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Xiong J, Xue EY, Ng DKP. Synthesis, Cellular Uptake, and Photodynamic Activity of Oligogalactosyl Zinc(II) Phthalocyanines. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200285. [PMID: 36229229 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of di-α-substituted zinc(II) phthalocyanines with different number of galactose moieties, ranging from 1 to 8, namely Pc-galn (n=1, 2, 4, and 8) were designed and synthesized. The synthesis involved the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction of a mono- or dialkynyl zinc(II) phthalocyanine with an acetyl-protected galactosyl azide or its dendritic derivative with four acetyl-protected galactosyl groups, followed by removal of the acetyl protecting groups via alkaline hydrolysis. In N,N-dimethylformamide, these oligogalactosyl phthalocyanines were non-aggregated as shown by the strong Q-band absorption and fluorescence emission. Owing to the di-α-substitution, they also behaved as efficient singlet oxygen generators upon light irradiation with a singlet oxygen quantum yield of 0.84. The spectroscopic and photophysical properties were not affected by the number of galactosyl units. In contrast, the compounds became significantly aggregated and quenched in phosphate-buffered saline. Their cellular uptake was then studied using a range of cell lines, which generally followed the order Pc-gal1 >Pc-gal2 ≈Pc-gal4 >Pc-gal8 . Interestingly, the di-galactosyl analogue exhibited selective uptake against HeLa human cervical carcinoma cells through an energy-dependent pathway instead of the expected asialoglycoprotein receptor. Upon light irradiation, it could effectively kill the cells with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.58 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlong Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Evelyn Y Xue
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Dennis K P Ng
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, P. R. China
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Annunziata A, Imbimbo P, Cucciolito ME, Ferraro G, Langellotti V, Marano A, Melchiorre M, Tito G, Trifuoggi M, Monti DM, Merlino A, Ruffo F. Impact of Hydrophobic Chains in Five-Coordinate Glucoconjugate Pt(II) Anticancer Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36768690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes new platinum(II) cationic five-coordinate complexes (1-R,R') of the formula [PtR(NHC)(dmphen)(ethene)]CF3SO3 (dmphen = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline), containing in their axial positions an alkyl group R (methyl or octyl) and an imidazole-based NHC-carbene ligand with a substituent R' of variable length (methyl or octyl) on one nitrogen atom. The Pt-carbene bond is stable both in DMSO and in aqueous solvents. In DMSO, a gradual substitution of dmphen and ethene is observed, with the formation of a square planar solvated species. Octanol/water partitioning studies have revealed the order of hydrophobicity of the complexes (1-Oct,Me > 1-Oct,Oct > 1-Me,Oct > 1-Me,Me). Their biological activity was investigated against two pairs of cancer and non-cancer cell lines. The tested drugs were internalized in cancer cells and able to activate the apoptotic pathway. The reactivity of 1-Me,Me with DNA and protein model systems was also studied using UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence, and X-ray crystallography. The compound binds DNA and interacts in various ways with the model protein lysozyme. Remarkably, structural data revealed that the complex can bind lysozyme via non-covalent interactions, retaining its five-coordinate geometry.
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Sung YS, Kerimoglu B, Ooi A, Tomat E. Aroylhydrazone Glycoconjugate Prochelators Exploit Glucose Transporter 1 (GLUT1) to Target Iron in Cancer Cells. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1452-1458. [PMID: 36105345 PMCID: PMC9465708 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugation strategies in anticancer drug discovery exploit the high expression of glucose transporters in malignant cells to achieve preferential uptake and hence attractive pharmacological characteristics of increased therapeutic windows and decreased unwanted toxicity. Here we present the design of glycoconjugated prochelators of aroylhydrazone AH1, an antiproliferative scavenger that targets the increased iron demand of rapidly proliferating malignant cells. The constructs feature a monosaccharide (d-glucose, d-glucosamine, or glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose) connected at the C2 or C6 position via a short linker, which masks the chelator through a disulfide bond susceptible to intracellular reduction. Cellular assays showed that the glycoconjugates rely on the GLUT1 transporter for uptake, lead to intracellular iron deprivation, and present antiproliferative activity. Ectopic overexpression of GLUT1 in malignant and normal cells increased the uptake and toxicity of the glycoconjugated prochelators, demonstrating that these compounds are well suited for targeting cells overexpressing glucose transporters and therefore for selective iron sequestration in malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shien Sung
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Baris Kerimoglu
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel St., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United
States
| | - Aikseng Ooi
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel St., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United
States
| | - Elisa Tomat
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
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Kurbangalieva A, Zamalieva R, Nasibullin I, Yamada K, Tanaka K. Homo- and Heterogeneous Glycoconjugates on the Basis of N-Glycans and Human Serum Albumin: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. Molecules 2022; 27:1285. [PMID: 35209074 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neoglycoconjugates mimicking natural compounds and possessing a variety of biological functions are very successful tools for researchers to understand the general mechanisms of many biological processes in living organisms. These substances are characterized by high biotolerance and specificity, with low toxicity. Due to the difficult isolation of individual glycoclusters from biological objects, special interest has been directed toward synthetic analogs. This review is mainly focused on the one-pot, double-click methodology (containing alkyne–azide click cycloaddition with the following 6π-azaelectrocyclization reactions) used in the synthesis of N-glycoconjugates. Homogeneous (including one type of biantennary N-glycan fragments) and heterogeneous (containing two to four types of biantennary N-glycan fragments) glycoclusters on albumin were synthesized via this strategy. A series of cell-, tissue- and animal-based experiments proved glycoclusters to be a very promising class of targeted delivery systems. Depending on the oligosaccharide units combined in the cluster, their amount, and arrangement relative to one another, conjugates can recognize various cells, including cancer cells, with high selectivity. These results open new perspectives for affected tissue visualization and treatment.
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Annunziata A, Liberti D, Bedini E, Cucciolito ME, Loreto D, Monti DM, Merlino A, Ruffo F. Square-Planar vs. Trigonal Bipyramidal Geometry in Pt(II) Complexes Containing Triazole-Based Glucose Ligands as Potential Anticancer Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168704. [PMID: 34445409 PMCID: PMC8395886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the synthesis, characterization, and biological activity of novel square-planar cationic platinum(II) complexes containing glucoconjugated triazole ligands and a comparison with the results obtained from the corresponding five-coordinate complexes bearing the same triazole ligands. Stability in solution, reactivity with DNA and small molecules of the new compounds were evaluated by NMR, fluorescence, and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, together with their cytotoxic action against pairs of immortalized and tumorigenic cell lines. The results show that the square-planar species exhibit greater stability than the corresponding five-coordinate ones. Furthermore, although the square-planar complexes are less cytotoxic than the latter ones, they exhibit a certain selectivity. These results simultaneously demonstrate that overall stability is a fundamental prerequisite for preserving the performance of the agents and that coordinative saturation constitutes a point in favor of their biological action.
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Hannß M, Hubbe N, Henle T. Acid-Induced Gelation of Caseins Glycated with Lactose: Impact of Maillard Reaction-Based Glycoconjugation and Protein Cross-Linking. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:11477-11485. [PMID: 30295020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During food processing or storage, milk proteins can react with reducing sugars via the Maillard reaction (glycation), which may alter their techno-functional properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between molecular changes of casein occurring during different stages of the Maillard reaction and its acid-induced gelling properties. Therefore, sodium caseinate was heated in a dry state at 60 °C in the presence of lactose and analyzed for structural modifications by determining Amadori compounds (glycoconjugation) indirectly as furosine, the total lysine modification, and the extent of protein cross-linking. For techno-functional characterization, acid-induced gels were prepared by the addition of glucono-δ-lactone and evaluated by measuring pH kinetics during gel formation, gel strength, and water holding capacity. The time to reach pH 4.6 during the gelation process was significantly delayed with increasing extent of the Maillard reaction. Glycation with lactose also led to a significant increase in gel strength and water holding capacity. The increase in gel stability was rather independent from the amount of sugars covalently bound to the proteins during the early phase of the Maillard reaction but strongly correlated to the degree of protein polymerization. Small- and medium-sized casein oligomers, formed during advanced stages of the Maillard reaction, contributed considerably to the formation of stronger gels with higher water holding capacity, whereas a sharp increase in the relative amount of the polymer fraction observed during prolonged cross-linking processes caused a spontaneous destabilization of the gel network. Knowledge about structure-function relationships on a molecular level can provide useful information to control food texture by raw material quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Hannß
- Chair of Food Chemistry , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Natalie Hubbe
- Chair of Food Chemistry , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Thomas Henle
- Chair of Food Chemistry , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
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Calvaresi EC, Granchi C, Tuccinardi T, Di Bussolo V, Huigens RW, Lee HY, Palchaudhuri R, Macchia M, Martinelli A, Minutolo F, Hergenrother PJ. Dual targeting of the Warburg effect with a glucose-conjugated lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor. Chembiochem 2013; 14:2263-7. [PMID: 24174263 PMCID: PMC3919968 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Effective glucose diet: We report the development and activity of glucose-conjugated LDH-A inhibitors designed for dual targeting of the Warburg effect (elevated glucose uptake and glycolysis) in cancer cells. Glycoconjugation could be applied to inhibitors of many enzymes involved in glycolysis or tumor metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia C. Calvaresi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Carlotta Granchi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6,
56126 Pisa (Italy)
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6,
56126 Pisa (Italy)
| | - Valeria Di Bussolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6,
56126 Pisa (Italy)
| | - Robert W. Huigens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Hyang Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Rahul Palchaudhuri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Marco Macchia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6,
56126 Pisa (Italy)
| | - Adriano Martinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6,
56126 Pisa (Italy)
| | - Filippo Minutolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6,
56126 Pisa (Italy)
| | - Paul J. Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
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Sardzík R, Noble GT, Weissenborn MJ, Martin A, Webb SJ, Flitsch SL. Preparation of aminoethyl glycosides for glycoconjugation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2010; 6:699-703. [PMID: 20978609 PMCID: PMC2956404 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.6.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of a number of aminoethyl glycosides of cell-surface carbohydrates, which are important intermediates for glycoarray synthesis, is described. A set of protocols was developed which provide these intermediates, in a short number of steps, from commercially available starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sardzík
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre & School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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