1
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Feng J, Wang Z, Zhanghu M, Zhang X, Shen Y, Yang J, Li Z, Chen B, Wang T, Chen X, Liu Z. Monolithic integrated optoelectronic chip for vector force detection. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:85. [PMID: 38915831 PMCID: PMC11194277 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00712-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Sensors with a small footprint and real-time detection capabilities are crucial in robotic surgery and smart wearable equipment. Reducing device footprint while maintaining its high performance is a major challenge and a significant limitation to their development. Here, we proposed a monolithic integrated micro-scale sensor, which can be used for vector force detection. This sensor combines an optical source, four photodetectors, and a hemispherical silicone elastomer component on the same sapphire-based AlGaInP wafer. The chip-scale optical coupling is achieved by employing the laser lift-off techniques and the flip-chip bonding to a processed sapphire substrate. This hemispherical structure device can detect normal and shear forces as low as 1 mN within a measurement range of 0-220 mN for normal force and 0-15 mN for shear force. After packaging, the sensor is capable of detecting forces over a broader range, with measurement capabilities extending up to 10 N for normal forces and 0.2 N for shear forces. It has an accuracy of detecting a minimum normal force of 25 mN and a minimum shear force of 20 mN. Furthermore, this sensor has been validated to have a compact footprint of approximately 1.5 mm2, while maintaining high real-time response. We also demonstrate its promising potential by combining this sensor with fine surface texture perception in the fields of compact medical robot interaction and wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Feng
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Zhongqi Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhanghu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Yong Shen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Zhibin Li
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Taihong Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
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2
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Gao N, Huang J, Chen Z, Liang Y, Zhang L, Peng Z, Pan C. Biomimetic Ion Channel Regulation for Temperature-Pressure Decoupled Tactile Perception. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2302440. [PMID: 37668280 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The perception of temperature and pressure of skin plays a vital role in joint movement, hand grasp, emotional expression, and self-protection of human. Among many biomimetic materials, ionic gels are uniquely suited to simulate the function of skin due to its ionic transport mechanism. However, both the temperature and pressure sensing are heavily dependent on the changes in ionic conductivity, making it impossible to decouple the temperature and pressure signals. Here, a pressure-insensitive and temperature-modulated ion channel is designed by synergistic strategies for gel skeleton's compact packing and ultra-thin structure, mimicking the function of the temperature ion channel in human skin. This ion-confined gel can completely suppress the pressure response of the temperature sensing layer. Furthermore, a temperature-pressure decoupled ionic sensor is fabricated and it is demonstrated that the ionic sensor can sense complex signals of temperature and pressure. This novel and effective approach has great potential to overcome one of the current barriers in developing ionic skin and extending its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiwei Gao
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and Nano Sensors, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jiaoya Huang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Yegang Liang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Zhengchun Peng
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and Nano Sensors, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Caofeng Pan
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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3
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Du L, Hao H, Ding Y, Gabros A, Mier TCE, Van der Spiegel J, Lucas TH, Aflatouni F, Richardson AG, Allen MG. An implantable, wireless, battery-free system for tactile pressure sensing. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:130. [PMID: 37829157 PMCID: PMC10564885 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The sense of touch is critical to dexterous use of the hands and thus an essential component of efforts to restore hand function after amputation or paralysis. Prosthetic systems have addressed this goal with wearable tactile sensors. However, such wearable sensors are suboptimal for neuroprosthetic systems designed to reanimate a patient's own paralyzed hand. Here, we developed an implantable tactile sensing system intended for subdermal placement. The system is composed of a microfabricated capacitive pressure sensor, a custom integrated circuit supporting wireless powering and data transmission, and a laser-fused hermetic silica package. The miniature device was validated through simulations, benchtop assessment, and testing in a primate hand. The sensor implanted in the fingertip accurately measured applied skin forces with a resolution of 4.3 mN. The output from this novel sensor could be encoded in the brain with microstimulation to provide tactile feedback. More broadly, the materials, system design, and fabrication approach establish new foundational capabilities for various applications of implantable sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Du
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Han Hao
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Yixiao Ding
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Andrew Gabros
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Thomas C. E. Mier
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Jan Van der Spiegel
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Timothy H. Lucas
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biomedical Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Firooz Aflatouni
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Andrew G. Richardson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Mark G. Allen
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
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4
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Xu J, Pan J, Cui T, Zhang S, Yang Y, Ren TL. Recent Progress of Tactile and Force Sensors for Human-Machine Interaction. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1868. [PMID: 36850470 PMCID: PMC9961639 DOI: 10.3390/s23041868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Human-Machine Interface (HMI) plays a key role in the interaction between people and machines, which allows people to easily and intuitively control the machine and immersively experience the virtual world of the meta-universe by virtual reality/augmented reality (VR/AR) technology. Currently, wearable skin-integrated tactile and force sensors are widely used in immersive human-machine interactions due to their ultra-thin, ultra-soft, conformal characteristics. In this paper, the recent progress of tactile and force sensors used in HMI are reviewed, including piezoresistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and other sensors. Then, this paper discusses how to improve the performance of tactile and force sensors for HMI. Next, this paper summarizes the HMI for dexterous robotic manipulation and VR/AR applications. Finally, this paper summarizes and proposes the future development trend of HMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Xu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiong Pan
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianrui Cui
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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5
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Ullah H, Wahab MA, Will G, Karim MR, Pan T, Gao M, Lai D, Lin Y, Miraz MH. Recent Advances in Stretchable and Wearable Capacitive Electrophysiological Sensors for Long-Term Health Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080630. [PMID: 36005025 PMCID: PMC9406032 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several years, wearable electrophysiological sensors with stretchability have received significant research attention because of their capability to continuously monitor electrophysiological signals from the human body with minimal body motion artifacts, long-term tracking, and comfort for real-time health monitoring. Among the four different sensors, i.e., piezoresistive, piezoelectric, iontronic, and capacitive, capacitive sensors are the most advantageous owing to their reusability, high durability, device sterilization ability, and minimum leakage currents between the electrode and the body to reduce the health risk arising from any short circuit. This review focuses on the development of wearable, flexible capacitive sensors for monitoring electrophysiological conditions, including the electrode materials and configuration, the sensing mechanisms, and the fabrication strategies. In addition, several design strategies of flexible/stretchable electrodes, body-to-electrode signal transduction, and measurements have been critically evaluated. We have also highlighted the gaps and opportunities needed for enhancing the suitability and practical applicability of wearable capacitive sensors. Finally, the potential applications, research challenges, and future research directions on stretchable and wearable capacitive sensors are outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadaate Ullah
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Md A. Wahab
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, George St Brisbane, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Will
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, George St Brisbane, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Mohammad R. Karim
- Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM), Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
- K.A. CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taisong Pan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Min Gao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Dakun Lai
- Biomedical Imaging and Electrophysiology Laboratory, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Medico-Engineering Corporation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Mahdi H. Miraz
- School of Computing and Data Science, Xiamen University Malaysia, Bandar Sunsuria, Sepang 43900, Malaysia
- School of Computing, Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, Wrexham Glyndŵr University, Wrexham LL112AW, UK
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6
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Othman W, Lai ZHA, Abril C, Barajas-Gamboa JS, Corcelles R, Kroh M, Qasaimeh MA. Tactile Sensing for Minimally Invasive Surgery: Conventional Methods and Potential Emerging Tactile Technologies. Front Robot AI 2022; 8:705662. [PMID: 35071332 PMCID: PMC8777132 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.705662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As opposed to open surgery procedures, minimally invasive surgery (MIS) utilizes small skin incisions to insert a camera and surgical instruments. MIS has numerous advantages such as reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stay, faster recovery time, and reduced learning curve for surgical trainees. MIS comprises surgical approaches, including laparoscopic surgery, endoscopic surgery, and robotic-assisted surgery. Despite the advantages that MIS provides to patients and surgeons, it remains limited by the lost sense of touch due to the indirect contact with tissues under operation, especially in robotic-assisted surgery. Surgeons, without haptic feedback, could unintentionally apply excessive forces that may cause tissue damage. Therefore, incorporating tactile sensation into MIS tools has become an interesting research topic. Designing, fabricating, and integrating force sensors onto different locations on the surgical tools are currently under development by several companies and research groups. In this context, electrical force sensing modality, including piezoelectric, resistive, and capacitive sensors, is the most conventionally considered approach to measure the grasping force, manipulation force, torque, and tissue compliance. For instance, piezoelectric sensors exhibit high sensitivity and accuracy, but the drawbacks of thermal sensitivity and the inability to detect static loads constrain their adoption in MIS tools. Optical-based tactile sensing is another conventional approach that facilitates electrically passive force sensing compatible with magnetic resonance imaging. Estimations of applied loadings are calculated from the induced changes in the intensity, wavelength, or phase of light transmitted through optical fibers. Nonetheless, new emerging technologies are also evoking a high potential of contributions to the field of smart surgical tools. The recent development of flexible, highly sensitive tactile microfluidic-based sensors has become an emerging field in tactile sensing, which contributed to wearable electronics and smart-skin applications. Another emerging technology is imaging-based tactile sensing that achieved superior multi-axial force measurements by implementing image sensors with high pixel densities and frame rates to track visual changes on a sensing surface. This article aims to review the literature on MIS tactile sensing technologies in terms of working principles, design requirements, and specifications. Moreover, this work highlights and discusses the promising potential of a few emerging technologies towards establishing low-cost, high-performance MIS force sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Othman
- Engineering Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zhi-Han A. Lai
- Engineering Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Carlos Abril
- Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Juan S. Barajas-Gamboa
- Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ricard Corcelles
- Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Main Campus, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Matthew Kroh
- Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad A. Qasaimeh
- Engineering Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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7
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Ye Z, Li Q, Zhang R, Zhang P, Gui L. Fabrication of a thin PDMS film with complex liquid metal electrodes embedded and its application as skin sensors. RSC Adv 2022; 12:8290-8299. [PMID: 35424781 PMCID: PMC8984868 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09394k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultra-thin PDMS films with complex liquid metal patterns embedded. The thickness is as thin as 119 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Renchang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lin Gui
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
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8
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Xiong Y, Han J, Wang Y, Wang ZL, Sun Q. Emerging Iontronic Sensing: Materials, Mechanisms, and Applications. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9867378. [PMID: 36072274 PMCID: PMC9414182 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9867378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Iontronic sensors represent a novel class of soft electronics which not only replicate the biomimetic structures and perception functions of human skin but also simulate the mechanical sensing mechanism. Relying on the similar mechanism with skin perception, the iontronic sensors can achieve ion migration/redistribution in response to external stimuli, promising iontronic sensing to establish more intelligent sensing interface for human-robotic interaction. Here, a comprehensive review on advanced technologies and diversified applications for the exploitation of iontronic sensors toward ionic skins and artificial intelligence is provided. By virtue of the excellent stretchability, high transparency, ultrahigh sensitivity, and mechanical conformality, numerous attempts have been made to explore various novel ionic materials to fabricate iontronic sensors with skin-like perceptive properties, such as self-healing and multimodal sensing. Moreover, to achieve multifunctional artificial skins and intelligent devices, various mechanisms based on iontronics have been investigated to satisfy multiple functions and human interactive experiences. Benefiting from the unique material property, diverse sensing mechanisms, and elaborate device structure, iontronic sensors have demonstrated a variety of applications toward ionic skins and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiong
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Han
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332, USA
| | - Qijun Sun
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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9
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Nguyen TD, Lee JS. Recent Development of Flexible Tactile Sensors and Their Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:s22010050. [PMID: 35009588 PMCID: PMC8747637 DOI: 10.3390/s22010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of society in recent decades, the wearable sensor has attracted attention for motion-based health care and artificial applications. However, there are still many limitations to applying them in real life, particularly the inconvenience that comes from their large size and non-flexible systems. To solve these problems, flexible small-sized sensors that use body motion as a stimulus are studied to directly collect more accurate and diverse signals. In particular, tactile sensors are applied directly on the skin and provide input signals of motion change for the flexible reading device. This review provides information about different types of tactile sensors and their working mechanisms that are piezoresistive, piezocapacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric. Moreover, this review presents not only the applications of the tactile sensor in motion sensing and health care monitoring, but also their contributions in the field of artificial intelligence in recent years. Other applications, such as human behavior studies, are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Seop Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-750-5814; Fax: +82-31-750-5389
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10
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Liu X, Wei Y, Qiu Y. Advanced Flexible Skin-Like Pressure and Strain Sensors for Human Health Monitoring. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:695. [PMID: 34198673 PMCID: PMC8232132 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, owing to their excellent flexibility and adaptability, skin-like pressure and strain sensors integrated with the human body have the potential for great prospects in healthcare. This review mainly focuses on the representative advances of the flexible pressure and strain sensors for health monitoring in recent years. The review consists of five sections. Firstly, we give a brief introduction of flexible skin-like sensors and their primary demands, and we comprehensively outline the two categories of design strategies for flexible sensors. Secondly, combining the typical sensor structures and their applications in human body monitoring, we summarize the recent development of flexible pressure sensors based on perceptual mechanism, the sensing component, elastic substrate, sensitivity and detection range. Thirdly, the main structure principles and performance characteristic parameters of noteworthy flexible strain sensors are summed up, namely the sensing mechanism, sensitive element, substrate, gauge factor, stretchability, and representative applications for human monitoring. Furthermore, the representations of flexible sensors with the favorable biocompatibility and self-driven properties are introduced. Finally, in conclusion, besides continuously researching how to enhance the flexibility and sensitivity of flexible sensors, their biocompatibility, versatility and durability should also be given sufficient attention, especially for implantable bioelectronics. In addition, the discussion emphasizes the challenges and opportunities of the above highlighted characteristics of novel flexible skin-like sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Aeronautical University, Xi’an 710077, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Yuanying Qiu
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
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11
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Xu J, Li R, Xu H, Yang Y, Zhang S, Ren T. Recent progress of continuous intraocular pressure monitoring. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Xu
- Institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Ruisong Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Department of Bioengineering College of Engineering University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Haokai Xu
- Institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Tian‐Ling Ren
- Institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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12
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Jing Q, Pace A, Ives L, Husmann A, Ćatić N, Khanduja V, Cama J, Kar-Narayan S. Aerosol-jet-printed, conformable microfluidic force sensors. CELL REPORTS. PHYSICAL SCIENCE 2021; 2:100386. [PMID: 33928263 PMCID: PMC8063179 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Force sensors that are thin, low-cost, flexible, and compatible with commercial microelectronic chips are of great interest for use in biomedical sensing, precision surgery, and robotics. By leveraging a combination of microfluidics and capacitive sensing, we develop a thin, flexible force sensor that is conformable and robust. The sensor consists of a partially filled microfluidic channel made from a deformable material, with the channel overlaying a series of interdigitated electrodes coated with a thin, insulating polymer layer. When a force is applied to the microfluidic channel reservoir, the fluid is displaced along the channel over the electrodes, thus inducing a capacitance change proportional to the applied force. The microfluidic molds themselves are made of low-cost sacrificial materials deposited via aerosol-jet printing, which is also used to print the electrode layer. We envisage a large range of industrial and biomedical applications for this force sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshen Jing
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Alizée Pace
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Liam Ives
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Anke Husmann
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Nordin Ćatić
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Vikas Khanduja
- Cambridge Young Adult Hip Service, Addenbrooke’s-Cambridge University Hospitals, Box 37, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jehangir Cama
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Harrison Building, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Sohini Kar-Narayan
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
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Chang Y, Wang L, Li R, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Yang J, Guo CF, Pan T. First Decade of Interfacial Iontronic Sensing: From Droplet Sensors to Artificial Skins. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003464. [PMID: 33346388 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, a brand-new pressure- and tactile-sensing modality, known as iontronic sensing has emerged, utilizing the supercapacitive nature of the electrical double layer (EDL) that occurs at the electrolytic-electronic interface, leading to ultrahigh device sensitivity, high noise immunity, high resolution, high spatial definition, optical transparency, and responses to both static and dynamic stimuli, in addition to thin and flexible device architectures. Together, it offers unique combination of enabling features to tackle the grand challenges in pressure- and tactile-sensing applications, in particular, with recent interest and rapid progress in the development of robotic intelligence, electronic skin, wearable health as well as the internet-of-things, from both academic and industrial communities. A historical perspective of the iontronic sensing discovery, an overview of the fundamental working mechanism along with its device architectures, a survey of the unique material aspects and structural designs dedicated, and finally, a discussion of the newly enabled applications, technical challenges, and future outlooks are provided for this promising sensing modality with implementations. The state-of-the-art developments of the iontronic sensing technology in its first decade are summarized, potentially providing a technical roadmap for the next wave of innovations and breakthroughs in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chang
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center (BSIC), Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ruya Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Micro and Nano-Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junlong Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tingrui Pan
- Micro and Nano-Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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14
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Nguyen T, Khine M. Advances in Materials for Soft Stretchable Conductors and Their Behavior under Mechanical Deformation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1454. [PMID: 32610500 PMCID: PMC7408380 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft stretchable sensors rely on polymers that not only withstand large deformations while retaining functionality but also allow for ease of application to couple with the body to capture subtle physiological signals. They have been applied towards motion detection and healthcare monitoring and can be integrated into multifunctional sensing platforms for enhanced human machine interface. Most advances in sensor development, however, have been aimed towards active materials where nearly all approaches rely on a silicone-based substrate for mechanical stability and stretchability. While silicone use has been advantageous in academic settings, conventional silicones cannot offer self-healing capability and can suffer from manufacturing limitations. This review aims to cover recent advances made in polymer materials for soft stretchable conductors. New developments in substrate materials that are compliant and stretchable but also contain self-healing properties and self-adhesive capabilities are desirable for the mechanical improvement of stretchable electronics. We focus on materials for stretchable conductors and explore how mechanical deformation impacts their performance, summarizing active and substrate materials, sensor performance criteria, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Michelle Khine
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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15
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Wasylczyk P, Ozimek F, Tiwari MK, da Cruz L, Bergeles C. Bio-compatible Piezoresistive Pressure Sensing Skin Sleeve for Millimetre-Scale Flexible Robots: Design, Manufacturing and Pitfalls. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:1657-1661. [PMID: 31946214 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8856871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Safe interactions between humans and robots require the robotic arms and/or tools to recognize and react to the surrounding environment via pressure sensing. With small-scale surgical interventions in mind, we have developed a flexible skin with tens of pressure sensing elements, designed to cover a 5mm diameter tool. The prototype uses only biocompatible materials: soft silicones, carbon powder and metal wires. The material performance, sensing element design, manufacturing technology, and the readout electronics are described. Our prototype demonstrates the feasibility of using this technology in various intervention scenarios, from endoscopic navigation to tissue manipulation. We conclude by identifying research directions that maximise the potential of the proposed technology.
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16
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Abstract
Miniaturization of electronic components and advances in flexible and stretchable materials have stimulated the development of wearable health care systems that can reflect and monitor personal health status by health care professionals. New skin-mountable devices that offer seamless contact onto the human skin, even under large deformations by natural motions of the wearer, provide a route for both high-fidelity monitoring and patient-controlled therapy. This article provides an overview of several important aspects of skin-mountable devices and their applications in many medical settings and clinical practices. We comprehensively describe various transdermal sensors and therapeutic systems that are capable of detecting physical, electrophysiological, and electrochemical responses and/or providing electrical and thermal therapies and drug delivery services, and we discuss the current challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives in the field. Finally, we present ways to protect the embedded electronic components of skin-mountable devices from the environment by use of mechanically soft packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kwang Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
| | - Min Ku Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
| | - Chi Hwan Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA; .,School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.,Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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17
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A Flexible Capacitive Pressure Sensor Based on Ionic Liquid. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18072395. [PMID: 30041484 PMCID: PMC6069245 DOI: 10.3390/s18072395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A flexible microfluidic super-capacitive pressure sensor is developed to measure the surface pressure of a complex structure. The innovative sensor contains a filter paper filled with ionic liquid, and coated with two indium tin oxide polyethylene terephthalate (ITO-PET) films on the top and bottom, respectively. When external pressure is applied on the top ITO-PET film of the sensor mounted on the surface of an aircraft, the capacitance between the two ITO-PET films will change because of the deformation of the top ITO-PET film. The external pressure will be determined based on the change of the capacitance. Compared to the traditional pressure sensor, the developed sensor provides a high sensitivity of up to 178.5 nF/KPa and rapid dynamic responses for pressure measurement. Meanwhile, experiments are also conducted to study the influence of the thickness of the sensing film, sensing area, temperature, and humidity.
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18
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Heikenfeld J, Jajack A, Rogers J, Gutruf P, Tian L, Pan T, Li R, Khine M, Kim J, Wang J, Kim J. Wearable sensors: modalities, challenges, and prospects. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:217-248. [PMID: 29182185 PMCID: PMC5771841 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00914c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors have recently seen a large increase in both research and commercialization. However, success in wearable sensors has been a mix of both progress and setbacks. Most of commercial progress has been in smart adaptation of existing mechanical, electrical and optical methods of measuring the body. This adaptation has involved innovations in how to miniaturize sensing technologies, how to make them conformal and flexible, and in the development of companion software that increases the value of the measured data. However, chemical sensing modalities have experienced greater challenges in commercial adoption, especially for non-invasive chemical sensors. There have also been significant challenges in making significant fundamental improvements to existing mechanical, electrical, and optical sensing modalities, especially in improving their specificity of detection. Many of these challenges can be understood by appreciating the body's surface (skin) as more of an information barrier than as an information source. With a deeper understanding of the fundamental challenges faced for wearable sensors and of the state-of-the-art for wearable sensor technology, the roadmap becomes clearer for creating the next generation of innovations and breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Heikenfeld
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Novel Devices Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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Yeo JC, Lim CT. Emerging flexible and wearable physical sensing platforms for healthcare and biomedical applications. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2016; 2:16043. [PMID: 31057833 PMCID: PMC6444731 DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2016.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
There are now numerous emerging flexible and wearable sensing technologies that can perform a myriad of physical and physiological measurements. Rapid advances in developing and implementing such sensors in the last several years have demonstrated the growing significance and potential utility of this unique class of sensing platforms. Applications include wearable consumer electronics, soft robotics, medical prosthetics, electronic skin, and health monitoring. In this review, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of the emerging flexible and wearable sensing platforms for healthcare and biomedical applications. We first introduce the selection of flexible and stretchable materials and the fabrication of sensors based on these materials. We then compare the different solid-state and liquid-state physical sensing platforms and examine the mechanical deformation-based working mechanisms of these sensors. We also highlight some of the exciting applications of flexible and wearable physical sensors in emerging healthcare and biomedical applications, in particular for artificial electronic skins, physiological health monitoring and assessment, and therapeutic and drug delivery. Finally, we conclude this review by offering some insight into the challenges and opportunities facing this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Chuan Yeo
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
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