1
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Xu Z, Sung YS, Tomat E. Design of Tetrazolium Cations for the Release of Antiproliferative Formazan Chelators in Mammalian Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:15197-15206. [PMID: 37410992 PMCID: PMC10521327 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells generally present a higher demand for iron, which plays crucial roles in tumor progression and metastasis. This iron addiction provides opportunities to develop broad spectrum anticancer drugs that target iron metabolism. In this context, prochelation approaches are investigated to release metal-binding compounds under specific conditions, thereby limiting off-target toxicity. Here, we demonstrate a prochelation strategy inspired by the bioreduction of tetrazolium cations widely employed to assess the viability of mammalian cells. We designed a series of tetrazolium-based compounds for the intracellular release of metal-binding formazan ligands. The combination of reduction potentials appropriate for intracellular reduction and an N-pyridyl donor on the formazan scaffold led to two effective prochelators. The reduced formazans bind as tridentate ligands and stabilize low-spin Fe(II) centers in complexes of 2:1 ligand-to-metal stoichiometry. The tetrazolium salts are stable in blood serum for over 24 h, and antiproliferative activities at micromolar levels were recorded in a panel of cancer cell lines. Additional assays confirmed the intracellular activation of the prochelators and their ability to affect cell cycle progression, induce apoptotic death, and interfere with iron availability. Demonstrating the role of iron in their intracellular effects, the prochelators impacted the expression levels of key iron regulators (i.e., transferrin receptor 1 and ferritin), and iron supplementation mitigated their cytotoxicity. Overall, this work introduces the tetrazolium core as a platform to build prochelators that can be tuned for activation in the reducing environment of cancer cells and produce antiproliferative formazan chelators that interfere with cellular iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoufeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson AZ 85721 (USA)
| | - Yu-Shien Sung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson AZ 85721 (USA)
| | - Elisa Tomat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson AZ 85721 (USA)
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2
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Wu W, Sung YS, Tomat E. Thiol-Reactive Arylsulfonate Masks for Phenolate Donors in Antiproliferative Iron Prochelators. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19974-19982. [PMID: 36455205 PMCID: PMC10188280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Tridentate thiosemicarbazones, among several families of iron chelators, have shown promising results in anticancer drug discovery because they target the increased need for iron that characterizes malignant cells. Prochelation strategies, in which the chelator is released under specific conditions, have the potential to avoid off-target metal binding (for instance, in the bloodstream) and minimize unwanted side effects. We report a prochelation approach that employs arylsulfonate esters to mask the phenolate donor of salicylaldehyde-based chelators. The new prochelators liberate a tridentate thiosemicarbazone intracellularly upon reaction with abundant nucleophile glutathione (GSH). A 5-bromo-substituted salicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (STC4) was selected for the chelator unit because of its antiproliferative activity at low micromolar levels in a panel of six cancer cell lines. The arylsulfonate prochelators were assessed in vitro with respect to their stability, ability to abolish metal binding, and reactivity in the presence of GSH. Cell-based assays indicated that the arylsulfonate-masked prochelators present higher antiproliferative activities relative to the parent compound after 24 h. The activation and release of the chelator intracellularly were corroborated by assays of cytosolic iron binding and iron supplementation effects as well as cell cycle analysis. This study introduces the 1,3,4-thiadiazole sulfonate moiety to mask the phenolate donor of an iron chelator and impart good solubility and stability to prochelator constructs. The reactivity of these systems can be tuned to release the chelator at high glutathione levels, as encountered in several cancer phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangbin Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Yu-Shien Sung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Elisa Tomat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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3
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Sung YS, Kerimoglu B, Ooi A, Tomat E. Aroylhydrazone Glycoconjugate Prochelators Exploit Glucose Transporter 1 (GLUT1) to Target Iron in Cancer Cells. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1452-1458. [PMID: 36105345 PMCID: PMC9465708 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugation strategies in anticancer drug discovery exploit the high expression of glucose transporters in malignant cells to achieve preferential uptake and hence attractive pharmacological characteristics of increased therapeutic windows and decreased unwanted toxicity. Here we present the design of glycoconjugated prochelators of aroylhydrazone AH1, an antiproliferative scavenger that targets the increased iron demand of rapidly proliferating malignant cells. The constructs feature a monosaccharide (d-glucose, d-glucosamine, or glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose) connected at the C2 or C6 position via a short linker, which masks the chelator through a disulfide bond susceptible to intracellular reduction. Cellular assays showed that the glycoconjugates rely on the GLUT1 transporter for uptake, lead to intracellular iron deprivation, and present antiproliferative activity. Ectopic overexpression of GLUT1 in malignant and normal cells increased the uptake and toxicity of the glycoconjugated prochelators, demonstrating that these compounds are well suited for targeting cells overexpressing glucose transporters and therefore for selective iron sequestration in malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shien Sung
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Baris Kerimoglu
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel St., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United
States
| | - Aikseng Ooi
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel St., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United
States
| | - Elisa Tomat
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
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4
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Sung YS, Wu W, Ewbank MA, Utterback RD, Marty MT, Tomat E. Albumin Conjugates of Thiosemicarbazone and Imidazole-2-thione Prochelators: Iron Coordination and Antiproliferative Activity. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2764-2768. [PMID: 33974730 PMCID: PMC8448912 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The central role of iron in tumor progression and metastasis motivates the development of iron-binding approaches in cancer chemotherapy. Disulfide-based prochelators are reductively activated upon cellular uptake to liberate thiol chelators responsible for iron sequestration. Herein, a trimethyl thiosemicarbazone moiety and the imidazole-2-thione heterocycle are incorporated in this prochelator design. Iron binding of the corresponding tridentate chelators leads to the stabilization of a low-spin ferric center in 2 : 1 ligand-to-metal complexes. Native mass spectrometry experiments show that the prochelators form stable disulfide conjugates with bovine serum albumin, thus affording novel bioconjugate prochelator systems. Antiproliferative activities at sub-micromolar levels are recorded in a panel of breast, ovarian and colorectal cancer cells, along with significantly lower activity in normal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shien Sung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA
| | - Wangbin Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA
| | - Megan A Ewbank
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA
| | - Rachel D Utterback
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA
| | - Michael T Marty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA
| | - Elisa Tomat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA
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5
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Gaur K, Pérez Otero SC, Benjamín-Rivera JA, Rodríguez I, Loza-Rosas SA, Vázquez Salgado AM, Akam EA, Hernández-Matias L, Sharma RK, Alicea N, Kowaleff M, Washington AV, Astashkin AV, Tomat E, Tinoco AD. Iron Chelator Transmetalative Approach to Inhibit Human Ribonucleotide Reductase. JACS AU 2021; 1:865-878. [PMID: 34240081 PMCID: PMC8243325 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Efforts directed at curtailing the bioavailability of intracellular iron could lead to the development of broad-spectrum anticancer drugs given the metal's role in cancer proliferation and metastasis. Human ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), the key enzyme responsible for synthesizing the building blocks of DNA replication and repair, depends on Fe binding at its R2 subunit to activate the catalytic R1 subunit. This work explores an intracellular iron chelator transmetalative approach to inhibit RNR using the titanium(IV) chemical transferrin mimetic (cTfm) compounds Ti(HBED) and Ti(Deferasirox)2. Whole-cell EPR studies reveal that the compounds can effectively attenuate RNR activity though seemingly causing different changes to the labile iron pool that may account for differences in their potency against cells. Studies of Ti(IV) interactions with the adenosine nucleotide family at pH 7.4 reveal strong metal binding and extensive phosphate hydrolysis, which suggest the capacity of the metal to disturb the nucleotide substrate pool of the RNR enzyme. By decreasing intracellular Fe bioavailability and altering the nucleotide substrate pool, the Ti cTfm compounds could inhibit the activity of the R1 and R2 subunits of RNR. The compounds arrest the cell cycle in the S phase, indicating suppressed DNA replication, and induce apoptotic cell death. Cotreatment cell viability studies with cisplatin and Ti(Deferasirox)2 reveal a promising synergism between the compounds that is likely owed to their distinct but complementary effect on DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Gaur
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico
Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Sofia C. Pérez Otero
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico
Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Josué A. Benjamín-Rivera
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico
Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Israel Rodríguez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico
Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Sergio A. Loza-Rosas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico
Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | | | - Eman A. Akam
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Liz Hernández-Matias
- Department
of Biology, University of Puerto Rico Río
Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Rohit K. Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico
Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Nahiara Alicea
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico
Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Martin Kowaleff
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico
Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Anthony V. Washington
- Department
of Biology, University of Puerto Rico Río
Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Andrei V. Astashkin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Elisa Tomat
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Arthur D. Tinoco
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico
Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
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6
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Astashkin AV, Utterback RD, Sung YS, Tomat E. Iron Complexes of an Antiproliferative Aroyl Hydrazone: Characterization of Three Protonation States by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Methods. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11377-11384. [PMID: 32799490 PMCID: PMC8223696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tridentate aroyl hydrazones are effective metal chelators in biological settings, and their activity has been investigated extensively for medicinal applications in metal overload, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. The aroyl hydrazone motif is found in the recently reported prochelator (AH1-S)2, which has shown antiproliferative proapoptotic activity in mammalian cancer cell lines. Intracellular reduction of this disulfide prochelator leads to the formation of mercaptobenzaldehyde benzoylhydrazone chelator AH1 and to iron sequestration, which in turn impacts cell growth. Herein, we investigate the iron coordination chemistry of AH1 to determine the structural and spectroscopic properties of the iron complexes in the solid state and in solution. A neutral iron(III) complex of 2:1 ligand-to-metal stoichiometry was isolated and characterized fully to reveal two different binding modes for the tridentate AH1 ligand. Specifically, one ligand binds in the monoanionic keto form, whereas the other ligand coordinates as a dianionic enolate. Continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance experiments in frozen solutions indicated that this neutral complex is one of three low-spin iron(III) complexes observed depending on the pH of the solution. Electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) experiments allowed assignment of the three species to different protonation states of the coordinated ligands. Our ESEEM analysis provides a method to distinguish the coordination of aroyl hydrazones in the keto and enolate forms, which influences both the ligand field and overall charge of the complex. As such, this type of analysis could provide valuable information in a variety of studies of iron complexes of aroyl hydrazones, ranging from the investigation of spin-crossover behavior to tracking of their distribution in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V. Astashkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Rachel D. Utterback
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Yu-Shien Sung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Elisa Tomat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ 85721
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7
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Schnetz M, Meier JK, Rehwald C, Mertens C, Urbschat A, Tomat E, Akam EA, Baer P, Roos FC, Brüne B, Jung M. The Disturbed Iron Phenotype of Tumor Cells and Macrophages in Renal Cell Carcinoma Influences Tumor Growth. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030530. [PMID: 32106629 PMCID: PMC7139531 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that iron homeostasis is disturbed in tumors. We aimed at clarifying the distribution of iron in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Considering the pivotal role of macrophages for iron homeostasis and their association with poor clinical outcome, we investigated the role of macrophage-secreted iron for tumor progression by applying a novel chelation approach. We applied flow cytometry and multiplex-immunohistochemistry to detect iron-dependent markers and analyzed iron distribution with atomic absorption spectrometry in patients diagnosed with RCC. We further analyzed the functional significance of iron by applying a novel extracellular chelator using RCC cell lines as well as patient-derived primary cells. The expression of iron-regulated genes was significantly elevated in tumors compared to adjacent healthy tissue. Iron retention was detected in tumor cells, whereas tumor-associated macrophages showed an iron-release phenotype accompanied by enhanced expression of ferroportin. We found increased iron amounts in extracellular fluids, which in turn stimulated tumor cell proliferation and migration. In vitro, macrophage-derived iron showed pro-tumor functions, whereas application of an extracellular chelator blocked these effects. Our study provides new insights in iron distribution and iron-handling in RCC. Chelators that specifically scavenge iron in the extracellular space confirmed the importance of macrophage-secreted iron in promoting tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schnetz
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.S.); (J.K.M.); (C.R.); (C.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Julia K. Meier
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.S.); (J.K.M.); (C.R.); (C.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Claudia Rehwald
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.S.); (J.K.M.); (C.R.); (C.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Christina Mertens
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.S.); (J.K.M.); (C.R.); (C.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Anja Urbschat
- Institute for Biomedicine, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 6, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Elisa Tomat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA; (E.T.); (E.A.A.)
| | - Eman A. Akam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA; (E.T.); (E.A.A.)
| | - Patrick Baer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Frederik C. Roos
- Clinic of Urology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.S.); (J.K.M.); (C.R.); (C.M.); (B.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michaela Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.S.); (J.K.M.); (C.R.); (C.M.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-6301-6931; Fax: +49-69-6301-4203
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8
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Alcaraz R, Muñiz P, Cavia M, Palacios Ó, Samper KG, Gil-García R, Jiménez-Pérez A, García-Tojal J, García-Girón C. Thiosemicarbazone-metal complexes exhibiting cytotoxicity in colon cancer cell lines through oxidative stress. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 206:110993. [PMID: 32088593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.110993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer and has a high incidence in developed countries. At present, specific treatments are being required to allow individualized therapy depending on the molecular alteration on which the drug may act. The aim of this project is to evaluate whether HPTSC and HPTSC* thiosemicarbazones (HPTSC = pyridine-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone and HPTSC* = pyridine-2-carbaldehyde 4N-methylthiosemicarbazone), and their complexes with different transition metal ions as Cu(II), Fe(III) and Co(III), have antitumor activity in colon cancer cells (HT-29 and SW-480), that have different oncogenic characteristics. Cytotoxicity was evaluated and the involvement of oxidative stress in its mechanism of action was analyzed by quantifying the superoxide dismutase activity, redox state by quantification of the thioredoxin levels and reduced/oxidized glutathione rate and biomolecules damage. The apoptotic effect was evaluated by measurements of the levels of caspase 9 and 3 and the index of histones. All the metal-thiosemicarbazones have antitumor activity mediated by oxidative stress. The HPTSC*-Cu was the compound that showed the best antitumor and apoptotic characteristics for the cell line SW480, that is KRAS gene mutated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Alcaraz
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Avd Islas Baleares, 3, 09006 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Pilar Muñiz
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Mónica Cavia
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Óscar Palacios
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katia G Samper
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Gil-García
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlos García-Girón
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Avd Islas Baleares, 3, 09006 Burgos, Spain
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9
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Genetic Disorders Associated with Metal Metabolism. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121598. [PMID: 31835360 PMCID: PMC6952812 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic disorders associated with metal metabolism form a large group of disorders and mostly result from defects in the proteins/enzymes involved in nutrient metabolism and energy production. These defects can affect different metabolic pathways and cause mild to severe disorders related to metal metabolism. Some disorders have moderate to severe clinical consequences. In severe cases, these elements accumulate in different tissues and organs, particularly the brain. As they are toxic and interfere with normal biological functions, the severity of the disorder increases. However, the human body requires a very small amount of these elements, and a deficiency of or increase in these elements can cause different genetic disorders to occur. Some of the metals discussed in the present review are copper, iron, manganese, zinc, and selenium. These elements may play a key role in the pathology and physiology of the nervous system.
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10
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Mora J, Mertens C, Meier JK, Fuhrmann DC, Brüne B, Jung M. Strategies to Interfere with Tumor Metabolism through the Interplay of Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050445. [PMID: 31083487 PMCID: PMC6563030 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory tumor microenvironment is an important regulator of carcinogenesis. Tumor-infiltrating immune cells promote each step of tumor development, exerting crucial functions from initiation, early neovascularization, to metastasis. During tumor outgrowth, tumor-associated immune cells, including myeloid cells and lymphocytes, acquire a tumor-supportive, anti-inflammatory phenotype due to their interaction with tumor cells. Microenvironmental cues such as inflammation and hypoxia are mainly responsible for creating a tumor-supportive niche. Moreover, it is becoming apparent that the availability of iron within the tumor not only affects tumor growth and survival, but also the polarization of infiltrating immune cells. The interaction of tumor cells and infiltrating immune cells is multifaceted and complex, finally leading to different activation phenotypes of infiltrating immune cells regarding their functional heterogeneity and plasticity. In recent years, it was discovered that these phenotypes are mainly implicated in defining tumor outcome. Here, we discuss the role of the metabolic activation of both tumor cells and infiltrating immune cells in order to adapt their metabolism during tumor growth. Additionally, we address the role of iron availability and the hypoxic conditioning of the tumor with regard to tumor growth and we describe the relevance of therapeutic strategies to target such metabolic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Mora
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Christina Mertens
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Julia K Meier
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Dominik C Fuhrmann
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Germany.
- Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Michaela Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
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11
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Jung M, Mertens C, Tomat E, Brüne B. Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020273. [PMID: 30641920 PMCID: PMC6359419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for virtually all organisms. On the one hand, it facilitates cell proliferation and growth. On the other hand, iron may be detrimental due to its redox abilities, thereby contributing to free radical formation, which in turn may provoke oxidative stress and DNA damage. Iron also plays a crucial role in tumor progression and metastasis due to its major function in tumor cell survival and reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, pathways of iron acquisition, export, and storage are often perturbed in cancers, suggesting that targeting iron metabolic pathways might represent opportunities towards innovative approaches in cancer treatment. Recent evidence points to a crucial role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) as a source of iron within the tumor microenvironment, implying that specifically targeting the TAM iron pool might add to the efficacy of tumor therapy. Here, we provide a brief summary of tumor cell iron metabolism and updated molecular mechanisms that regulate cellular and systemic iron homeostasis with regard to the development of cancer. Since iron adds to shaping major hallmarks of cancer, we emphasize innovative therapeutic strategies to address the iron pool of tumor cells or cells of the tumor microenvironment for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Christina Mertens
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Elisa Tomat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA.
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
- Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany.
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12
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Gaur K, Vázquez-Salgado A, Duran-Camacho G, Dominguez-Martinez I, Benjamín-Rivera J, Fernández-Vega L, Carmona Sarabia L, Cruz García A, Pérez-Deliz F, Méndez Román J, Vega-Cartagena M, Loza-Rosas S, Rodriguez Acevedo X, Tinoco A. Iron and Copper Intracellular Chelation as an Anticancer Drug Strategy. INORGANICS 2018. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics6040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A very promising direction in the development of anticancer drugs is inhibiting the molecular pathways that keep cancer cells alive and able to metastasize. Copper and iron are two essential metals that play significant roles in the rapid proliferation of cancer cells and several chelators have been studied to suppress the bioavailability of these metals in the cells. This review discusses the major contributions that Cu and Fe play in the progression and spreading of cancer and evaluates select Cu and Fe chelators that demonstrate great promise as anticancer drugs. Efforts to improve the cellular delivery, efficacy, and tumor responsiveness of these chelators are also presented including a transmetallation strategy for dual targeting of Cu and Fe. To elucidate the effectiveness and specificity of Cu and Fe chelators for treating cancer, analytical tools are described for measuring Cu and Fe levels and for tracking the metals in cells, tissue, and the body.
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13
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Gaur K, Vázquez-Salgado AM, Duran-Camacho G, Dominguez-Martinez I, Benjamín-Rivera JA, Fernández-Vega L, Sarabia LC, García AC, Pérez-Deliz F, Méndez Román JA, Vega-Cartagena M, Loza-Rosas SA, Acevedo XR, Tinoco AD. Iron and Copper Intracellular Chelation as an Anticancer Drug Strategy. INORGANICS 2018; 6:126. [PMID: 33912613 PMCID: PMC8078164 DOI: 10.3390/inorganics6040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A very promising direction in the development of anticancer drugs is inhibiting the molecular pathways that keep cancer cells alive and able to metastasize. Copper and iron are two essential metals that play significant roles in the rapid proliferation of cancer cells and several chelators have been studied to suppress the bioavailability of these metals in the cells. This review discusses the major contributions that Cu and Fe play in the progression and spreading of cancer and evaluates select Cu and Fe chelators that demonstrate great promise as anticancer drugs. Efforts to improve the cellular delivery, efficacy, and tumor responsiveness of these chelators are also presented including a transmetallation strategy for dual targeting of Cu and Fe. To elucidate the effectiveness and specificity of Cu and Fe chelators for treating cancer, analytical tools are described for measuring Cu and Fe levels and for tracking the metals in cells, tissue, and the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Gaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA
| | | | - Geraldo Duran-Camacho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA
| | | | - Josué A Benjamín-Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA
| | - Lauren Fernández-Vega
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA
| | - Lesly Carmona Sarabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA
| | - Angelys Cruz García
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA
| | - Felipe Pérez-Deliz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA
| | - José A Méndez Román
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA
| | - Melissa Vega-Cartagena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA
| | - Sergio A Loza-Rosas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA
| | | | - Arthur D Tinoco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA
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14
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Saxena M, Loza-Rosas SA, Gaur K, Sharma S, Pérez Otero SC, Tinoco AD. Exploring titanium(IV) chemical proximity to iron(III) to elucidate a function for Ti(IV) in the human body. Coord Chem Rev 2018; 363:109-125. [PMID: 30270932 PMCID: PMC6159949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite its natural abundance and widespread use as food, paint additive, and in bone implants, no specific biological function of titanium is known in the human body. High concentrations of Ti(IV) could result in cellular toxicity, however, the absence of Ti toxicity in the blood of patients with titanium bone implants indicates the presence of one or more biological mechanisms to mitigate toxicity. Similar to Fe(III), Ti(IV) in blood binds to the iron transport protein serum transferrin (sTf), which gives credence to the possibility of its cellular uptake mechanism by transferrin-directed endocytosis. However, once inside the cell, how sTf bound Ti(IV) is released into the cytoplasm, utilized, or stored remain largely unknown. To explain the molecular mechanisms involved in Ti use in cells we have drawn parallels with those for Fe(III). Based on its chemical similarities with Fe(III), we compare the biological coordination chemistry of Fe(III) and Ti(IV) and hypothesize that Ti(IV) can bind to similar intracellular biomolecules. The comparable ligand affinity profiles suggest that at high Ti(IV) concentrations, Ti(IV) could compete with Fe(III) to bind to biomolecules and would inhibit Fe bioavailability. At the typical Ti concentrations in the body, Ti might exist as a labile pool of Ti(IV) in cells, similar to Fe. Ti could exhibit different types of properties that would determine its cellular functions. We predict some of these functions to mimic those of Fe in the cell and others to be specific to Ti. Bone and cellular speciation and localization studies hint toward various intracellular targets of Ti like phosphoproteins, DNA, ribonucleotide reductase, and ferritin. However, to decipher the exact mechanisms of how Ti might mediate these roles, development of innovative and more sensitive methods are required to track this difficult to trace metal in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Sergio A. Loza-Rosas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Kavita Gaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Sofia C. Pérez Otero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Arthur D. Tinoco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931
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15
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Akam EA, Utterback RD, Marcero JR, Dailey HA, Tomat E. Disulfide-masked iron prochelators: Effects on cell death, proliferation, and hemoglobin production. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 180:186-193. [PMID: 29324291 PMCID: PMC5956897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The iron metabolism of malignant cells, which is altered to ensure higher acquisition and utilization, motivates the investigation of iron chelation strategies in cancer treatment. In a prochelation approach aimed at increasing intracellular specificity, disulfide reduction/activation switches are incorporated on iron-binding scaffolds resulting in intracellularly activated scavengers. Herein, this strategy is applied to several tridentate donor sets including thiosemicarbazones, aroylhydrazones and semicarbazones. The novel prochelator systems are antiproliferative in breast adenocarcinoma cell lines (MCF-7 and metastatic MDA-MB-231) and do not result in the intracellular generation of oxidative stress. Consistent with iron deprivation, the tested prochelators lead to cell-cycle arrest at the G1/S interface and induction of apoptosis. Notably, although hemoglobin-synthesizing blood cells have the highest iron need in the human body, no significant impact on hemoglobin production was observed in the MEL (murine erythroleukemia) model of differentiating erythroid cells. This study provides new information on the intracellular effects of disulfide-based prochelators and indicates aroylhydrazone (AH1-S)2 as a promising prototype of a new class of antiproliferative prochelator systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Akam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, United States
| | - R D Utterback
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, United States
| | - J R Marcero
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, United States
| | - H A Dailey
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, United States
| | - E Tomat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, United States.
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16
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Wang Q, Franz KJ. The hydrolytic susceptibility of prochelator BSIH in aqueous solutions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4165-4170. [PMID: 28734582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The prochelator BSIH ((E)-N'-(2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide) contains a boronate group that prevents metal coordination until reaction with peroxide releases the iron chelator SIH ((E)-N'-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide). BSIH exists in aqueous buffer and cell culture media in equilibrium with its hydrolysis products isoniazid and (2-formylphenyl)boronic acid (FBA). The relative concentrations of these species limit the yield of intact SIH available for targeted iron chelation. While the hydrolysis fragments are nontoxic to retinal pigment epithelial cells, these results suggest that modifications to BSIH that improve its hydrolytic stability yet maintain its low inherent cytotoxicity are desirable for creating more efficient prochelators for protection against cellular oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, 124 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Katherine J Franz
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, 124 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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17
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Lipocalin-2 and iron trafficking in the tumor microenvironment. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:146-156. [PMID: 28342790 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for virtually all organisms. It facilitates cell proliferation and growth but also contributes to major hallmarks of cancer such as tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. Often, iron handling of tumor cells is disturbed, with altered iron acquisition, efflux, and storage. Targeting perturbed iron metabolic pathways might open opportunities towards novel approaches in cancer treatment. It is becoming clear that cells of the tumor microenvironment such as macrophages contribute to tumor progression. Since macrophages evolved a multitude of mechanisms to sequester, transport, store, and release iron it can be speculated that tumor cells educate them to supply iron to support tumor growth. Recent evidence supports the existence of transferrin-independent iron transport mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment, which points to local iron transport proteins such as lipocalin-2 and/or low molecular weight iron-trafficking substances such as siderophores. We hypothesize that tumor cells educate immune cells, i.e. macrophages in their neighborhood to make them delivering iron for the benefit of cancer progression. In particular, we pay attention to recent developments, pointing to lipocalin-2 and siderophores as alternative iron transport molecules in the tumor microenvironment.
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18
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Weekley CM, He C. Developing drugs targeting transition metal homeostasis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 37:26-32. [PMID: 28040658 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Metal dyshomeostasis is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of diseases including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Metal chelators and ionophores are well known modulators of transition metal homeostasis, and a number of these molecules are in clinical trials. Metal-binding compounds are not the only drugs capable of targeting transition metal homeostasis. This review presents recent highlights in the development of chelators and ionophores for the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative disease. Moreover, we discuss the development of small molecules that alter copper and iron homeostasis by inhibiting metal transport proteins. Finally, we consider the emergence of metal regulatory factor 1 as a drug target in diseases where it mediates zinc-induced signalling cascades leading to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Weekley
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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19
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Intracellular Iron Chelation Modulates the Macrophage Iron Phenotype with Consequences on Tumor Progression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166164. [PMID: 27806101 PMCID: PMC5091876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that macrophage polarization dictates the expression of iron-regulated genes. Polarization towards iron sequestration depletes the microenvironment, whereby extracellular pathogen growth is limited and inflammation is fostered. In contrast, iron release contributes to cell proliferation, which is important for tissue regeneration. Moreover, macrophages constitute a major component of the infiltrates in most solid tumors. Considering the pivotal role of macrophages for iron homeostasis and their presence in association with poor clinical prognosis in tumors, we approached the possibility to target macrophages with intracellular iron chelators. Analyzing the expression of iron-regulated genes at mRNA and protein level in primary human macrophages, we found that the iron-release phenotype is a characteristic of polarized macrophages that, in turn, stimulate tumor cell growth and progression. The application of the intracellular iron chelator (TC3-S)2 shifted the macrophage phenotype from iron release towards sequestration, as determined by the iron-gene profile and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Moreover, whereas the addition of macrophage supernatants to tumor cells induced tumor growth and metastatic behavior, the supernatant of chelator-treated macrophages reversed this effect. Iron chelators demonstrated potent anti-neoplastic properties in a number of cancers, both in cell culture and in clinical trials. Our results suggest that iron chelation could affect not only cancer cells but also the tumor microenvironment by altering the iron-release phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). The study of iron chelators in conjunction with the effect of TAMs on tumor growth could lead to an improved understanding of the role of iron in cancer biology and to novel therapeutic avenues for iron chelation approaches.
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20
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Weber G. Electrochemistry Coupled to Mass Spectrometry for Investigating Oxidative Metabolism of Pt-Based Drug Conjugates: A Novel Approach. Metallomics 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527694907.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Günther Weber
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V.; Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b 44227 Dortmund Germany
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21
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Akam EA, Tomat E. Targeting Iron in Colon Cancer via Glycoconjugation of Thiosemicarbazone Prochelators. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1807-12. [PMID: 27471913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The implication of iron in the pathophysiology of colorectal cancer is documented at both the biochemical and epidemiological levels. Iron chelators are therefore useful molecular tools for the study and potential treatment of this type of cancer characterized by high incidence and mortality rates. We report a novel prochelation strategy that utilizes a disulfide redox switch to connect a thiosemicarbazone iron-binding unit with carbohydrate moieties targeting the increased expression of glucose transporters in colorectal cancer cells. We synthesized three glycoconjugates (GA2TC4, G6TC4, and M6TC4) with different connectivity and/or carbohydrate moieties, as well as an aglycone analog (ATC4). The sugar conjugates present increased solubility in neutral aqueous solutions, and the ester-linked conjugates M6TC4 and G6TC4 compete as effectively as d-glucose for transporter-mediated cellular uptake. The glycoconjugates show improved selectivity compared to the aglycone analog and are 6-11 times more toxic in Caco-2 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells than in normal CCD18-co colon fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A Akam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona , 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Elisa Tomat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona , 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
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22
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Oliveri V, Vecchio G. Prochelator strategies for site-selective activation of metal chelators. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 162:31-43. [PMID: 27297691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metal dyshomeostasis has been involved in the etiology of a host of pathologies such as Wilson's, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, transfusion-related iron overload diseases and cancer. Although metal chelating agents represent a necessary therapeutic strategy in metal overload diseases, long-term use of strong chelators that are not selective, can be anticipated perturbing normal physiological functions of essential metal-requiring biomolecules. In this context, the last decade has seen a growing interest in the development of molecules, referred to as "prochelators", that have little affinity for metal ions until they are activated in response to specific stimuli. Here, we present the main strategies applied to develop safe prochelators and focus on chosen examples to provide an overview of this field to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Oliveri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici, C.I.R.C.M.S.B., Unità di Ricerca di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Graziella Vecchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici, C.I.R.C.M.S.B., Unità di Ricerca di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Gautam R, Akam EA, Astashkin AV, Loughrey JJ, Tomat E. Sirtuin inhibitor sirtinol is an intracellular iron chelator. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:5104-7. [PMID: 25715179 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00829h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sirtinol is a known inhibitor of sirtuin proteins, a family of deacetylases involved in the pathophysiology of aging. Spectroscopic and structural data reveal that this compound is also an iron chelator forming high-spin ferric species in vitro and in cultured leukemia cells. Interactions with the highly regulated iron pool therefore contribute to its overall intracellular agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gautam
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson AZ 85721, USA.
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24
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Zabel R, Weber G. Comparative study of the oxidation behavior of sulfur-containing amino acids and glutathione by electrochemistry-mass spectrometry in the presence and absence of cisplatin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:1237-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Sirtinol, a Schiff base derived from 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, is an inhibitor of sirtuin proteins, a family of deacetylases active in gene regulation and relevant to the study of cancer growth. The formation of copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes of sirtinol is investigated by spectroscopic and structural methods. The molecular structure of this protein inhibitor allows for coordination of first-row transition metals in both tridentate and bidentate fashion. In addition, assays in cultured breast cancer cells reveal that CuII(sirtinol-H)2 and previously reported FeIII(sirtinol-H)(NO3)2 present enhanced cytotoxicity when compared to the free ligand, and that the ferric complex causes an increase in intracellular oxidative stress. Transition metal coordination in the biological milieu could therefore contribute additional effects to the biological profile of sirtinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A Akam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ, USA
| | - Ritika Gautam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ, USA
| | - Elisa Tomat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ, USA
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