that the electronic and optical properties of the photocatalyst strongly depend on the solvent it is dissolved in. Our calculations in particular indicate a solvent-dependent relocation of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). Ground-state density functional theory and linear response time-dependent density functional theory calculations were applied in order to investigate the influence of implicit solvents on the structural, electronic and optical properties of a molecular photocatalyst. Only at high dielectric constants of the solvent, is the HOMO located at the metal center of the photosensitizer, whereas at low dielectric constants the HOMO is centered at the metal atom of the catalytically active complex. We elucidate the electronic origins of this strong solvatochromic effect and sketch the consequences of these insights for the use of photocatalysts in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benedikt Bagemihl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Materials and Catalysis, Ulm University, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Materials and Catalysis, Ulm University, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel Groß
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, 89069, Ulm, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Electrochemical Energy Storage, 89069, Ulm, Germany
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2
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Singh RK, Yadav RK, Pande PP, Singh S, Singh P, Gupta SK, Gupta S, Khare P, Tripathi SK, Tiwary D. Sun Light Responsive 2D Covalent-Organic Frameworks Platform as a Catalysts Boost C-H Bond Arylation and Dopamine Regeneration. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:1384-1392. [PMID: 36794330 DOI: 10.1111/php.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is one of the most promising methods for producing organic compounds with a renewable source of energy. Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) are a type of polymer that has developed as a potential light-harvesting catalyst for artificial photosynthesis with a design-controllable platform that might be developed into a new type of cost-effective and metal-free photocatalyst. Here, we present a two-dimensional covalent organic framework synthesis technique as a low-cost and highly efficient visible light active flexible photocatalyst for C-H bond activation and dopamine regeneration. 2D COF were synthesized from tetramino-benzoquinone (TABQ) and terapthaloyl chloride monomer through condensation polymerization reaction and the resultant photocatalyst have remarkable performance due to its visible light-harvesting capacity, appropriate band gap, and highly organized π-electron channels. The synthesized photocatalyst is capable to convert dopamine into leucodopaminechrome with a higher yield (77.08%) and also capable to activate the C-H bond between 4-nitrobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate and pyrrole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish K Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Rajesh K Yadav
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Poran P Pande
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Satyam Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Pooja Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Sarvesh K Gupta
- Nanoionics and Energy Storage Laboratory (NanoESL), Department of Physics and Material Science, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Shivani Gupta
- Nanoionics and Energy Storage Laboratory (NanoESL), Department of Physics and Material Science, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Prateek Khare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Santosh K Tripathi
- Defence Materials Stores and Research & Development Establishment (DMSRDE), Kanpur, India
| | - Dhanesh Tiwary
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
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3
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Knoll S, Hänle M, Mengele AK, Sorsche D, Rau S, Streb C. Supramolecular Aggregation Control in Polyoxometalates Covalently Functionalized with Oligoaromatic Groups. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203469. [PMID: 36519520 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CLICK-chemistry has become a universal route to covalently link organic molecules functionalized with azides and alkynes, respectively. Here, we report how CLICK-chemistry can be used to attach oligoaromatic organic moieties to Dawson-type polyoxometalates. In step one, the lacunary Dawson anion [α2 -P2 W17 O61 ]6- is functionalized with phosphonate anchors featuring peripheral azide groups. In step two, this organic-inorganic hybrid undergoes microwave-assisted CLICK coupling. We demonstrate the versatility of this route to access a series of Dawson anions covalently functionalized with oligoaromatic groups. The supramolecular chemistry and aggregation of these systems in solution is explored, and we report distinct changes in charge-transfer behavior depending on the size of the oligoaromatic π-system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Knoll
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias Hänle
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander K Mengele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dieter Sorsche
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Carsten Streb
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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4
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Brückmann J, Müller C, Maisuradze T, Mengele AK, Nauroozi D, Fauth S, Gruber A, Gräfe S, Leopold K, Kupfer S, Dietzek‐Ivanšić B, Rau S. Pyrimidoquinazolinophenanthroline Opens Next Chapter in Design of Bridging Ligands for Artificial Photosynthesis. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200766. [PMID: 35719124 PMCID: PMC9546224 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and detailed characterization of a new Ru polypyridine complex containing a heteroditopic bridging ligand with previously unexplored metal-metal distances is presented. Due to the twisted geometry of the novel ligand, the resultant division of the ligand in two distinct subunits leads to steady state as well as excited state properties of the corresponding mononuclear Ru(II) polypyridine complex resembling those of prototype [Ru(bpy)3 ]2+ (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine). The localization of the initially optically excited and the nature of the long-lived excited states on the Ru-facing ligand spheres is evaluated by resonance Raman and fs-TA spectroscopy, respectively, and supported by DFT and TDDFT calculations. Coordination of a second metal (Zn or Rh) to the available bis-pyrimidyl-like coordination sphere strongly influences the frontier orbitals, apparent by, for example, luminescence quenching. Thus, the new bridging ligand motif offers electronic properties, which can be adjusted by the nature of the second metal center. Using the heterodinuclear Ru-Rh complex, visible light-driven reduction of NAD+ to NADH was achieved, highlighting the potential of this system for photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Brückmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Carolin Müller
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich-Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e.V.Department Functional InterfacesAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
| | - Tamar Maisuradze
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich-Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Alexander K. Mengele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Djawed Nauroozi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Sven Fauth
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Andreas Gruber
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich-Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Kerstin Leopold
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich-Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek‐Ivanšić
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich-Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e.V.Department Functional InterfacesAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
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5
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Pehlken C, Pfeffer MG, Reich K, Rau S. Evaluation of 1 H-NMR Spectroscopy-Based Quantification Methods of the Supramolecular Aggregation of a Molecular Photosensitizer. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:1255-1263. [PMID: 35737849 DOI: 10.1111/php.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The supramolecular dimerization of a ruthenium polypyridyl precursor of a well-developed family of hydrogen evolving photocatalysts via π-π-interactions of the polyheteroaromatic bridging ligand was quantified with concentration dependent 1 H-NMR-spectroscopy. The data sets were analyzed with different calculation and fit methods. A comparison between the results of direct calculation, linear and nonlinear approaches showed that the application of a global nonlinear fit procedure yields the best results. The presented methods are also applicable for dimerization processes in solution of other molecular moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pehlken
- University of Ulm, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Materials and Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm
| | - Michael G Pfeffer
- University of Ulm, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Materials and Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm
| | - Katharina Reich
- University of Ulm, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Materials and Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm
| | - Sven Rau
- University of Ulm, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Materials and Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm
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Schmid M, Brückmann J, Bösking J, Nauroozi D, Karnahl M, Rau S, Tschierlei S. Merging of a Perylene Moiety Enables a Ru II Photosensitizer with Long-Lived Excited States and the Efficient Production of Singlet Oxygen. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103609. [PMID: 34767288 PMCID: PMC9299699 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Multichromophoric systems based on a RuII polypyridine moiety containing an additional organic chromophore are of increasing interest with respect to different light-driven applications. Here, we present the synthesis and detailed characterization of a novel RuII photosensitizer, namely [(tbbpy)2 Ru((2-(perylen-3-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]-phenanthrolline))](PF6 )2 RuipPer, that includes a merged perylene dye in the back of the ip ligand. This complex features two emissive excited states as well as a long-lived (8 μs) dark state in acetonitrile solution. Compared to prototype [(bpy)3 Ru]2+ -like complexes, a strongly altered absorption (ϵ=50.3×103 M-1 cm-1 at 467 nm) and emission behavior caused by the introduction of the perylene unit is found. A combination of spectro-electrochemistry and time-resolved spectroscopy was used to elucidate the nature of the excited states. Finally, this photosensitizer was successfully used for the efficient formation of reactive singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie‐Ann Schmid
- Department of Energy ConversionInstitute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigRebenring 3138106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Jannik Brückmann
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Julian Bösking
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Djawed Nauroozi
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Department of Energy ConversionInstitute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigRebenring 3138106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Department of Energy ConversionInstitute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigRebenring 3138106BraunschweigGermany
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7
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Morsy MA, Kawde ANM, Kamran M, Garrison TF, Iali W, Alharthi SS. Electron and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic investigation of anthracene oxidation. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08474. [PMID: 34901508 PMCID: PMC8639432 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The work reports a method for monitoring anthracene radical-mediated oxidation reactions using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The formation of anthracene dimer product was well-defined using 1H-NMR and 1H–1H correlation spectroscopy (COSY). Unrestricted 3-21G/B3LYP DFT was used to estimate radical hyperfine spacing (hfs), then to identify the characteristic EPR-spin transitions of anthracene radical intermediate. A detailed investigation of an anthracene oxidation reaction and its possible reaction mechanism in concentrated sulphuric acid is conducted as a model system for polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Peak-to-peak (p2p) intensities of selected EPR-spectral lines were used to evaluate anthracene's oxidation kinetic model. The findings showed that radical intermediate formation is a unimolecular autocatalytic process, dimerization is a pseudo-zero-order reaction, and the latter is the rate-determining step with a half-life of 48 ± 2 min at 25.0 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Morsy
- Chemistry Department, College of Chemicals and Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, P.O. Box 1624, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Abdel-Nasser M. Kawde
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Chemistry Department, College of Chemicals and Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, P.O. Box 1624, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas F. Garrison
- Chemistry Department, College of Chemicals and Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, P.O. Box 1624, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wissam Iali
- Chemistry Department, College of Chemicals and Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, P.O. Box 1624, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman S. Alharthi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Ohyama R, Mishima M, Inagaki A. Syntheses and structure of dinuclear metal complexes containing naphthyl-Ir bichromophore. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12716-12722. [PMID: 34545880 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01853a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel metal complexes were synthesized containing an Ir-cyclometalated bichromophore as a visible-light sensitizer. A new bichromophoric unit containing a naphthyl substituent and methyl substituents on the 2-phenylpyridine chelating ligand was synthesized and characterized for the first time. According to the increased crystallinity of the bichromophoric unit, novel Ir-M metal complexes (M = Pd, Mn, and Ir) were synthesized and fully characterized. The novel Ir-Pd complex maintained photocatalytic activity toward styrenes under visible-light irradiation, and polymerization with p-chlorostyrene, copolymerization with styrene and p-chlorostyrene furnished corresponding polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ohyama
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, 192-0397 Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masaki Mishima
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Akiko Inagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, 192-0397 Tokyo, Japan.
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9
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Yang Y, Brückmann J, Frey W, Rau S, Karnahl M, Tschierlei S. Electron Storage Capability and Singlet Oxygen Productivity of a Ru II Photosensitizer Containing a Fused Naphthaloylenebenzene Moiety at the 1,10-Phenanthroline Ligand. Chemistry 2020; 26:17027-17034. [PMID: 32519770 PMCID: PMC7820985 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
As a novel rylene type dye a diimine ligand with a fully rigid and extended π-system in its backbone was prepared by directly fusing a 1,10-phenanthroline building block with 1,8-naphthalimide. The corresponding heteroleptic ruthenium photosensitizer bearing one biipo and two tbbpy ligands was synthesized and extensively analyzed by a combination of NMR, single crystal X-ray diffraction, steady-state absorption and emission, time-resolved spectroscopy and different electrochemical measurements supported by time-dependent density functional theory calculations. The cyclic and differential pulse voltammograms revealed, that the naphthaloylenebenzene moiety enables an additional second reduction of the ligand. Moreover, this ligand possesses a very broad absorption in the visible region. In the RuII complex this causes an overlap of ligand-centered and metal-to-ligand charge transfer transitions. The emission of the complex is clearly redshifted compared to the ligand emission with very long-lived excited states lifetimes of 1.7 and 24.7 μs in oxygen-free acetonitrile solution. This behavior is accompanied by a surprisingly high oxygen sensitivity. Finally, this photosensitizer was successfully applied for the effective evolution of singlet oxygen challenging some of the common RuII prototype complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingya Yang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Jannik Brückmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigGaußstraße 1738106BraunschweigGermany
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10
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Zedler L, Mengele AK, Ziems KM, Zhang Y, Wächtler M, Gräfe S, Pascher T, Rau S, Kupfer S, Dietzek B. Unraveling the Light‐Activated Reaction Mechanism in a Catalytically Competent Key Intermediate of a Multifunctional Molecular Catalyst for Artificial Photosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Zedler
- Department Functional Interfaces Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT) Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Alexander Klaus Mengele
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I University of Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Karl Michael Ziems
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department Functional Interfaces Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT) Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Department Functional Interfaces Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT) Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Torbjörn Pascher
- Pascher Instruments AB Stora Råby Byaväg 24 S-224 80 Lund Sweden
| | - Sven Rau
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I University of Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Department Functional Interfaces Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT) Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
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11
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Zedler L, Mengele AK, Ziems KM, Zhang Y, Wächtler M, Gräfe S, Pascher T, Rau S, Kupfer S, Dietzek B. Unraveling the Light-Activated Reaction Mechanism in a Catalytically Competent Key Intermediate of a Multifunctional Molecular Catalyst for Artificial Photosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13140-13148. [PMID: 31347251 PMCID: PMC6772164 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Understanding photodriven multielectron reaction pathways requires the identification and spectroscopic characterization of intermediates and their excited-state dynamics, which is very challenging due to their short lifetimes. To the best of our knowledge, this manuscript reports for the first time on in situ spectroelectrochemistry as an alternative approach to study the excited-state properties of reactive intermediates of photocatalytic cycles. UV/Vis, resonance-Raman, and transient-absorption spectroscopy have been employed to characterize the catalytically competent intermediate [(tbbpy)2 RuII (tpphz)RhI Cp*] of [(tbbpy)2 Ru(tpphz)Rh(Cp*)Cl]Cl(PF6 )2 (Ru(tpphz)RhCp*), a photocatalyst for the hydrogenation of nicotinamide (NAD-analogue) and proton reduction, generated by electrochemical and chemical reduction. Electronic transitions shifting electron density from the activated catalytic center to the bridging tpphz ligand significantly reduce the catalytic activity upon visible-light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Zedler
- Department Functional InterfacesLeibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT)Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
| | | | - Karl Michael Ziems
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department Functional InterfacesLeibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT)Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Department Functional InterfacesLeibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT)Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | | | - Sven Rau
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry IUniversity of UlmAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Department Functional InterfacesLeibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT)Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
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12
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Lang P, Habermehl J, Troyanov SI, Rau S, Schwalbe M. Photocatalytic Generation of Hydrogen Using Dinuclear π-Extended Porphyrin-Platinum Compounds. Chemistry 2018; 24:3225-3233. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lang
- Institute of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Johannes Habermehl
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I; University of Ulm; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89077 Ulm Germany
| | - Sergey I. Troyanov
- Institute of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
- Chemistry Department; Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Sven Rau
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I; University of Ulm; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89077 Ulm Germany
| | - Matthias Schwalbe
- Institute of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
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13
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Tong F, Hanson MP, Bardeen CJ. Analysis of reaction kinetics in the photomechanical molecular crystal 9-methylanthracene using an extended Finke-Watzky model. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:31936-31945. [PMID: 27844070 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04459j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop an improved description of the photomechanical response of 9-methylanthracene (9MA) microcrystals, a detailed study of its solid-state photochemical reaction kinetics is performed. The reaction progress is monitored through the decrease in absorption of an optically microcrystalline thin film. The evolution of the time-dependent photoluminescence during the reaction is also measured. Both the photochemical reaction and nonradiative relaxation rates increase as more photoproduct is formed. In order to analyze the data, an extended version of the Finke-Watzky kinetic model for photochemical reactions is derived, denoted the FW-P model. This extended version enables a systematic analysis of photochemical reaction kinetics in solid-state molecular systems at varying levels of approximation. The FW-P model describes the non-exponential decrease in reactant and also correctly predicts the magnitude of the observed decrease in photoluminescence lifetime over the course of the reaction. The lifetime analysis is complicated by the fact that the microcrystalline 9MA sample contains multiple emitting species, and the extended FW-P model fails to capture the exact dependence of the photoluminescence on product formation. Analysis of the 9MA data indicates that both the photodimerization and the nonradiative relaxation rates can be accelerated by a factor of 10 over the course of the reaction. The results in this paper demonstrate that autocatalytic photodimerization kinetics are present in crystalline 9MA and may influence its photomechanical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Mervin P Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA 95521, USA
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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14
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Hayes D, Kohler L, Hadt RG, Zhang X, Liu C, Mulfort KL, Chen LX. Excited state electron and energy relays in supramolecular dinuclear complexes revealed by ultrafast optical and X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2018; 9:860-875. [PMID: 29629153 PMCID: PMC5873173 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04055e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of photoinduced electron and energy transfer in a family of tetrapyridophenazine-bridged heteroleptic homo- and heterodinuclear copper(i) bis(phenanthroline)/ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes were studied using ultrafast optical and multi-edge X-ray transient absorption spectroscopies. This work combines the synthesis of heterodinuclear Cu(i)-Ru(ii) analogs of the homodinuclear Cu(i)-Cu(i) targets with spectroscopic analysis and electronic structure calculations to first disentangle the dynamics at individual metal sites by taking advantage of the element and site specificity of X-ray absorption and theoretical methods. The excited state dynamical models developed for the heterodinuclear complexes are then applied to model the more challenging homodinuclear complexes. These results suggest that both intermetallic charge and energy transfer can be observed in an asymmetric dinuclear copper complex in which the ground state redox potentials of the copper sites are offset by only 310 meV. We also demonstrate the ability of several of these complexes to effectively and unidirectionally shuttle energy between different metal centers, a property that could be of great use in the design of broadly absorbing and multifunctional multimetallic photocatalysts. This work provides an important step toward developing both a fundamental conceptual picture and a practical experimental handle with which synthetic chemists, spectroscopists, and theoreticians may collaborate to engineer cheap and efficient photocatalytic materials capable of performing coulombically demanding chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dugan Hayes
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA . ; ;
| | - Lars Kohler
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA . ; ;
| | - Ryan G Hadt
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA . ; ;
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA
| | - Cunming Liu
- X-ray Science Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA . ; ;
| | - Lin X Chen
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA . ; ;
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA
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15
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Sorsche D, Schaub M, Heinemann FW, Habermehl J, Kuhri S, Guldi D, Guthmuller J, Rau S. π-Stacking attraction vs. electrostatic repulsion: competing supramolecular interactions in a tpphz-bridged Ru(ii)/Au(iii) complex. Dalton Trans 2018; 45:12846-53. [PMID: 27472004 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01643j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a mixed metal ruthenium(ii)/gold(iii) complex bridged by tetrapyridophenazine (tpphz) are described. It is isostructural and isoelectronic to the well-known photocatalysts with palladium(ii) or platinum(ii). Concentration dependent (1)H-NMR spectroscopy and XRD studies show that the electrostatic repulsion between the gold(iii) moieties exceeds the attractive π-stacking interaction. Theoretical calculations based on the new structural data confirm an increased positive charge on the bridging ligand as well as significantly altered orbital symmetry as compared to the previously investigated palladium(ii) complex. This is the first example of a tpphz ruthenium(ii) complex where π-stacking is completely inhibited. The detailed investigation of the solid-state structure showed for the first time in bimetallic tpphz bridged complexes no significant torsion within the bridging ligand itself. Although catalytic performance for proton reduction by gold(iii) is naturally not observed, its photochemical decomposition in colloidal gold particles could be shown by TEM and DLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Sorsche
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Markus Schaub
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Frank W Heinemann
- Institute of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Egerlandstr. 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Habermehl
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Susanne Kuhri
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Electrochemical Process Engineering (IEK-3), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dirk Guldi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen/Nürnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julien Guthmuller
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
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16
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Schott O, Pal AK, Chartrand D, Hanan GS. A Bisamide Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complex as a Robust and Efficient Photosensitizer for Hydrogen Production. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:4436-4441. [PMID: 28945951 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A photosensitizer based on a ruthenium complex of a bisamide-polypyridyl ligand gives rise to a large improvement in photocatalytic stability, rate of activity, and efficiency in photocatalytic H2 production compared to [Ru(bpy)3 ]2+ (bpy=2,2'-bpyridine). The bisamide ruthenium polypyridyl complex combined with a cobaltoxime-based photocatalyst was found to be highly efficient under blue-light (turnover number (TON)=7800) and green-light irradiation (TON=7200) whereas [Ru(bpy)3 ]2+ was significantly less effective with a TON of 2600 and 1100, respectively. The greatest improvement was under red-light-emitting diodes, with bisamide ruthenium polypyridyl complex and cobaltoxime exhibiting a TON of 4200 compared to [Ru(bpy)3 ]2+ and cobaltoxime at a TON of only 71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Schott
- Départment de Chimie, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T-1J4, Canada
| | - Amlan K Pal
- Départment de Chimie, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T-1J4, Canada
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Chartrand
- LAMP-Laboratoire d'Analyse pour les Molécules et Matériaux Photoactifs-Laboratory for the Analysis of Molecules' and Materials' Photoactivity, Université de Montréal, 5155 Chemin de la Rampe, Montréal, Québec, H3T 2B1, Canada
| | - Garry S Hanan
- Départment de Chimie, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T-1J4, Canada
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17
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Mengele AK, Seibold GM, Eikmanns BJ, Rau S. Coupling Molecular Photocatalysis to Enzymatic Conversion. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K. Mengele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Materials and Catalysis; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Gerd M. Seibold
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Bernhard J. Eikmanns
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Materials and Catalysis; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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18
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Huber FL, Nauroozi D, Mengele AK, Rau S. Synthesis and Characterization of a Ruthenium(II) Complex for the Development of Supramolecular Photocatalysts Containing Multidentate Coordination Spheres. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian L. Huber
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Djawed Nauroozi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Alexander K. Mengele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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19
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Cao J, Zhou Y. Excited state relaxation processes of H 2-evolving Ru-Pd supramolecular photocatalysts containing a linear or non-linear bridge: a DFT and TDDFT study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:11529-11539. [PMID: 28425524 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07857e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the early-time excited state relaxation processes of bimetallic Ru-Pd supramolecular photocatalysts containing a linear 2,2':5',2''-terpyridine or a nonlinear 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine bridging ligand (BL) were investigated by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) approaches. The bridge based metal-to-ligand charge transfer triplet (3MLCT) state of the metal complex containing a linear bridging ligand was calculated to be the lowest energy triplet (T1) state which is closely related to the photocatalytic H2 production, while for that having a nonlinear bridging ligand, the T1 state is a Ru metal-centered (MC) triplet (3MCRu) state that is short-lived and rapidly decays to the ground electronic state (S0). Our simulation provides an alternative explanation for the smaller interligand electron transfer (ILET) rate in the Ru-Pd complex containing a linear bridge compared to the corresponding monometal Ru complex. Based on the calculation, we also suggest that the successive 3MLCT → 3MCRu → S0 conversion is responsible for the inefficiency of the Ru-Pd complex containing nonlinear bridge as a photocatalyst for H2 production. This study provides theoretical insights into the key steps of the photoinduced processes of the bimetallic H2-evolving supramolecular photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Nano-material Science, Guizhou Synergetic Innovation Center of Scientific Big Data for Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550018, China
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20
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Habermehl J, Sorsche D, Murszat P, Rau S. Making Use of Obstacles: Alternative Synthetic Approaches towards Osmium(II)‐Based Photochemical Molecular Devices. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Habermehl
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I University of Ulm Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 11 89077 Ulm Germany
| | - Dieter Sorsche
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I University of Ulm Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 11 89077 Ulm Germany
| | - Petra Murszat
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I University of Ulm Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 11 89077 Ulm Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I University of Ulm Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 11 89077 Ulm Germany
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21
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Mengele AK, Kaufhold S, Streb C, Rau S. Generation of a stable supramolecular hydrogen evolving photocatalyst by alteration of the catalytic center. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:6612-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00130k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The change of the catalytic center from MX2 to RhCp*Cl leads to a stability boost in [(tbbpy)2Ru(tpphz)] based supramolecular photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K. Mengele
- University of Ulm
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Materials and Catalysis
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Simon Kaufhold
- University of Ulm
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Materials and Catalysis
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Carsten Streb
- University of Ulm
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Materials and Catalysis
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- University of Ulm
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Materials and Catalysis
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
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22
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Ritter K, Pehlken C, Sorsche D, Rau S. Optimized synthesis of a tert-butyl-phenyl-substituted tetrapyridophenazine ligand and its Ru(ii) complexes and determination of dimerization behaviour of the complexes through supramolecular “Fingerhakel”. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:8889-905. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A high dimerization constant of a ruthenium complex is observed with the aid of 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The solid state molecular structure indicates that multiple π-interactions are the reason for strong dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Ritter
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I
- University of Ulm
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - C. Pehlken
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I
- University of Ulm
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - D. Sorsche
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I
- University of Ulm
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - S. Rau
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I
- University of Ulm
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
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23
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Braumüller M, Schulz M, Sorsche D, Pfeffer M, Schaub M, Popp J, Park BW, Hagfeldt A, Dietzek B, Rau S. Synthesis and characterization of an immobilizable photochemical molecular device for H2-generation. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:5577-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03730h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immobilizable photocatalyst (4) was synthesized and successfully applied in visible-light-driven hydrogen-generation experiments, supporting its applicability in photoelectrosynthesis cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Schulz
- Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e. V
- D-07745 Jena
- Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Abbe Centre of Photonics
- Friedrich-Schiller University Jena
| | | | | | - Markus Schaub
- Universität Ulm
- Anorganische Chemie I
- D-89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Abbe Centre of Photonics
- Friedrich-Schiller University Jena
- D-07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Byung-Wook Park
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström
- Uppsala University
- SE-751 20 Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Laboratory for Photomolecular Science (LSPM)
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e. V
- D-07745 Jena
- Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Abbe Centre of Photonics
- Friedrich-Schiller University Jena
| | - Sven Rau
- Universität Ulm
- Anorganische Chemie I
- D-89081 Ulm
- Germany
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