1
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Ackermann MT, Szlosek R, Riesinger C, Seidl M, Timoshkin AY, Rivard E, Scheer M. NHC-Stabilized Mixed Group 13/14/15 Element Hydrides. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303680. [PMID: 38009601 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The syntheses of novel N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) adducts of group 13, 14 and 15 element hydrides are reported. Salt metathesis reactions between NaPH2 and IDipp ⋅ GeH2 BH2 OTf (1) (IDipp=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) led to mixtures of the two isomers IDipp ⋅ GeH2 BH2 PH2 (2 a) and IDipp ⋅ BH2 GeH2 PH2 (2 b); by altering the reaction conditions an almost exclusive formation of 2 b was achieved. Attempts to purify mixtures of 2 a and 2 b by re-crystallization from THF afforded a salt [IDipp ⋅ GeH2 BH2 ⋅ IDipp][PHGeH2 BH2 PH2 BH2 GeH2 ] (4) that contains the novel anionic cyclohexyl-like inorganic heterocycle [PHGeH2 BH2 PH2 BH2 GeH2 ]- . In addition, the borane adducts IDipp ⋅ GeH2 BH2 PH2 BH3 (3 a) and IDipp ⋅ BH2 GeH2 PH2 BH3 (3 b) as even longer chain compounds were obtained from reactions of 2 a/2 b with H3 B ⋅ SMe2 and were studied by NMR spectroscopy. Accompanying DFT computations give insight into the mechanism and energetics associated with 2 a/2 b isomerization as well as their decomposition pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias T Ackermann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Szlosek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Riesinger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institute of General and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Slynchuk V, Schedel C, Scheele M, Schnepf A. Stabilization of Colloidal Germanium Nanoparticles: From the Study to the Prospects of the Application in Thin-Film Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15948. [PMID: 37958931 PMCID: PMC10649905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the stabilization of halide-terminated Ge nanoparticles prepared via a disproportionation reaction of metastable Ge(I)X solutions with well-defined size distribution. Further tailoring of the stability of the Ge nanoparticles was achieved using variations in the substituent. Ge nanoparticles obtained in this way are readily dispersed in organic solvents, long-term colloidally stable, and are perfect prerequisites for thin-film preparation. This gives these nanomaterials a future in surface-dependent optical applications, as shown for the halide-terminated nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Slynchuk
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Christine Schedel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany (M.S.)
| | - Marcus Scheele
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany (M.S.)
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
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3
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Ackermann MT, Seidl M, Grande R, Zhou Y, Ferguson MJ, Timoshkin AY, Rivard E, Scheer M. A convenient route to mixed cationic group 13/14/15 compounds. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2313-2317. [PMID: 36873855 PMCID: PMC9977462 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06594k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of novel cationic mixed main group compounds is reported revealing a chain composed of different elements of group 13, 14, and 15. Reactions of different pnictogenylboranes R2EBH2·NMe3 (E = P, R = Ph, H; E = As, R = Ph, H) with the NHC-stabilized compound IDipp·GeH2BH2OTf (1) (IDipp = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazole-2-ylidene) were carried out, yielding the novel cationic, mixed group 13/14/15 compounds [IDipp·GeH2BH2ER2BH2·NMe3]+ (2a E = P; R = Ph; 2b E = As; R = Ph; 3a E = P; R = H; 3b E = As; R = H) by the nucleophilic substitution of the triflate (OTf) group. The products were analysed by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry and for 2a and 2b also by X-ray structure analysis. Further reactions of 1 with H2EBH2·IDipp (E = P, As) resulted in the unprecedented parent complexes [IDipp·GeH2BH2EH2BH2·IDipp][OTf] (5a E = P; 5b E = As), which were studied by X-ray structure analysis, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Accompanying DFT computations give insight into the stability of the formed products with respect to their decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias T Ackermann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institute of General and Theoretical Chemistry, Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Riccardo Grande
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University Universitetskaya emb. 7/9 199034 St Petersburg Russia
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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4
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Bykowski J, Sinclair J, Trach J, Ferguson MJ, Rivard E. Molecular Sn(II) precursors for room temperature deposition of crystalline elemental tin. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1602-1607. [PMID: 36645418 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt04028j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We report mild routes for the deposition of crystalline films of elemental tin via the formation and subsequent decomposition of unstable tin(II) hydrides. Specifically, we take advantage of efficient OtBu/H metathesis involving Sn(II) alkoxide precursors and the hydride source pinacolborane (HBpin); related -N(SiMe3)2/H exchange also afforded elemental tin as a final (insoluble) product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Bykowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Jocelyn Sinclair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Jonathan Trach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
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5
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Ackermann MT, Seidl M, Wen F, Ferguson MJ, Timoshkin AY, Rivard E, Scheer M. An NHC-Stabilized H 2 GeBH 2 Precursor for the Preparation of Cationic Group 13/14/15 Hydride Chains. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103780. [PMID: 34761837 PMCID: PMC9299135 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization and reactivity studies of the NHC-stabilized complex IDipp ⋅ GeH2 BH2 OTf (1) (IDipp=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene) are reported. Nucleophilic substitution of the triflate (OTf) group in 1 by phosphine or arsine donors provides access to the cationic group 13/14/15 chains [IDipp ⋅ GeH2 BH2 ERR1 R2 ]+ (2 E=P; R, R1 =H; R2 =t Bu; 3 E=P; R=H; R1 , R2 =Ph; 4 a E=P; R, R1 , R2 =Ph; 4 b E=As; R, R1 , R2 =Ph). These novel cationic chains were characterized by X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Moreover, the formation of the parent complexes [IDipp ⋅ GeH2 BH2 PH3 ][OTf] (5) and [IDipp ⋅ GeH3 ][OTf] (6) were achieved by reaction of 1 with PH3 . Accompanying DFT computations give insight into the stability of the formed chains with respect to their decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Fuwei Wen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta11227 Saskatchewan Dr.EdmontonAlbertaT6G 2G2Canada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta11227 Saskatchewan Dr.EdmontonAlbertaT6G 2G2Canada
| | - Alexey Y. Timoshkin
- Institute of ChemistrySaint Petersburg State UniversityUniversitetskaya emb. 7/9199034St. PetersburgRussia
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta11227 Saskatchewan Dr.EdmontonAlbertaT6G 2G2Canada
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
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6
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Sinclair J, Medroa Del Pino W, Aku-Dominguez K, Minami Y, Kiran A, Ferguson MJ, Yasuda M, Rivard E. Access to metastable [GeH 2] n materials via a molecular "bottom-up" approach. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17688-17696. [PMID: 34807204 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02850b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe the application of a mild, molecular-based, hydride metathesis protocol for the preparation of metastable germanium(II) dihydrides with compositions approaching [GeH2]n. The common starting material for this work [Ge(OtBu)2] was prepared in a high yield and shown to undergo OtBu/H exchange at Ge with the hydride sources pinacolborane (HBpin), catecholborane (HBcat), and diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL-H) to give the [GeH2]n materials as yellow to orange solids. Heating one of these [GeH2]n materials to 200 °C affords a narrowing of the optical band gap (from 2.5 eV) and the generation of amorphous Ge. Reaction of [Ge(OtBu)2] with excess H3B·SMe2 in toluene at 70 °C provides a convenient route to thin films of amorphous Ge, including its deposition onto soft substrates, such as polyethyleneterephthalate (PET). Accompanying computations give insight into the energetics of OtBu/H exchange at Ge, and reveal a general thermodynamic preference for branched structures of [GeH2]n oligomers over linear forms as the Ge chain becomes longer. We also show that [Ge(OtBu)2] is a suitable pre-catalyst for the borylation of aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Sinclair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
| | - William Medroa Del Pino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
| | - Kwami Aku-Dominguez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
| | - Yohei Minami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Anagha Kiran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
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7
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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8
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9
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Omaña AA, Green RK, Kobayashi R, He Y, Antoniuk ER, Ferguson MJ, Zhou Y, Veinot JGC, Iwamoto T, Brown A, Rivard E. Frustrated Lewis Pair Chelation as a Vehicle for Low-Temperature Semiconductor Element and Polymer Deposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:228-231. [PMID: 32960472 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The stabilization of silicon(II) and germanium(II) dihydrides by an intramolecular Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) ligand, PB, i Pr2 P(C6 H4 )BCy2 (Cy=cyclohexyl) is reported. The resulting hydride complexes [PB{SiH2 }] and [PB{GeH2 }] are indefinitely stable at room temperature, yet can deposit films of silicon and germanium, respectively, upon mild thermolysis in solution. Hallmarks of this work include: 1) the ability to recycle the FLP phosphine-borane ligand (PB) after element deposition, and 2) the single-source precursor [PB{SiH2 }] deposits Si films at a record low temperature from solution (110 °C). The dialkylsilicon(II) adduct [PB{SiMe2 }] was also prepared, and shown to release poly(dimethylsilane) [SiMe2 ]n upon heating. Overall, this study introduces a "closed loop" deposition strategy for semiconductors that steers materials science away from the use of harsh reagents or high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rachel K Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ryo Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yingjie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Evan R Antoniuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jonathan G C Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Alex Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
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10
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Omaña AA, Green RK, Kobayashi R, He Y, Antoniuk ER, Ferguson MJ, Zhou Y, Veinot JGC, Iwamoto T, Brown A, Rivard E. Frustrated Lewis Pair Chelation as a Vehicle for Low‐Temperature Semiconductor Element and Polymer Deposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A. Omaña
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Rachel K. Green
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Ryo Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Yingjie He
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Evan R. Antoniuk
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Jonathan G. C. Veinot
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Alex Brown
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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11
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Mahale P, Moradifar P, Cheng HY, Nova NN, Grede AJ, Lee B, De Jesús LR, Wetherington M, Giebink NC, Badding JV, Alem N, Mallouk TE. Oxide-Free Three-Dimensional Germanium/Silicon Core-Shell Metalattice Made by High-Pressure Confined Chemical Vapor Deposition. ACS NANO 2020; 14:12810-12818. [PMID: 32941002 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metalattices are crystalline arrays of uniform particles in which the period of the crystal is close to some characteristic physical length scale of the material. Here, we explore the synthesis and properties of a germanium metalattice in which the ∼70 nm periodicity of a silica colloidal crystal template is close to the ∼24 nm Bohr exciton radius of the nanocrystalline Ge replica. The problem of Ge surface oxidation can be significant when exploring quantum confinement effects or designing electronically coupled nanostructures because of the high surface area to volume ratio at the nanoscale. To eliminate surface oxidation, we developed a core-shell synthesis in which the Ge metalattice is protected by an oxide-free Si interfacial layer, and we explore its properties by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). The interstices of a colloidal crystal film grown from 69 nm diameter spherical silica particles were filled with polycrystalline Ge by high-pressure confined chemical vapor deposition (HPcCVD) from GeH4. After the SiO2 template was etched away with aqueous HF, the Ge replica was uniformly coated with an amorphous Si shell by HPcCVD as confirmed by TEM-EDS (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) and Raman spectroscopy. Formation of the shell prevents oxidation of the Ge core within the detection limit of XPS. The electronic properties of the core-shell structure were studied by accessing the Ge 3d edge onset using STEM-EELS. A blue shift in the edge onset with decreasing size of Ge sites in the metalattices suggests quantum confinement of the Ge core. The degree of quantum confinement of the Ge core depends on the void sizes in the template, which is tunable by using silica particles of varying size. The edge onset also shows a shift to higher energy near the shell in comparison with the Ge core. This shift along with the observation of Ge-Si vibrational modes in the Raman spectrum indicate interdiffusion of Ge and Si. Both the size of the voids in the template and core-shell interdiffusion of Si and Ge can in principle be tuned to modify the electronic properties of the Ge metalattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Mahale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Parivash Moradifar
- Department of Material Science and Engineering & Material Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hiu Yan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Nabila Nabi Nova
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Alex J Grede
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Luis R De Jesús
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Maxwell Wetherington
- Material Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Noel C Giebink
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - John V Badding
- Department of Material Science and Engineering & Material Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Nasim Alem
- Department of Material Science and Engineering & Material Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Thomas E Mallouk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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12
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Hohn N, Wang X, Giebel MA, Yin S, Müller D, Hetzenecker AE, Bießmann L, Kreuzer LP, Möhl GE, Yu H, Veinot JGC, Fässler TF, Cheng YJ, Müller-Buschbaum P. Mesoporous GeO x/Ge/C as a Highly Reversible Anode Material with High Specific Capacity for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:47002-47009. [PMID: 32955236 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured Ge is considered a highly promising material for Li-ion battery applications as Ge offers high specific capacity and Li-ion diffusivity, while inherent mesoporous nanostructures can contribute resistance against capacity fading as typically induced by high volume expansion in bulk Ge films. Mesoporous GeOx/Ge/C films are synthesized using K4Ge9 Zintl clusters as a Ge precursor and the amphiphilic diblock copolymer polystyrene-block-polyethylene oxide as a templating tool. As compared to a reference sample without post-treatment, enhanced surface-to-volume ratios are achieved through post-treatment with a poor-good azeotrope solvent mixture. High capacities of over 2000 mA h g-1 are obtained with good stability over 300 cycles. Information from morphological and compositional characterization for both reference and post-treated sample suggests that the good electrochemical performance originates from reversible GeO2 conversion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Hohn
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Polymers and Composites Division, Chinese Academy of Science, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Michael A Giebel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David Müller
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas E Hetzenecker
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lorenz Bießmann
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lucas P Kreuzer
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gilles E Möhl
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Haoyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jonathan G C Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Thomas F Fässler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Ya-Jun Cheng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Polymers and Composites Division, Chinese Academy of Science, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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13
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Pescara B, Mazzio KA. Morphological and Surface-State Challenges in Ge Nanoparticle Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:11685-11701. [PMID: 32866013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic properties of Ge in tandem with advances in its nanostructuring have resulted in its increased attention in a variety of fields as an alternative to traditional group 12-14 and 14-16 nanoparticles (NPs). The small band gap and size-dependent development of the optical properties in tandem with their good charge transport properties make Ge NPs a suitable material for optoelectronic devices. The low toxicity of Ge, together with its IR photoluminescence (PL) that overlaps with desirable biological optical windows used for tissue imaging, allows the exploitation of these materials in the field of bioimaging and as drug carriers. In addition, the ability of germanium to both exhibit high mechanical stability in its NP form and alloy with lithium and sodium metals has led to it being a highly attractive material for next-generation lithium ion and beyond-lithium batteries. While it is attracting considerable attention in a variety of areas, research on Ge NPs is still relatively nascent. Fundamental aspects of this material, such as its Bohr radius and the origin of different observed PLs, are still under debate. Moreover, the ability to produce Ge NPs with controlled dimensions and morphology is not yet as mature as for other classes of nanomaterials. In this review, the mechanisms and origins of these properties will be introduced, which we then relate to specific applications presented in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pescara
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katherine A Mazzio
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Sinclair J, Dai G, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Brown A, Rivard E. Insight into the Decomposition Mechanism of Donor-Acceptor Complexes of EH 2 (E = Ge and Sn) and Access to Germanium Thin Films from Solution. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:10996-11008. [PMID: 32686404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Electron-donating N-heterocyclic carbenes (Lewis bases, LB) and electron-accepting Lewis acids (LA) have been used in tandem to yield donor-acceptor complexes of inorganic tetrelenes LB·EH2·LA (E = Si, Ge, and Sn). Herein, we introduce the new germanium (II) dihydride adducts ImMe2·GeH2·BH3 (ImMe2 = (HCNMe)2C:) and ImiPr2Me2·GeH2·BH3 (ImiPr2Me2 = (MeCNiPr)2C:), with the former complex containing nearly 40 wt % germanium. The thermal release of bulk germanium from ImMe2·GeH2·BH3 (and its deuterated isotopologue ImMe2·GeD2·BD3) was examined in solution, and a combined kinetic and computational investigation was undertaken to probe the mechanism by which Ge is liberated. Moreover, the thermolysis of ImMe2·GeH2·BH3 in solution cleanly affords conformal nanodimensional layers of germanium as thin films of variable thicknesses (20-70 nm) on silicon wafers. We also conducted a computational investigation into potential decomposition pathways for the germanium(II)- and tin(II)-dihydride complexes NHC·EH2·BH3 (NHC = [(HCNR)2C:]; R = 2,6-iPr2C6H3 (Dipp), Me, and H; and E = Ge and Sn). Overall, this study introduces a mild and convenient solution-only protocol for the deposition of thin films of Ge, a widely used semiconductor in materials research and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Sinclair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Guoliang Dai
- School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 2215009 Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Alex Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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15
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Raghavendra B, Bakthavachalam K, Das T, Roisnel T, Sen SS, Vanka K, Ghosh S. Transmetallation vs adduct: Diverse reactivity of N,O-ketiminato germylene with [Cp*MCl2]2 (M = Rh or Ir; Cp* = η5-C5Me5) and MCl5 (M = Nb and Ta). J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Hupf E, Kaiser F, Lummis PA, Roy MMD, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Kühn FE, Rivard E. Linking Low-Coordinate Ge(II) Centers via Bridging Anionic N-Heterocyclic Olefin Ligands. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:1592-1601. [PMID: 31247823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a large-scale synthesis of a sterically encumbered N-heterocyclic olefin (NHO) and illustrate the ability of its deprotonated form to act as an anionic four-electron bridging ligand. The resulting multicenter donating ability has been used to link two low oxidation state Ge(II) centers in close proximity, leading to bridging Ge-Cl-Ge and Ge-H-Ge bonding environments supported by Ge2C2 heterocyclic manifolds. Reduction of a dimeric [RGeCl]2 species (R = anionic NHO, [(MeCNDipp)2C═CH]-; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) did not give the expected acyclic RGeGeR analogue of an alkyne, but rather ligand migration/disproportionation transpired to yield the known diorganogermylene R2Ge and Ge metal. This process was examined computationally, and the ability of the reported anionic NHO to undergo atom migration chemistry contrasts with what is typically found with bulky monoanionic ligands (such as terphenyl ligands).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Hupf
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Felix Kaiser
- Catalysis Research Center and Department of Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraβe 4 , 85748 Garching bei München , Germany
| | - Paul A Lummis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Matthew M D Roy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Fritz E Kühn
- Catalysis Research Center and Department of Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraβe 4 , 85748 Garching bei München , Germany
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
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17
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Peng Y, Liu Q, Chen S. Structural Engineering of Semiconductor Nanoparticles by Conjugated Interfacial Bonds. CHEM REC 2020; 20:41-50. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201900010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California 1156 High Street Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
| | - Qiming Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California 1156 High Street Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
| | - Shaowei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California 1156 High Street Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
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18
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Tremmel J, Erben M, Dostál L, Růžičková Z, Turek J, Jambor R. Reactivity of Monomeric N→Ge Coordinated Germanium(II) Hydrides. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Tremmel
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Milan Erben
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Růžičková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Jan Turek
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC) Vrije Universiteit Brussel Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
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19
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Hohn N, Hetzenecker AE, Giebel MA, Geier S, Bießmann L, Körstgens V, Saxena N, Schlipf J, Ohm W, Deimel PS, Allegretti F, Barth JV, Roth SV, Fässler TF, Müller-Buschbaum P. Amphiphilic diblock copolymer-mediated structure control in nanoporous germanium-based thin films. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:2048-2055. [PMID: 30644939 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09427f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of porous, foam-like germanium-based (Ge-based) nanostructures is achieved with the use of the amphiphilic diblock copolymer polystyrene-b-polyethylene oxide as structure directing agent. Basic concepts of block copolymer assisted sol-gel synthesis are successfully realized based on the [Ge9]4- Zintl clusters as a precursor for Ge-based thin films. Material/elemental composition and crystalline Ge-based phases are investigated via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements, respectively. Poor-good solvent pair induced phase separation leads to pore sizes in the Ge-based films up to 40 nm, which can be tuned through a change of the molar mixing ratio between polymer template and precursor as proven by grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering and scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Hohn
- Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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20
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Roy MMD, Fujimori S, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Tokitoh N, Rivard E. Neutral, Cationic and Hydride-substituted Siloxygermylenes. Chemistry 2018; 24:14392-14399. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. D. Roy
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Shiori Fujimori
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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21
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Roy MM, Miao L, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Rivard E. An unexpected Staudinger reaction at an N-heterocyclic carbene-carbon center. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The previously unreported carbene-phosphine adduct (IPr)PCl2N3 [IPr = (HCNDipp)2C:; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3] was synthesized and used as a synthon toward the elusive dichlorophosphazene monomer unit, [Cl2P=N]. (IPr)PCl2N3 was found to undergo halide and azide abstraction when combined with various electrophiles and its thermolysis yielded the unexpected Staudinger reaction product (IPr=N)PCl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M.D. Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Linkun Miao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
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22
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Bernard A, Zhang K, Larson D, Tabatabaei K, Kauzlarich SM. Solvent Effects on Growth, Crystallinity, and Surface Bonding of Ge Nanoparticles. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:5299-5306. [PMID: 29671319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Solvent effects on the microwave-assisted synthesis of germanium nanoparticles are presented. A mixture of oleylamine and 1-dodecene was used as the reaction solvent. Oleylamine serves as a reducing agent in the synthesis while both molecules act as binding ligands. Increased concentrations of 1-dodecene in the solvent mixture were found to increase the size of the formed nanoparticles. Crystallinity was also dependent on the solvent mixture. Amorphous nanoparticles were obtained at lower 1-dodecene concentrations, whereas, at higher concentrations, particles contained crystalline and amorphous domains. 11-Methoxyundec-1-ene was synthesized to replace 1-dodecene in the reaction mixture for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies. 1H NMR of the reaction products shows that both solvent molecules in the system act as binding ligands on the nanoparticle surface. Nanoparticles were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and spectroscopy techniques (Raman, UV-vis, FT-IR, and NMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bernard
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Keye Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Daniel Larson
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Katayoon Tabatabaei
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Susan M Kauzlarich
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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23
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24
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Javadi M, Picard D, Sinelnikov R, Narreto MA, Hegmann FA, Veinot JGC. Synthesis and Surface Functionalization of Hydride-Terminated Ge Nanocrystals Obtained from the Thermal Treatment of Ge(OH) 2. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8757-8765. [PMID: 28395510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of germanium nanocrystals (GeNCs) with well-defined surface chemistry is of considerable interest because of their potential applications in the optoelectronic, battery, and semiconductor industries. Modifying and tailoring GeNC surface chemistry provides an avenue by which reactivity, environmental compatibility (e.g., solubility, resistance to oxidation), and electronic properties may be tailored. Hydride-terminated GeNCs (H-GeNCs) are of particular interest because the reactivity of surface Ge-H bonds toward alkenes and alkynes via hydrogermylation affords the potential for convenient modification; however, these reactions and their scope have not been widely explored. This report describes a straightforward route for preparing a GeNC/GeO2 composite via disproportionation of heretofore-unexplored Ge(II) oxide-based precursor from which the H-GeNCs were freed by subsequently chemical etching. The H-GeNCs were derivatized using a series of hydrogermylation approaches (i.e., thermally activated, radical-initiated, and borane-catalyzed). The presented findings indicate surface functionalization occurs under all conditions investigated; however the nature of surface species (i.e., monolayers vs multilayers) and surface coverage varies depending upon the conditions employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Javadi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Darren Picard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Regina Sinelnikov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Mary Alvean Narreto
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Frank A Hegmann
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jonathan G C Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
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25
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McVey BFP, O'Mara PB, McGrath AJ, Faramus A, Yasarapudi VB, Gonçales VR, Tan VTG, Schmidt TW, Gooding JJ, Tilley RD. Role of Surface Capping Molecule Polarity on the Optical Properties of Solution Synthesized Germanium Nanocrystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8790-8798. [PMID: 28551999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The role surface capping molecules play in dictating the optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) is becoming increasingly evident. In this paper the role of surface capping molecule polarity on the optical properties of germanium NCs (Ge NCs) is explored. Capping molecules are split into two groups: nonpolar and polar. The NCs are fully characterized structurally and optically to establish the link between observed optical properties and surface capping molecules. Ge NC optical properties altered by surface capping molecule polarity include emission maximum, emission lifetime, quantum yield, and Stokes shift. For Ge NCs, this work also allows rational tuning of their optical properties through changes to surface capping molecule polarity, leading to improvements in emerging Ge based bioimaging and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - A Faramus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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26
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Roy MMD, Rivard E. Pushing Chemical Boundaries with N-Heterocyclic Olefins (NHOs): From Catalysis to Main Group Element Chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2017-2025. [PMID: 28777537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) have gone from the topic of a few scattered (but important) reports in the early 1990s to very recently being a ligand/reagent of choice in the far-reaching research fields of organocatalysis, olefin and heterocycle polymerization, and low oxidation state main group element chemistry. NHOs are formally derived by appending an alkylidene (CR2) unit onto an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), and their pronounced ylidic character leads to high nucleophilicity and soft Lewis basic character at the ligating carbon atom. These olefinic donors can also be structurally derived from imidazole, triazole, and thiazole-based heterocyclic carbenes and, as a result, have highly tunable electronic and steric properties. In this Account, we will focus on various synthetic routes to imidazole-2-ylidene derived NHOs (sometimes referred to as deoxy-Breslow intermediates) followed by a discussion of the electron-donor ability of this structurally tunable ligand group. It should be mentioned that NHOs have a close structural analogy with Breslow-type intermediates, N-heterocyclic ketene aminals, and β-azolium ylides; while these latter species play important roles in advancing synthetic organic chemistry, discussion in this Account will be confined mostly to imidazole-2-ylidene derived NHOs. In addition, we will cover selected examples from the literature where NHOs and their anionic counterparts, N-heterocyclic vinylenes, are used to access reactive main group species not attainable using traditional ligands. Added motivation for these studies comes from the emerging number of low coordinate main group element based compounds that display reactivity once reserved for precious metal complexes (such as H-H and C-H bond activation). Moreover, NHOs are versatile precursors to new mixed element (P/C and N/C), and potentially bidentate, ligand constructs of great potential in catalysis, where various metal oxidation states and coordination environments need to be stabilized during a catalytic cycle. The most active area of recent growth for NHOs is their use as nucleophiles to promote efficient organocatalytic transformations, including transesterification, carbonyl reduction, and the conversion of CO2 into value added products. Polyesters have also been generated through the NHO-promoted ring-opening polymerization of lactones, and the highly tunable nature of NHO organocatalysts allows for the rapid screening and enhancement of catalytic performance. Therefore, the growing utility of NHOs in the realm of organic and polymer chemistry can be viewed as evidence of the widespread impact of N-heterocyclic olefins on the chemical community. It is hoped that through this Account others will join this flourishing research domain and that the rapid recent growth of NHO chemistry is sustained for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. D. Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta Canada, T6G 2G2
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta Canada, T6G 2G2
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27
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Roy MMD, Lummis PA, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Rivard E. Accessing Low-Valent Inorganic Cations by Using an Extremely Bulky N-Heterocyclic Carbene. Chemistry 2017; 23:11249-11252. [PMID: 28703433 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The extremely bulky N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), ITr (ITr=[(HCNCPh3 )2 C:]) featuring sterically shielding umbrella-shaped trityl (CPh3 ) substituents was prepared. This NHC features the highest percent buried volume (%Vbur ) to date, and was used to form a thermally stable quasi one-coordinate thallium(I) cation [ITr-Tl]+ . This TlI adduct and the corresponding lithium complex [ITr⋅Li(OEt2 )]+ are versatile "all-in-one" transmetalation/ligation reagents for preparing low-coordinate inorganic species inaccessible by pre-existing routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Paul A Lummis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
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28
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Swarnakar AK, Hering-Junghans C, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Rivard E. Oxoborane (RBO) Complexation and Concomitant Electrophilic Bond Activation Processes. Chemistry 2017; 23:8628-8631. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anindya K. Swarnakar
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Drive Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Christian Hering-Junghans
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Drive Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Drive Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Drive Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Drive Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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29
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Swarnakar AK, Hering-Junghans C, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Rivard E. Reactivity of a coordinated inorganic acetylene unit, HBNH, and the azidoborane cation [HB(N 3)] . Chem Sci 2017; 8:2337-2343. [PMID: 28451338 PMCID: PMC5365008 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04893e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A donor-acceptor complex of HBNH was prepared via thermolysis of a carbene-stabilized azidoborane. The reactivity of the fundamentally important HBNH unit (inorganic alkyne analogue) was explored in detail, including attempts to convert this species and related hydrido(azido)borane cations into molecular complexes of BN. This work provides added impetus for the development of molecular precursors that can release bulk boron nitride (a desirable insulator and thermal conductor) under mild conditions, and from solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya K Swarnakar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2 .
| | - Christian Hering-Junghans
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2 .
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2 .
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2 .
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2 .
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30
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McLeod JA, Zhao J, Yang L, Liu Y, Liu L. Structural evolution of reduced GeO x nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:3182-3191. [PMID: 28083591 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07354a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
GeOx nanoparticles (NPs) are of growing interest in lithium storage and optoelectronics. GeOx NPs prepared by chemical reduction, exposed to air or retained under N2, then annealed under H2 at various temperatures are studied herein using soft X-ray spectroscopy. We find that fresh and air-exposed GeOx NPs evolve rather differently under annealing. The fresh GeOx NPs start as a very amorphous heterogeneous mixture of GeOx and Ge, and during annealing both the valence band and conduction band edges evolve. In contrast, the air-exposed GeOx NPs initially contain quartz-phase GeO2, and during annealing only the conduction band edge evolves due to increased oxygen vacancies forming unoccupied defect states (the valence band does not change until annealing at high temperture, at which point almost all of the GeO2 is removed). These findings suggest a preparation and annealing strategy that could be used to tailor GeOx NPs for their intended use in lithium storage or optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A McLeod
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Jia Zhao
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Linju Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Lijia Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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31
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Reiss P, Carrière M, Lincheneau C, Vaure L, Tamang S. Synthesis of Semiconductor Nanocrystals, Focusing on Nontoxic and Earth-Abundant Materials. Chem Rev 2016; 116:10731-819. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Reiss
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SyMMES, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- CEA, INAC-SyMMES-STEP/LEMOH, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- CNRS, SPrAM, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Marie Carrière
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SyMMES, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- CEA, INAC-SyMMES-CIBEST/LAN, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Christophe Lincheneau
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SyMMES, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- CEA, INAC-SyMMES-STEP/LEMOH, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- CNRS, SPrAM, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Louis Vaure
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SyMMES, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- CEA, INAC-SyMMES-STEP/LEMOH, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- CNRS, SPrAM, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sudarsan Tamang
- Department
of Chemistry, Sikkim University, Sikkim 737102, India
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32
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McVey BFP, Prabakar S, Gooding JJ, Tilley RD. Solution Synthesis, Surface Passivation, Optical Properties, Biomedical Applications, and Cytotoxicity of Silicon and Germanium Nanocrystals. Chempluschem 2016; 82:60-73. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201600207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F. P. McVey
- School of Chemistry and Electron Microscopy Unit; of the Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Sujay Prabakar
- Leather&Shoe Research Association of New Zealand; and the MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Palmerston North 4446 New Zealand
| | - Justin J. Gooding
- School of Chemistry and Electron Microscopy Unit; of the Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Richard D. Tilley
- School of Chemistry and Electron Microscopy Unit; of the Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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33
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Swarnakar AK, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Rivard E. Transition metal-mediated donor-acceptor coordination of low-oxidation state Group 14 element halides. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:6071-8. [PMID: 26373599 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03018h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of tungsten carbonyl adducts of Group 14 element (Ge, Sn and Pb) dihalides towards the metal-based donors (η(5)-C5H5)Rh(PMe2Ph)2 and Pt(PCy3)2 was examined. When (η(5)-C5H5)Rh(PMe2Ph)2 was treated with the Lewis acid supported Ge(ii) complex, THF·GeCl2·W(CO)5, cyclopentadienyl ring activation occurred, whereas the analogous Lewis acidic units SnCl2·W(CO)5 and PbCl2 form direct adducts with the Rh complex to yield Rh-Sn and Rh-Pb dative bonds. Attempts to prepare metal coordinated element(ii) hydrides by adding hydride sources to the above mentioned rhodium-E(ii) halide complexes were unsuccessful; in each case insoluble products were formed along with regeneration of free (η(5)-C5H5)Rh(PMe2Ph)2. In a parallel study, ECl2·W(CO)5 (E = Ge or Sn) groups were shown to participate in E-Cl oxidation addition chemistry with (Cy3P)2Pt to give the formal Pt(ii) complexes ClPt(PCy3)2ECl·W(CO)5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya K Swarnakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
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34
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Cosentino S, Torrisi G, Raciti R, Zimbone M, Crupi I, Mirabella S, Terrasi A. Growth kinetics of colloidal Ge nanocrystals for light harvesters. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03490j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Representation of growth kinetics mechanisms that strongly control synthesis and final dimension of colloidal nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cosentino
- CNR-IMM and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia
- Università di Catania
- Catania
- Italy
- Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Magnetism
| | - Giacomo Torrisi
- CNR-IMM and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia
- Università di Catania
- Catania
- Italy
| | - Rosario Raciti
- CNR-IMM and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia
- Università di Catania
- Catania
- Italy
| | - Massimo Zimbone
- CNR-IMM and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia
- Università di Catania
- Catania
- Italy
| | - Isodiana Crupi
- CNR-IMM and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia
- Università di Catania
- Catania
- Italy
- Department of Energy
| | - Salvo Mirabella
- CNR-IMM and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia
- Università di Catania
- Catania
- Italy
| | - Antonio Terrasi
- CNR-IMM and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia
- Università di Catania
- Catania
- Italy
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35
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Abstract
This Review article deals with the synthesis and properties of inorganic hydrocarbon analogues: binary chemical species that contain heavier Group 14 elements (Si, Ge, Sn or Pb) and hydrogen as components. Rapid advances in our general knowledge of these species have enabled the development of industrially relevant processes such as the hydrosilylation of unsaturated substrates and the chemical vapor deposition of semi-conducting films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
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36
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Millo O, Balberg I, Azulay D, Purkait TK, Swarnakar AK, Rivard E, Veinot JGC. Direct Evaluation of the Quantum Confinement Effect in Single Isolated Ge Nanocrystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:3396-3402. [PMID: 26275992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To address the yet open question regarding the nature of quantum confinement in Ge nanocrystals (Ge NCs) we employed scanning tunneling spectroscopy to monitor the electronic structure of individual isolated Ge NCs as a function of their size. The (single-particle) band gaps extracted from the tunneling spectra increase monotonically with decreasing nanocrystal size, irrespective of the capping ligands, manifesting the effect of quantum confinement. Band-gap widening of ∼1 eV with respect to the bulk value was observed for Ge-NCs 3 nm in diameter. The picture emerging from comparison with theoretical calculations and other experimental results is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Millo
- Racah Institute of Physics and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Isacc Balberg
- Racah Institute of Physics and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Doron Azulay
- Racah Institute of Physics and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Tapas K Purkait
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Anindya K Swarnakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jonathan G C Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
- NRC-National Institute for Nanotechnology , 11421 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
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37
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Swarnakar AK, Hering-Junghans C, Nagata K, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Tokitoh N, Rivard E. Encapsulating Inorganic Acetylene, HBNH, Using Flanking Coordinative Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Swarnakar AK, Hering-Junghans C, Nagata K, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Tokitoh N, Rivard E. Stabilisierung von anorganischem Acetylen, HBNH, mithilfe flankierender koordinativer Wechselwirkungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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