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Milović E, Matić SL, Katanić Stanković JS, Srećković N, Filipović I, Bradić J, Petrović A, Jakovljević V, Vazquez NB, Janković N. DNA interaction of selected tetrahydropyrimidine and its effects against CCl 4-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo: Part II. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024:e2400409. [PMID: 39188175 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Tetrahydropyrimidine (compound A = methyl 4-[4'-(heptyloxy)-3'-methoxyphenyl]-1,6-dimethyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate) was chosen for in vivo studies after exhibiting noteworthy in vitro activity against the K562 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, with IC50 values of 9.20 ± 0.14 µM and 12.76 ± 1.93 µM, respectively. According to experimental (fluorescence titration, viscosity, and differential scanning calorimetry) results, A interacts with DNA via the minor groove. In vivo, acute oral toxicity studies in Wistar albino rats proved no noticeable symptoms of either toxicity or death during the follow-up period. Genotoxic and antigenotoxic studies at three different concentrations of A (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg of body weight) in Wistar albino rats showed that the dose of 5 mg/kg body weight did not cause DNA damage and had a remarkable DNA protective activity against CCl4-induced DNA damage, with a percentage reduction of 78.7%. It is also important to note that, under the investigated concentrations of A, liver damage is not observed. Considering all experimental outcomes realized under various in vivo investigations (acute oral toxicity, genotoxicity, antigenotoxicity, and biochemical tests), compound A could be a promising candidate for further clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilija Milović
- Department of Sciences, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Sanja Lj Matić
- Department of Sciences, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena S Katanić Stanković
- Department of Sciences, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nikola Srećković
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ignjat Filipović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jovana Bradić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Anica Petrović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljević
- Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Human Pathology, University IM Sechenov, First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Busto Vazquez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Nenad Janković
- Department of Sciences, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Choubey P, Sharma V, Joshi R, Upadhyaya A, Kumar D, Patial V. Hydroethanolic extract of Gentiana kurroo Royle rhizome ameliorates ethanol-induced liver injury by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrogenesis in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 325:117866. [PMID: 38350504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gentiana kurroo Royle is a medicinal plant mentioned as Traymana in Ayurveda. In the folklore, it is used to cure fever, stomach ache, skin diseases and liver disorders. However, limited reports are available on the therapeutic potential of Gentiana kurroo Royle against alcohol-induced liver damage. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the effectiveness of the hydroethanolic extract of Gentiana kurroo Royle rhizome (GKRE) against alcohol-induced liver injury and explore the mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS GKRE was characterized using UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. The binding affinity of the identified compound was studied in silico. In vitro studies were performed in the Huh-7 cell line. An acute oral toxicity study (2 g/kg BW) of GKRE was done in rats following OECD 420 guidelines. In the efficacy study, rats were treated with 50% ethanol (5 mL/kg BW, orally) for 4 weeks, followed by a single intraperitoneal dose of CCl4 (30%; 1 mL/kg BW) to induce liver injury. After 4th week, the rats were treated with GKRE at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW doses for the next fifteen days. The biochemical and antioxidant parameters were analyzed using commercial kits and a biochemistry analyzer. Histopathology, gene and protein expressions were studied using qRT PCR and western blotting. RESULTS Thirteen compounds were detected in GKRE. Few compounds showed a strong interaction with the fibrotic and inflammatory proteins in silico. GKRE reduced (p < 0.05) the ethanol-induced ROS production and inflammation in Huh-7 cells. The acute oral toxicity study revealed no adverse effect of GKRE in rats at 2 g/kg BW. GKRE improved (p < 0.05) the body and liver weights in ethanol-treated rats. GKRE improved (p < 0.05) the mRNA levels of ADH, SREBP1c and mitochondrial biogenesis genes in the liver tissues. GKRE also improved (p < 0.05) the liver damage markers, lipid peroxidation and levels of antioxidant enzymes in the liver. A reduced severity (p < 0.05) of pathological changes, fibrotic tissue deposition and caspase 3/7 activity were observed in the liver tissues of GKRE-treated rats. Further, GKRE downregulated (p < 0.05) the expression of fibrotic (TGFβ, αSMA and SMADs) and inflammatory markers (TNFα, IL6, IL1β and NFκB) in the liver. CONCLUSION GKRE showed efficacy against alcohol-induced liver damage by inhibiting oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation and fibrogenesis in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Choubey
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics & Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India; PG Department of Dravyaguna, Rajiv Gandhi Govt. Post Graduate Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Paprola, 176115, HP, India
| | - Vinesh Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics & Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India
| | - Robin Joshi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India
| | - Ashwani Upadhyaya
- PG Department of Dravyaguna, Rajiv Gandhi Govt. Post Graduate Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Paprola, 176115, HP, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India
| | - Vikram Patial
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics & Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India.
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Zhou TY, Tian N, Li L, Yu R. Iridoids modulate inflammation in diabetic kidney disease: A review. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2024; 22:210-222. [PMID: 38631983 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, preclinical research on diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has surged to the forefront of scientific and clinical attention. DKD has become a pervasive complication of type 2 diabetes. Given the complexity of its etiology and pathological mechanisms, current interventions, including drugs, dietary modifications, exercise, hypoglycemic treatments and lipid-lowering methods, often fall short in achieving desired therapeutic outcomes. Iridoids, primarily derived from the potent components of traditional herbs, have been the subject of long-standing research. Preclinical data suggest that iridoids possess notable renal protective properties; however, there has been no summary of the research on their efficacy in the management and treatment of DKD. This article consolidates findings from in vivo and in vitro research on iridoids in the context of DKD and highlights their shared anti-inflammatory activities in treating this condition. Additionally, it explores how certain iridoid components modify their chemical structures through the regulation of intestinal flora, potentially bolstering their therapeutic effects. This review provides a focused examination of the mechanisms through which iridoids may prevent or treat DKD, offering valuable insights for future research endeavors. Please cite this article as: Zhou TY, Tian N, Li L, Yu R. Iridoids modulate inflammation in diabetic kidney disease: A review. J Integr Med. 2024; 22(3): 210-222.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Yi Zhou
- The First Clinical College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Na Tian
- The First Clinical College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Liu Li
- The First Clinical College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Rong Yu
- The First Clinical College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions and Zheng, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China.
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Abubakr S, Hazem NM, Sherif RN, Elhawary AA, Botros KG. Correlation between SDF-1α, CD34 positive hematopoietic stem cells and CXCR4 expression with liver fibrosis in CCl4 rat model. BMC Gastroenterol 2023; 23:323. [PMID: 37730560 PMCID: PMC10512633 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-02932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most frequent disorders is liver fibrosis. An improved understanding of the different events during the process of liver fibrosis & its reversibility could be helpful in its staging and in finding potential therapeutic agents. AIM The goal of this research was to evaluate the relationship among CD34 + HPSCs, SDF-1α, and CXCR4 receptor expression with the percentage of the area of hepatic fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into the control group, liver injury group & spontaneous reversion group. The liver injury was induced by using 2 ml/kg CCl4 twice a week. Flow cytometric examination of CD34 + cells in the blood & liver was performed. Bone marrow & liver samples were taken for evaluation of the SDF-1α mRNA by PCR. Liver specimens were stained for histopathological and CXCR4 immuno-expression evaluation. RESULTS In the liver injury group, the hepatic enzymes, fibrosis area percentage, CXCR4 receptor expression in the liver, CD34 + cells in the blood and bone marrow & the level SDF-1α in the liver and its concentration gradient were statistically significantly elevated with the progression of the liver fibrosis. On the contrary, SDF-1α in the bone marrow was statistically significantly reduced with the development of liver fibrosis. During the spontaneous reversion group, all the studied parameters apart from SDF-1α in the bone marrow were statistically substantially decreased compared with the liver injury group. We found a statistically substantial positive correlation between fibrosis area and all of the following: liver enzymes, CXCR4 receptor expression in the liver, CD34 + cells in the blood and liver, and SDF- 1α in the liver and its concentration gradient. In conclusion, in CCl4 rat model, the fibrosis area is significantly correlated with many parameters in the blood, bone marrow, and liver, which can be used during the process of follow-up during the therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abubakr
- Human Anatomy & Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Noha M Hazem
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Algomhoria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
- Pathological Sciences Department, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - R N Sherif
- Human Anatomy & Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Adel Abdelmohdy Elhawary
- Human Anatomy & Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Kamal G Botros
- Human Anatomy & Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Konya R, Reis R, Sipahi H, Barta A, Hohmann J, Kırmızıbekmez H. Secondary metabolites from Gentiana cruciata L. and their anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:3025-3032. [PMID: 36346377 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2144301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A previously unreported secoiridoid glycoside, cruciatoside (1) was isolated from the aerial parts of Gentiana cruciata L. along with ten known compounds eustomoside (2), eustomorusside (3), gentiopicroside (4), 6'-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl gentiopicroside (5), loganic acid (6), isoorientin (7), isovitexin (8), isovitexin 2''-(E)-ferulate (9), mangiferin (10), and 2-methyl-inositol (11). The chemical structures of the isolates were elucidated based on extensive 1 D and 2 D NMR experiments as well as HRMS analysis. All isolates were evaluated for their in vitro anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Compounds 9, 4, and 7 (200 µM) showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting nitrite production from LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, with the inhibition rates of 39.5%, 25.8% and 22.9% respectively without exhibiting substantial cytotoxicity. Besides, 1, 2, 4, and 7 exerted the highest decrease in IL-6 levels. Moreover, compound 4 showed in vitro analgesic activity by decreasing the PGE2 level comparable to the reference drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Konya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Kayışdağı, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Rengin Reis
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Hande Sipahi
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Kayışdağı, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Anita Barta
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Hohmann
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- ELKH-USZ Biologically Active Natural Products Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hasan Kırmızıbekmez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Kayışdağı, İstanbul, Türkiye
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Tamarix articulata Induced Prevention of Hepatotoxicity Effects of In Vivo Carbon Tetrachloride by Modulating Pro-Inflammatory Serum and Antioxidant Enzymes to Reverse the Liver Fibrosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091824. [PMID: 36139897 PMCID: PMC9496017 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of a Tamarix articulata extract against carbon tetrachloride-mediated hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Our results demonstrated that the oral administration of Tamarix articulata extract (50 mg/kg b.w.) significantly restored the serum levels of liver enzymes and antioxidant parameters (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and thiobarbituric reactive substances). Histopathology analysis revealed that Tamarix articulata extract significantly reduced hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting the necrosis of hepatocytes. Furthermore, serum pro-inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, tumor growth factor-beta, and interleukin-6) markers were significantly restored. However, the anti-inflammatory cytokine adiponectin levels increased to normal levels in the group treated with Tamarix articulata extract. Additionally, we observed diminished reactive oxygen species production and the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential in hepatocytes extracted from animal livers treated with Tamarix articulata extract. Our findings suggest that Tamarix articulata extract prevents liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride and decreases the necrotic population of hepatocytes. These events restored the antioxidant enzymatic activity, serum levels of liver enzymes, and pro-inflammatory markers to their normal levels.
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Muhamad Fadzil NS, Sekar M, Gan SH, Bonam SR, Wu YS, Vaijanathappa J, Ravi S, Lum PT, Dhadde SB. Chemistry, Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of Swertiamarin - A Promising Natural Lead for New Drug Discovery and Development. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:2721-2746. [PMID: 34188450 PMCID: PMC8233004 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s299753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Swertiamarin, a seco-iridoid glycoside, is mainly found in Enicostemma littorale Blume (E. littorale) and exhibits therapeutic activities for various diseases. The present study aimed to provide a review of swertiamarin in terms of its phytochemistry, physicochemical properties, biosynthesis, pharmacology and therapeutic potential. Relevant literature was collected from several scientific databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar, between 1990 and the present. This review included the distribution of swertiamarin in medicinal plants and its isolation, characterization, physicochemical properties and possible biosynthetic pathways. A comprehensive summary of the pharmacological activities, therapeutic potential and metabolic pathways of swertiamarin was also included after careful screening and tabulation. Based on the reported evidence, swertiamarin meets all five of Lipinski’s rules for drug-like properties. Thereafter, the physicochemical properties of swertiamarin were detailed and analyzed. A simple and rapid method for isolating swertiamarin from E. littorale has been described. The present review proposed that swertiamarin may be biosynthesized by the mevalonate or nonmevalonate pathways, followed by the seco-iridoid pathway. It has also been found that swertiamarin is a potent compound with diverse pharmacological activities, including hepatoprotective, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritis, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective and gastroprotective activities. The anticancer activity of swertiamarin against different cancer cell lines has been recently reported. The underlying mechanisms of all these pharmacological effects are diverse and seem to involve the regulation of different molecular targets, including growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, protein kinases, apoptosis-related proteins, receptors and enzymes. Swertiamarin also modulates the activity of several transcription factors, and their signaling pathways in various pathological conditions are also discussed. Moreover, we have highlighted the toxicity profile, pharmacokinetics and possible structural modifications of swertiamarin. The pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential of swertiamarin have been extensively investigated. However, more advanced studies are required including clinical trials and studies on the bioavailability, permeability and administration of safe doses to offer swertiamarin as a novel candidate for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Sakinah Muhamad Fadzil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jaishree Vaijanathappa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Subban Ravi
- Department of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pei Teng Lum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
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Jiang M, Cui BW, Wu YL, Nan JX, Lian LH. Genus Gentiana: A review on phytochemistry, pharmacology and molecular mechanism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 264:113391. [PMID: 32931880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE As the largest genus of Gentianaceae family, the Gentiana genus harbors over 400 species, widely distributed in the alpine areas of temperate regions worldwide. Plants from Gentiana genus are traditionally used to treat a wide variety of diseases including easing pain dispelling rheumatism, and treating liver jaundice, chronic pharyngitis and arthritis in China since ancient times. In this review, a systematic and constructive overview of the traditional uses, phytochemistry, molecular mechanisms, toxicology and pharmacological activities of the researched species of genus Gentiana is provided. MATERIALS AND METHODS The used information in this review is based on various databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley online library, Wanfang Data, Web of Science) through a search using the keyword "Gentiana" in the period of 1981-2019. Besides, other ethnopharmacological information was acquired from Chinese herbal classic books and Chinese pharmacopoeia 2015 edition. RESULTS The plants from Gentiana genus have a long tradition of various medicinal uses in Europe and Asia. Phytochemical studies showed that the main bioactive components isolated from this genus includes iridoids xanthones and flavonoids. These compounds and extracts isolated from this genus show a wide range of protective activities including hepatic protection, gastrointestinal protection, cardiovascular protection, immunomodulation, joint protection, pulmonary protection, bone protection and reproductive protection. Molecular mechanism studies also indicated several potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of certain diseases by plants from this genus. Besides, natural products from this plant show no significant animal toxicity, cytotoxicity or genotoxicity. CONCLUSION This review summarized the traditional medicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and molecular mechanism of genus Gentiana, providing references and research tendency for plant-based drug development and further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Key Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine of Jilin Province, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
| | - Ben-Wen Cui
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Key Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine of Jilin Province, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
| | - Yan-Ling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Key Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine of Jilin Province, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
| | - Ji-Xing Nan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Key Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine of Jilin Province, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China; Clinical Research Centre, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
| | - Li-Hua Lian
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Key Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine of Jilin Province, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
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Huang XJ, Chen GX, Cheng H, Ge YB, Li J, Zhang Y. The distribution, uses, and characteristic components of gentianaceae plants in China. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_14_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Yellow gentian root extract provokes concentration- and time-dependent response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2020; 71:320-328. [PMID: 33410776 PMCID: PMC7968512 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea L.), a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine, displays multiple biological effects, ranging from beneficial to toxic. Since many promising applications have been reported so far, our aim was to evaluate its potential concentration- and time- dependent cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in vitro. To that end we exposed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL of yellow gentian root extract (YGRE) to determine its effects on oxidative stress parameters [pro/antioxidant balance (PAB) and lipid peroxidation], DNA damage (alkaline comet assay and chromosome aberrations), and cell viability (trypan blue exclusion test). Cell viability decreased with increasing concentrations and treatment duration. Only the lowest YGRE concentration (0.5 mg/mL) increased oxidative stress but produced minor DNA damage and cytotoxicity. At higher concentrations, redox parameters returned to near control values. The percentage of chromosome aberrations and percentage of DNA in the comet tail increased with increased YGRE concentration after 48 h and declined after 72 h of treatment. This points to the activation of DNA repair mechanism (homologous recombination), evidenced by the formation of chromosomal radial figures after 72 h of treatment with the highest YGRE concentration of 2 mg/mL. Our results suggest that YGRE, despite induction of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects, activates cell repair mechanisms that counter oxidative and DNA lesions and induce cell death in highly damaged cells. Therefore, observed protective effects of yellow gentian after longer exposure could be a result of activated repair and removal of cells with irreparable damage.
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Gentiopicroside Ameliorates Oxidative Stress and Lipid Accumulation through Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Activation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2940746. [PMID: 32655764 PMCID: PMC7317617 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2940746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is closely related to the alleviation of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by regulating oxidative stress and lipid homeostasis. Gentiopicroside (GPS), an iridoid glycoside found in the Gentianaceae, possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, the protective effects of GPS on lipid accumulation and oxidative damage have not been investigated thoroughly in free fatty acid- (FFA-) induced HepG2 cells and tyloxapol- (Ty-) induced hyperlipidemia mice. Cell counting kit-8 assays, Oil Red O staining, Western blotting analysis, extraction of nuclear and cytosolic proteins, and biochemical index assay were employed to explore the mechanisms by which GPS exerts a protective effect on FFA-induced HepG2 cells and Ty-induced hyperlipidemia mouse model. This paper demonstrates that GPS could effectively alleviate NAFLD by elevating cell viability, reducing fatty deposition, downregulating TG, and activating nucleus Nrf2 in FFA-induced HepG2 cells. Meanwhile, GPS significantly regulated the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway, Nrf2 antioxidant pathway, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), and GPS-inhibited sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) expression in FFA-stimulated lipid accumulation of HepG2 cells and Ty-treated mice. Interestingly, we highlight that PI3K/AKT inhibitor (LY294002) markedly increased the expression of Nrf2 antioxidant pathway, PPARα, and downregulated SREBP-1c in FFA-stimulated HepG2 cells. For these reasons, we found that the deletion of Nrf2 could lose the protective effects of GPS on the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and PPARα activation and SREBP-1c inactivation in FFA-stimulated HepG2 cells and Ty-treated mice. GPS treatment had no effect on abnormal lipogenesis and antioxidant enzymes in Ty-induced Nrf2−/− mice. This work gives a new explanation that GPS may be a useful therapeutic strategy for NAFLD through upregulation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway, which can alleviate oxidative damage and lipid accumulation.
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Wang X, Tan B, Liao P, Cui Z, Zhang S, Li X, Yin Y, Xiao D. Functional bioactive substance improves the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immune function of growth retardation pigs. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2020.1728235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xianze Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bi'e Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Liao
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhijuan Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Yunnan Yin Yulong Academician Workstation at Yunnan Yin Yulong Academician Workstation, Yunnan Xinan Tianyou Animal Husbandry Technology co., Ltd., Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhen Li
- Yunnan Yin Yulong Academician Workstation at Yunnan Yin Yulong Academician Workstation, Yunnan Xinan Tianyou Animal Husbandry Technology co., Ltd., Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulong Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dingfu Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
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Rodrigues C, Karmali A, Machado J. The extracts of Gentiana lutea with potential cytotoxic effects on human carcinoma cell lines: A preliminary study. Eur J Integr Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Popović Z, Krstić-Milošević D, Stefanović M, Matić R, Vidaković V, Bojović S. Chemical and Morphological Inter- and Intrapopulation Variability in Natural Populations of Gentiana pneumonanthe L. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1800509. [PMID: 30511810 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inter- and intrapopulation variability in six natural populations of the rare species Gentiana pneumonanthe was examined based on morphological and chemical data. Population size and linear morphometric parameters differed significantly among populations, but without a clear connection to habitat conditions, i. e. water supply and light availability. Leaf shape varied from ovate to lanceolate in all populations, and one population was distinctive in having the largest number of leaves of transitional shape. HPLC analyses of six secondary metabolites were performed separately for belowground parts, and aboveground vegetative and reproductive parts of individual plants (6 populations ×7 individuals ×3 plant parts, n=126) in order to examine differences at the population and individual levels. Three secoiridoids (swertiamarin (SWM), sweroside (SWZ), and gentiopicrin (GP)), one xanthone (mangiferin (MGF)), and two flavones (isoorientin (IO) and isovitexin (IV)) were detected and quantified in the analyzed samples: sweroside dominated in the aboveground reproductive part, mangiferin in the aboveground vegetative part, and gentiopicrin in the belowground part. At the population level, differences in contents of the analyzed chemicals among populations were significant only for a few metabolites. At the individual level, a pronounced organ-dependent distribution of secondary metabolites was revealed. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of natural variability within populations of the rare and threatened G. pneumonanthe, and provide data on the contents and within-plant distribution of secondary metabolites, which are important as pharmacologically active compounds and may be useful for further biotechnological procedures regarding this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Popović
- Institute for Biological Research, Department of Ecology, University of Belgrade, B, ulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Dijana Krstić-Milošević
- Institute for Biological Research, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Milena Stefanović
- Institute for Biological Research, Department of Ecology, University of Belgrade, B, ulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Rada Matić
- Institute for Biological Research, Department of Ecology, University of Belgrade, B, ulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Vera Vidaković
- Institute for Biological Research, Department of Ecology, University of Belgrade, B, ulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Srđan Bojović
- Institute for Biological Research, Department of Ecology, University of Belgrade, B, ulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
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Li X, Zhang Y, Jin Q, Xia KL, Jiang M, Cui BW, Wu YL, Song SZ, Lian LH, Nan JX. Liver kinase B1/AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated regulation by gentiopicroside ameliorates P2X7 receptor-dependent alcoholic hepatosteatosis. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:1451-1470. [PMID: 29338075 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Regulating P2X7 receptor-mediated activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes could be a therapeutic strategy to treat alcoholic hepatosteatosis. We investigated whether this process was modulated by gentiopicroside, the main active secoiridoid glycoside from Gentiana manshurica Kitagawa. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In vivo models of acute and chronic alcoholic hepatosteatosis were established by intragastrically administered ethanol or using chronic plus binge ethanol feeding of Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet to male C57BL/6 mice. In vitro, HepG2 cells were treated with ethanol. RAW 264.7 macrophages and murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were stimulated with LPS and ATP. KEY RESULTS In both the acute and chronic alcohol-induced mouse hepatosteatosis models, gentiopicroside decreased serum aminotransferases and triglyceride accumulation. Up-regulated SREBP1, down-regulated PPARα and phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase caused by acute and chronic alcohol feeding were modulated by gentiopicroside, through the elevation of LKB1 and AMPK. Suppression of P2X7 receptor-NLRP3 activation by gentiopicroside inhibited IL-1β production. In ethanol-exposed HepG2 cells, gentiopicroside reduced lipogenesis and promoted lipid oxidation via activation of P2X7 receptor-NLRP3 inflammasomes. Genetic or pharmacological blockade of P2X7 receptors enhanced AMPK activity and reduced SREBP1 expression in ethanol-treated HepG2 cells. Gentiopicroside down-regulated P2X7 receptor-mediated inflammatory responses in LPS/ATP-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and BMDMs. IL-1β from macrophages accelerated lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Depleting macrophages by clodronate liposomes ameliorated alcoholic hepatosteatosis, and it was further alleviated by gentiopicroside. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Activation of LKB1/AMPK signalling by gentiopicroside was mediated by the P2X7 receptor-NLRP3 inflammasome, suggesting the therapeutic value of blocking P2X7 receptors in the treatment of alcoholic hepatosteatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Quan Jin
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Kai-Li Xia
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Ben-Wen Cui
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Yan-Ling Wu
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Shun-Zong Song
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Li-Hua Lian
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Ji-Xing Nan
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China.,Clinical Research Center, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
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Meng X, Li Y, Li S, Gan RY, Li HB. Natural Products for Prevention and Treatment of Chemical-Induced Liver Injuries. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:472-495. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Dept. of Nutrition, School of Public Health; Sun Yat-sen Univ.; Guangzhou 510080 China
| | - Ya Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Dept. of Nutrition, School of Public Health; Sun Yat-sen Univ.; Guangzhou 510080 China
| | - Sha Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The Univ. of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology; Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ.; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Dept. of Nutrition, School of Public Health; Sun Yat-sen Univ.; Guangzhou 510080 China
- South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center; Sun Yat-sen Univ.; Guangzhou 510006 China
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17
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Dai K, Yi XJ, Huang XJ, Muhammad A, Li M, Li J, Yang GZ, Gao Y. Hepatoprotective activity of iridoids, seco-iridoids and analog glycosides from Gentianaceae on HepG2 cells via CYP3A4 induction and mitochondrial pathway. Food Funct 2018; 9:2673-2683. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00168e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Gentianaceae herb extracts have been widely used as food additives, teas or medicinal remedies for various diseases and disorders of the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Dai
- College of Pharmacy
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan 430074
- P. R. China
| | - Xue-Jia Yi
- College of Pharmacy
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan 430074
- P. R. China
| | - Xian-Ju Huang
- College of Pharmacy
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan 430074
- P. R. China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education
| | - Azhar Muhammad
- Comsats Institute of Information and Technology
- Sahiwal
- Pakistan
| | - Mei Li
- College of Pharmacy
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan 430074
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Pharmacy
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan 430074
- P. R. China
| | - Guang-Zhong Yang
- College of Pharmacy
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan 430074
- P. R. China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education
| | - Yue Gao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology
- Beijing
- P.R. China
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18
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Li J, Zhang J, Zhao YL, Huang HY, Wang YZ. Comprehensive Quality Assessment Based Specific Chemical Profiles for Geographic and Tissue Variation in Gentiana rigescens Using HPLC and FTIR Method Combined with Principal Component Analysis. Front Chem 2017; 5:125. [PMID: 29312929 PMCID: PMC5743669 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of Longdan (Gentiana rigescens Franch. ex Hemsl) were collected from six geographic origins of Yunnan Province (n = 240) to implement the quality assessment based on contents of gentiopicroside, loganic acid, sweroside and swertiamarin and chemical profile using HPLC-DAD and FTIR method combined with principal component analysis (PCA). The content of gentiopicroside (major iridoid glycoside) was the highest in G. rigescens, regardless of tissue and geographic origin. The level of swertiamarin was the lowest, even unable to be detected in samples from Kunming and Qujing. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) between gentiopicroside, loganic acid, sweroside, and swertiamarin were found at inter- or intra-tissues, which were highly depended on geographic origins, indicating the influence of environmental conditions on the conversion and transport of secondary metabolites in G. rigescens. Furthermore, samples were reasonably classified as three clusters along large producing areas where have similar climate conditions, characterized by carbohydrates, phenols, benzoates, terpenoids, aliphatic alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons, and so forth. The present work provided global information on the chemical profile and contents of major iridoid glycosides in G. rigescens originated from six different origins, which is helpful for controlling quality of herbal medicines systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China.,College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yan-Li Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Heng-Yu Huang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan-Zhong Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
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19
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Xu Y, Li Y, Maffucci KG, Huang L, Zeng R. Analytical Methods of Phytochemicals from the Genus Gentiana. Molecules 2017; 22:E2080. [PMID: 29182593 PMCID: PMC6149888 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Gentiana comprises approximately 400 species. Many species have a wide range of pharmacological activities and have been used therapeutically for thousands of years. To provide comprehensive guidance, utilization and quality control of Gentiana species, this review presents updated information concerning the recent application and progress of chemical analysis including phytochemical analysis, sample preparation and chemometrics. Detailed and comprehensive data including number of analytes, extraction/separation methods, analytical techniques and chemometrics are shown as corresponding tables. These data illustrate that the development of newly discovered compounds and therapeutic uses, understanding of the structure-activity relationship and establishment of harmonious and effective medicinal herb standards are the direction of advancement in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Ying Li
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | | | - Linfang Huang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Rui Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Xiong K, Gao T, Zhang T, Wang Z, Han H. Simultaneous determination of gentiopicroside and its two active metabolites in rat plasma by LC–MS/MS and its application in pharmacokinetic studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1065-1066:1-7. [PMID: 28934681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xiong
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Tingting Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Han Han
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China.
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21
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Medicinal, biological and phytochemical properties of Gentiana species. J Tradit Complement Med 2017; 7:400-408. [PMID: 29034186 PMCID: PMC5634738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gentiana, a cosmopolitan and important genus of the Gentianaceae family, comprises 400 species distributed among the world. Based on the studies of Iranian traditional medicine texts, there are some promising bioactivities for this genus that is unknown in modern medicine and some of them are still the basis of new remedies. In traditional medicine texts, Gentiana's different exclusive forms of preparations are effective for treatment of some disorders such as menstrual over-bleeding, conjunctivitis, vitiligo, animals venom poisoning, injuries, infected wounds, pain and swelling of liver, spleen, stomach and sprains of muscles. There are some activities that are the same in traditional and modern medicine such as anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and diuretic effects. Phytochemical investigations on the title genus have led to characterization many secondary metabolites. Secoiridoidal and iridoid glycosides such as gentiopicroside, xanthones, monoterpene alkaloid; polyphenol and flavones are the constituents that have been shown the pharmacological activities in different gentian species. This article studies the Gentiana according to the Iranian traditional and modern medicine.
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Katanić J, Boroja T, Mihailović V, Nikles S, Pan SP, Rosić G, Selaković D, Joksimović J, Mitrović S, Bauer R. In vitro and in vivo assessment of meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) as anti-inflammatory agent. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 193:627-636. [PMID: 27721054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim, Rosaceae) has been traditionally used in most European countries for the treatment of inflammatory diseases due to its antipyretic, analgesic, astringent, and anti-rheumatic properties. However, there is little scientific evidence on F. ulmaria anti-inflammatory effects regarding its impact on cyclooxygenases enzymatic activity and in vivo assessment of anti-inflammatory potential. This study aims to reveal the anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extracts from the aerial parts (FUA) and roots (FUR) of F. ulmaria, both in in vitro and in vivo conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The characteristic phenolic compounds in F. ulmaria extracts were monitored via high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of F. ulmaria extracts was evaluated using cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme assays, and an assay for determining COX-2 gene expression. The in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of F. ulmaria extracts was determined in two doses (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w.) with hot plate test and carrageenan-induced paw edema test in rats. Inflammation was also evaluated by histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS FUA extract showed the presence of rutoside, spiraeoside, and isoquercitrin. Both F. ulmaria extracts at a concentration of 50μg/mL were able to inhibit COX-1 and -2 enzyme activities, whereby FUA extract (62.84% and 46.43% inhibition, respectively) was double as effective as the root extract (32.11% and 20.20%, respectively). Extracts hardly inhibited the level of COX-2 gene expression in THP-1 cells at a concentration of 25μg/mL (10.19% inhibition by FUA and 8.54% by FUR). In the hot plate test, both extracts in two doses (100 and 200mg/kg b.w.), exhibited an increase in latency time when compared with the control group (p<0.05). In the carrageenan-induced acute inflammation test, FUA at doses of 100 and 200mg/kg b.w., and FUR at 200mg/kg, were able to significantly reduce the mean maximal swelling of rat paw until 6h of treatment. Indomethacin, FUA, and FUR extracts significantly decreased inflammation score and this effect was more pronounced after 24h, compared to the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The observed results of in vitro and, for the first time, in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of meadowsweet extracts, provide support of the traditional use of this plant in the treatment of different inflammatory conditions. Further investigation of the anti-inflammatory compounds could reveal the mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of these extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Katanić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Tatjana Boroja
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Mihailović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Stefanie Nikles
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - San-Po Pan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gvozden Rosić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragica Selaković
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jovana Joksimović
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Slobodanka Mitrović
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Filipendula ulmaria extracts attenuate cisplatin-induced liver and kidney oxidative stress in rats: In vivo investigation and LC-MS analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 99:86-102. [PMID: 27871982 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Filipendula ulmaria, known as meadowsweet, is a perennial herb found in wild and cultivated habitats in Europe and Asia. Usage of F. ulmaria in traditional medicine is based on diuretic, astringent, antirheumatic, and anti-inflammatory properties of this plant. Exposure to cisplatin at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg caused significant increase in serum parameters of liver and kidneys function and tissue oxidative stress markers along with some histopathological changes in liver and kidney tissues of experimental rats, as well as high level of genotoxicity. Administration of F. ulmaria extracts in three different concentrations (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day) for 10 days resulted in a reduction of oxidative stress in tissues and decrease of serum parameters. Moreover, tested extracts attenuated the genotoxicity of cisplatin in reverse dose-dependent manner. F. ulmaria extracts had no in vitro cytotoxic activity at all applied concentrations (IC50 > 50 μg/mL). Tested extracts, rich in polyphenolic compounds, attenuate cisplatin-induced liver and kidney oxidative stress, reduce tissue damage, and enhance the antioxidative status of experimental animals during cisplatin application. Therefore, F. ulmaria extracts may be used as supportive agent for the prevention and amelioration of cisplatin side effects.
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Nastasijev B, Milosevic M, Janjic G, Stanic V, Vasic V. Gentiana lutea Extracts and their Constituents as Inhibitors of Synaptosomal Ecto-NTPDase. INT J PHARMACOL 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2016.272.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pan Y, Zhao YL, Zhang J, Li WY, Wang YZ. Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of the GenusGentiana(Gentianaceae). Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:107-50. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201500333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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He YM, Zhu S, Ge YW, Cai SQ, Komatsu K. Secoiridoid glycosides from the root of Gentiana crassicaulis with inhibitory effects against LPS-induced NO and IL-6 production in RAW264 macrophages. J Nat Med 2015; 69:366-74. [PMID: 25894073 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-015-0903-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The root of Gentiana crassicaulis has been widely used for the treatment of rheumatism, arthralgia, apoplexy, jaundice and diabetes in traditional medicines, and contains secoiridoid glycosides as the main active ingredients. In the present study, five new secoiridoid glycosides, 6'-O-β-D-xylopyranosylgentiopicroside (1) and gentiananosides A-D (2-5), together with 11 known ones were isolated from the MeOH extract of dried roots of G. crassicaulis. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic evidence. Of them, gentiananosides A (2) and B (3) were concluded to be novel secoiridoid glycosides with an ether linkage between C-2' of the sugar moiety and C-3 of the aglycone. Compounds 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12-14 exhibited moderate inhibitory effects against lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in RAW264 cells, whereas 2 and 15 exhibited moderate inhibitory effects only against IL-6 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Min He
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Resources, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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The anti-inflammatory secoiridoid glycosides from gentianae scabrae radix: the root and rhizome of Gentiana scabra. J Nat Med 2015; 69:303-12. [PMID: 25750086 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-015-0894-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Gentianae Scabrae Radix is a well-known traditional medicine that is used for the treatment of hepatitis, cholecystitis and inflammatory diseases. It consists mainly of secoiridoid glycosides, with representatives of gentiopicroside, sweroside and swertiamarin. In the present study, a chemical investigation of the CHCl3 extract of Gentianae Scabrae Radix derived from Gentiana scabra Bunge yielded seven new (1-7) and ten known (8-17) secoiridoid glycosides. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses and comparison with literature data. All 17 compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against NO, IL-6 and TNF-α productions induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264 cells. Among them, 8-epi-kingiside derivatives 1-3; kingiside derivatives 4, 5 and 10; and a sweroside derivative 6 showed inhibition activity against IL-6 production with IC50 values of 51.70-61.10 μM, whereas sweroside derivatives 12 and 15-17 and a swertiamarin derivative 13 showed inhibition effects on both NO and IL-6 productions with IC50 values of 64.74-94.95 and 48.91-75.45 μM, respectively. All the compounds exhibited weak inhibitory activity (IC50 > 100 μM) in a TNF-α bioassay. Finally, a primary structure-activity relationship of these secoiridoid glycosides is discussed.
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Elsayed HH, Abd-Elmonem M, Gabr O, Badria FE. Saussurea lappa root extract accelerates the reversion of liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. BENHA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 32:116. [DOI: 10.4103/1110-208x.180324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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