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Jankowski T, Sobiech P, Jakubiak S. The Influence of Air Humidity on the Output Signal from an Ionization Smoke Detector in the Presence of Soot Nanoparticles. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22103639. [PMID: 35632046 PMCID: PMC9146982 DOI: 10.3390/s22103639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) initiated work on the preparation of a strategy for air quality monitoring at workplaces. The aim was to determine the concentrations of nano-objects and their aggregates and agglomerates (NOAA) by means of direct measurements using low-cost sensors. There is a growing need for low-cost devices that can continuously monitor the concentrations of nanoparticles, and that can be installed where nanoparticles are used or created spontaneously. In search of such a device, in this study, a smoke detector with an ionization sensor was tested. The aim of the research was to investigate the response of the analog output signal with respect to changes in environmental parameters such as the relative humidity of air. The research was conducted in controlled laboratory conditions, and the results confirmed that an ionization detector could be used to measure the concentrations of nanoaerosols. The modified smoke detector detected soot particles smaller than 100 nm. The linear regression line was calculated for the relative humidity dataset and had a slope coefficient of −1.214 × 10−4; thus, the value of the output signal was constant during the experiment. The dependence on air temperature was approximated by a second-degree curve, with a slope coefficient of −8.113 × 10−2. Air humidity affected aerosol concentrations, which may be related to surface modification of nanoparticles.
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Galey L, Audignon-Durand S, Brochard P, Debia M, Lacourt A, Lambert P, Le Bihan O, Martinon L, Pasquereau P, Witschger O, Garrigou A. Vers une méthode opérationnelle d’évaluation de l’exposition aux aérosols de nanoparticules par l’intégration de l’activité de travail à la mesure. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2020.03.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Nishida RT, Johnson TJ, Hassim JS, Graves BM, Boies AM, Hochgreb S. A Simple Method for Measuring Fine-to-Ultrafine Aerosols Using Bipolar Charge Equilibrium. ACS Sens 2020; 5:447-453. [PMID: 31922393 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Low-cost methods for measuring airborne microparticles and nanoparticles (aerosols) have remained elusive despite the increasing concern of health impacts from ambient, urban, and indoor sources. While bipolar ion sources are common in smoke alarms, this work is the first to exploit the mean charge on an aerosol resulting from a bipolar charge equilibrium and establish experimentally its correlation to properties of the aerosol particle size distribution. The net current produced from this mean particle charge is demonstrated to be linearly proportional to the product of the mean particle diameter and total number concentration (i ∼ Nd̅) for two bipolar ion sources (85Kr and 241Am). This conclusion is supported by simple equations derived from well-established bipolar charging theory. The theory predicts that the mean charge on the aerosol particles reaches an equilibrium, which, importantly, is independent of the concentration of charging ions. Furthermore, in situ measurements of a roadside aerosol demonstrate that the sensing method yields results in good agreement (R2 = 0.979) with existing portable and laboratory-grade aerosol instruments. The simplicity, stability, and cost of the bipolar ion source overcome challenges of other portable sensors, increasing the feasibility of widespread sensor deployment to monitor ultrafine particle characteristics, which are relevant to lung deposition and by extension, human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T. Nishida
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, U.K
| | - Tyler J. Johnson
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, U.K
| | - Joshua S. Hassim
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, U.K
| | - Brian M. Graves
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, U.K
| | - Adam M. Boies
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, U.K
| | - Simone Hochgreb
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, U.K
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4
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Bau S, Rousset D, Payet R, Keller FX. Characterizing particle emissions from a direct energy deposition additive manufacturing process and associated occupational exposure to airborne particles. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2020; 17:59-72. [PMID: 31829796 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2019.1696969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to characterize airborne particles emitted from a metal additive manufacturing machine and related levels of occupational exposure. To achieve this, a complete measurement methodology was deployed around a direct energy deposition machine. Different operating conditions were investigated, based on configurations of two materials and two injection nozzles. Two replicates were performed for each condition. Airborne particles emitted during repeated manufacturing cycles were measured simultaneously at the source, in the near field, in the far field and on the operator. Real-time instruments were used to characterize the machine emissions (10 nm-10 µm) associated with respirable and inhalable samplers and cascade impactors. Measurements were made during both the manufacturing process and transient operating phases. In parallel, personal exposure to hexavalent chromium was assessed. The number of particles measured for the different machining phases show that high levels of particles (> 5 × 105 # cm-3, 0.3-1.3 mg m-3 inhalable particles, 0.2-6 µg m-3 CrVI) were emitted in the machine enclosure. The size distributions indicate that more than 90% of the particles are smaller than 250 nm. Occupational exposure to CrVI was found to be below the LOQ of 0.098 µg m-3 for the two alloys investigated. During the machining process, near-field number and mass concentrations were ∼ 104 # cm-3, and below 0.04 mg m-3, respectively. Far-field number concentrations were also on the order of 104 # cm-3 throughout the whole monitoring period. The transient phase of door opening was found to result in high levels of exposure (> 105 # cm-3), which were also detected in the near-field, confirming the need to implement preventative actions. To address this issue, a collective protective measure, consisting of setting a time delay of about 8 min between the end of the manufacturing process and opening of the door, could be employed. This collective measure should also be accompanied by the wearing of personal protective equipment by the operator when an intervention in the machine enclosure is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Bau
- Department of Pollutant Metrology, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Vandoeuvre, France
| | - Davy Rousset
- Department of Pollutant Metrology, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Vandoeuvre, France
| | - Raphaël Payet
- Department of Pollutant Metrology, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Vandoeuvre, France
| | - François-Xavier Keller
- Department of Process Engineering, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Vandoeuvre, France
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5
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Bendtsen KM, Brostrøm A, Koivisto AJ, Koponen I, Berthing T, Bertram N, Kling KI, Dal Maso M, Kangasniemi O, Poikkimäki M, Loeschner K, Clausen PA, Wolff H, Jensen KA, Saber AT, Vogel U. Airport emission particles: exposure characterization and toxicity following intratracheal instillation in mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:23. [PMID: 31182125 PMCID: PMC6558896 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the exposure levels and adverse health effects of occupational exposure to airplane emissions. Diesel exhaust particles are classified as carcinogenic to humans and jet engines produce potentially similar soot particles. Here, we evaluated the potential occupational exposure risk by analyzing particles from a non-commercial airfield and from the apron of a commercial airport. Toxicity of the collected particles was evaluated alongside NIST standard reference diesel exhaust particles (NIST2975) in terms of acute phase response, pulmonary inflammation, and genotoxicity after single intratracheal instillation in mice. RESULTS Particle exposure levels were up to 1 mg/m3 at the non-commercial airfield. Particulate matter from the non-commercial airfield air consisted of primary and aggregated soot particles, whereas commercial airport sampling resulted in a more heterogeneous mixture of organic compounds including salt, pollen and soot, reflecting the complex occupational exposure at an apron. The particle contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals were similar to the content in NIST2975. Mice were exposed to doses 6, 18 and 54 μg alongside carbon black (Printex 90) and NIST2975 and euthanized after 1, 28 or 90 days. Dose-dependent increases in total number of cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were observed on day 1 post-exposure for all particles. Lymphocytes were increased for all four particle types on 28 days post-exposure as well as for neutrophil influx for jet engine particles and carbon black nanoparticles. Increased Saa3 mRNA levels in lung tissue and increased SAA3 protein levels in plasma were observed on day 1 post-exposure. Increased levels of DNA strand breaks in bronchoalveolar lavage cells and liver tissue were observed for both particles, at single dose levels across doses and time points. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary exposure of mice to particles collected at two airports induced acute phase response, inflammation, and genotoxicity similar to standard diesel exhaust particles and carbon black nanoparticles, suggesting similar physicochemical properties and toxicity of jet engine particles and diesel exhaust particles. Given this resemblance as well as the dose-response relationship between diesel exhaust exposure and lung cancer, occupational exposure to jet engine emissions at the two airports should be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Maria Bendtsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Brostrøm
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, Building 307, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Antti Joonas Koivisto
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ismo Koponen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- FORCE Technology, Park Allé 345, 2605 Brøndby, Denmark
| | - Trine Berthing
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Bertram
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Inga Kling
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, Building 307, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Miikka Dal Maso
- Aerosol Physics, Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, PO Box 527, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Oskari Kangasniemi
- Aerosol Physics, Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, PO Box 527, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikko Poikkimäki
- Aerosol Physics, Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, PO Box 527, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Katrin Loeschner
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Nano-Bio Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 201, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Per Axel Clausen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Wolff
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, FI-00032, Työterveyslaitos, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Keld Alstrup Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Thoustrup Saber
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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6
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Bau S, Payet R, Toussaint A, Witschger O, Todea AM, Monz C, Asbach C. Combining NSAM and CPC concentrations to determine airborne nanoparticle count median diameter: Application to various laboratory and workplace aerosols. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2018; 15:492-501. [PMID: 29580178 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2018.1449953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Because nanomaterials have been increasingly developed and used in many technology and industry sectors over the last 20 years, an increasing number of workers is likely to be exposed to airborne nanoparticles. In addition, the question of the nanomaterial characteristics that should be assessed in epidemiological studies remains open. Thus, assessing occupational exposure to airborne nanoparticles will not only rely on mass concentration and chemical composition. Rather, key parameters, such as particle size, have to be included in measurement strategies. We previously proposed a methodology to estimate the Count Median Diameter (CMD) of an aerosol based on the simultaneous size-integrated measurement of two particle concentrations, lung-deposited surface area, and number, thanks to field-portable, commercially available aerosol instruments (Nanoparticle Surface Area Monitor/Condensation Particle Counter combination). In addition to previous work, this study investigates the case of various polydisperse metal oxides, organic oil, and salt particles with CMDs ranging from 16-410 nm. Once corrected, the CMDs derived from the NSAM/CPC agree within ±20% with regard to the reference electrical mobility equivalent diameter, regardless of aerosol composition, morphology, or geometric standard deviation (GSD). Furthermore, the field-applicability of the method was tested through 6 sets of experimental data stemming from workplace measurement campaigns where different materials were produced and handled (TiO2, SiO2, Ag, Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes-MWCNT), covering a range of CMDs between 40 and 190 nm. All situations considered, the approach based on the combination of a NSAM and a CPC leads to a satisfying estimation of particle CMD, within ±20% compared to reference CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bau
- a Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Laboratoire de Métrologie des Aérosols , Vandoeuvre , France
| | - R Payet
- a Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Laboratoire de Métrologie des Aérosols , Vandoeuvre , France
| | - A Toussaint
- a Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Laboratoire de Métrologie des Aérosols , Vandoeuvre , France
| | - O Witschger
- a Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Laboratoire de Métrologie des Aérosols , Vandoeuvre , France
| | - A M Todea
- b Institut für Energie und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA) , Duisburg , Germany
| | - C Monz
- c Institut für Gefahrstoffforschung (IGF) , Bochum , Germany
| | - C Asbach
- b Institut für Energie und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA) , Duisburg , Germany
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7
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Asbach C, Alexander C, Clavaguera S, Dahmann D, Dozol H, Faure B, Fierz M, Fontana L, Iavicoli I, Kaminski H, MacCalman L, Meyer-Plath A, Simonow B, van Tongeren M, Todea AM. Review of measurement techniques and methods for assessing personal exposure to airborne nanomaterials in workplaces. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 603-604:793-806. [PMID: 28431758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to airborne agents needs to be assessed in the personal breathing zone by the use of personal measurement equipment. Specific measurement devices for assessing personal exposure to airborne nanomaterials have only become available in the recent years. They can be differentiated into direct-reading personal monitors and personal samplers that collect the airborne nanomaterials for subsequent analyses. This article presents a review of the available personal monitors and samplers and summarizes the available literature regarding their accuracy, comparability and field applicability. Due to the novelty of the instruments, the number of published studies is still relatively low. Where applicable, literature data is therefore complemented with published and unpublished results from the recently finished nanoIndEx project. The presented data show that the samplers and monitors are robust and ready for field use with sufficient accuracy and comparability. However, several limitations apply, e.g. regarding the particle size range of the personal monitors and their in general lower accuracy and comparability compared with their stationary counterparts. The decision whether a personal monitor or a personal sampler shall be preferred depends strongly on the question to tackle. In many cases, a combination of a personal monitor and a personal sampler may be the best choice to obtain conclusive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Asbach
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA), Air Quality & Filtration, 47229 Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Carla Alexander
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Simon Clavaguera
- NanoSafety Platform, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Dirk Dahmann
- Institute for the Research on Hazardous Substances (IGF), 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Hélène Dozol
- NanoSafety Platform, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Bertrand Faure
- NanoSafety Platform, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Martin Fierz
- University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Luca Fontana
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart (UCSC), 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Ivo Iavicoli
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart (UCSC), 00168 Rome, Italy; University of Naples Federico II (UNINA), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Heinz Kaminski
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA), Air Quality & Filtration, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Laura MacCalman
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Asmus Meyer-Plath
- Federal Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), 10317 Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Simonow
- Federal Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), 10317 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ana Maria Todea
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA), Air Quality & Filtration, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
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8
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Faure B, Dozol H, Brouard C, Guiot A, Clavaguera S. Assessment of personal exposure to airborne nanomaterials: Evaluation of a novel sampler. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/838/1/012006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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9
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A Miniature Aerosol Sensor for Detecting Polydisperse Airborne Ultrafine Particles. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17040929. [PMID: 28441740 PMCID: PMC5426925 DOI: 10.3390/s17040929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Counting and sizing of polydisperse airborne nanoparticles have attracted most attentions owing to increasing widespread presence of airborne engineered nanoparticles or ultrafine particles. Here we report a miniature aerosol sensor to detect particle size distribution of polydisperse ultrafine particles based on ion diffusion charging and electrical detection. The aerosol sensor comprises a couple of planar electrodes printed on two circuit boards assembled in parallel, where charging, precipitation and measurement sections are integrated into one chip, which can detect aerosol particle size in of 30–500 nm, number concentration in range of 5 × 102–5 × 107 /cm3. The average relative errors of the measured aerosol number concentration and the particle size are estimated to be 12.2% and 13.5% respectively. A novel measurement scheme is proposed to actualize a real-time detection of polydisperse particles by successively modulating the measurement voltage and deducing the particle size distribution through a smart data fusion algorithm. The effectiveness of the aerosol sensor is experimentally demonstrated via measurements of polystyrene latex (PSL) aerosol and nucleic acid aerosol, as well as sodium chloride aerosol particles.
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10
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Villa TF, Salimi F, Morton K, Morawska L, Gonzalez F. Development and Validation of a UAV Based System for Air Pollution Measurements. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16122202. [PMID: 28009820 PMCID: PMC5191180 DOI: 10.3390/s16122202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Air quality data collection near pollution sources is difficult, particularly when sites are complex, have physical barriers, or are themselves moving. Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) offer new approaches to air pollution and atmospheric studies. However, there are a number of critical design decisions which need to be made to enable representative data collection, in particular the location of the air sampler or air sensor intake. The aim of this research was to establish the best mounting point for four gas sensors and a Particle Number Concentration (PNC) monitor, onboard a hexacopter, so to develop a UAV system capable of measuring point source emissions. The research included two different tests: (1) evaluate the air flow behavior of a hexacopter, its downwash and upwash effect, by measuring air speed along three axes to determine the location where the sensors should be mounted; (2) evaluate the use of gas sensors for CO2, CO, NO2 and NO, and the PNC monitor (DISCmini) to assess the efficiency and performance of the UAV based system by measuring emissions from a diesel engine. The air speed behavior map produced by test 1 shows the best mounting point for the sensors to be alongside the UAV. This position is less affected by the propeller downwash effect. Test 2 results demonstrated that the UAV propellers cause a dispersion effect shown by the decrease of gas and PN concentration measured in real time. A Linear Regression model was used to estimate how the sensor position, relative to the UAV center, affects pollutant concentration measurements when the propellers are turned on. This research establishes guidelines on how to develop a UAV system to measure point source emissions. Such research should be undertaken before any UAV system is developed for real world data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Francesco Villa
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Farhad Salimi
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia.
| | - Kye Morton
- Australian Research Centre for Aerospace Automation (ARCAA), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Felipe Gonzalez
- Australian Research Centre for Aerospace Automation (ARCAA), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia.
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11
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Choi W, Ranasinghe D, Bunavage K, DeShazo JR, Wu L, Seguel R, Winer AM, Paulson SE. The effects of the built environment, traffic patterns, and micrometeorology on street level ultrafine particle concentrations at a block scale: Results from multiple urban sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 553:474-485. [PMID: 26938315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study attempts to explain explicitly the direct and quantitative effects of complicated urban built-environment on near-road dispersion and levels of vehicular emissions at the scale of several city blocks, based on ultrafine particle concentrations ([UFP]). On short timescales, ultrafine particles are an excellent proxy for other roadway emissions. Five measurement sites in the greater Los Angeles with different built environments but similar mesoscale meteorology were explored. After controlling for traffic, for most sampling days and sites, morning [UFP] were higher than those in the afternoon due to limited dispersion capacity combined with a relatively stable surface layer. [UFP] at the intersection corners were also higher than those over the sampling sites, implying that accelerating vehicles around the intersections contributed to [UFP] elevation. In the calm morning, the areal aspect ratio (Ararea), developed in this study for real urban configurations, showed a strong relationship with block-scale [UFP]. Ararea includes the building area-weighted building height, the amount of open space, and the building footprint. In the afternoon, however, when wind speeds were generally higher and turbulence was stronger, vertical turbulence intensity σw was the most effective factor controlling [UFP]. The surrounding built environment appears to play an indirect role in observed [UFP], by affecting surface level micrometeorology. The effects are substantial; controlling for traffic, differences in Ararea and building heterogeneity were related to differences in [UFP] of factors of two to three among our five study sites. These results have significant implications for pedestrian exposure as well as transit-oriented urban planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsik Choi
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; University of California, Los Angeles, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, La Kretz Hall, Suite 300, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Dilhara Ranasinghe
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Karen Bunavage
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - J R DeShazo
- University of California, Los Angeles, Luskin Center for Innovation, Luskin School of Public Affairs, 3250 Public Affairs Bldg., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lisa Wu
- University of California, Los Angeles, Luskin Center for Innovation, Luskin School of Public Affairs, 3250 Public Affairs Bldg., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rodrigo Seguel
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Las Palmeras 3425 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Arthur M Winer
- University of California, Los Angeles, Fielding School of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences Department, 650 Charles Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Suzanne E Paulson
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; University of California, Los Angeles, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, La Kretz Hall, Suite 300, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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12
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Hudda N, Fruin SA. International Airport Impacts to Air Quality: Size and Related Properties of Large Increases in Ultrafine Particle Number Concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3362-70. [PMID: 26971965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We measured particle size distributions and spatial patterns of particle number (PN) and particle surface area concentrations downwind from the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) where large increases (over local background) in PN concentrations routinely extended 18 km downwind. These elevations were mostly comprised of ultrafine particles smaller than 40 nm. For a given downwind distance, the greatest increases in PN concentrations, along with the smallest mean sizes, were detected at locations under the landing jet trajectories. The smaller size of particles in the impacted area, as compared to the ambient urban aerosol, increased calculated lung deposition fractions to 0.7-0.8 from 0.5-0.7. A diffusion charging instrument (DiSCMini), that simulates alveolar lung deposition, measured a fivefold increase in alveolar-lung deposited surface area concentrations 2-3 km downwind from the airport (over local background), decreasing steadily to a twofold increase 18 km downwind. These ratios (elevated lung-deposited surface area over background) were lower than the corresponding ratios for elevated PN concentrations, which decreased from tenfold to twofold over the same distance, but the spatial patterns of elevated concentrations were similar. It appears that PN concentration can serve as a nonlinear proxy for lung deposited surface area downwind of major airports.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hudda
- Keck School of Medicine, Environmental Health Division, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - S A Fruin
- Keck School of Medicine, Environmental Health Division, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
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13
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Zhang C, Zhu R, Yang W. A Micro Aerosol Sensor for the Measurement of Airborne Ultrafine Particles. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16030399. [PMID: 26999156 PMCID: PMC4813974 DOI: 10.3390/s16030399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Particle number concentration and particle size are the two key parameters used to characterize exposure to airborne nanoparticles or ultrafine particles that have attracted the most attention. This paper proposes a simple micro aerosol sensor for detecting the number concentration and particle size of ultrafine particles with diameters from 50 to 253 nm based on electrical diffusion charging. The sensor is composed of a micro channel and a couple of planar electrodes printed on two circuit boards assembled in parallel, which thus integrate charging, precipitating and measurement elements into one chip, the overall size of which is 98 × 38 × 25 mm3. The experiment results demonstrate that the sensor is useful for measuring monodisperse aerosol particles with number concentrations from 300 to 2.5 × 104 /cm3 and particle sizes from 50 to 253 nm. The aerosol sensor has a simple structure and small size, which is favorable for use in handheld devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Rong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Wenming Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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14
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Abstract
Airborne particles have been associated with a range of adverse cardiopulmonary outcomes, which has driven its monitoring at stationary central sites throughout the world. Individual exposures, however, can differ substantially from concentrations measured at central sites due to spatial variability across a region and sources unique to the individual, such as cooking or cleaning in homes, traffic emissions during commutes, and widely varying sources encountered at work. Personal monitoring with small, battery-powered instruments enables the measurement of an individual's exposure as they go about their daily activities. Personal monitoring can substantially reduce exposure misclassification and improve the power to detect relationships between particulate pollution and adverse health outcomes. By partitioning exposures to known locations and sources, it may be possible to account for variable toxicity of different sources. This review outlines recent advances in the field of personal exposure assessment for particulate pollution. Advances in battery technology have improved the feasibility of 24-h monitoring, providing the ability to more completely attribute exposures to microenvironment (e.g., work, home, commute). New metrics to evaluate the relationship between particulate matter and health are also being considered, including particle number concentration, particle composition measures, and particle oxidative load. Such metrics provide opportunities to develop more precise associations between airborne particles and health and may provide opportunities for more effective regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten A Koehler
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Johns Hopkins University, 601 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Thomas M Peters
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, 145 N Riverside Dr, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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