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Guo X, You Y, Bao A, Jia P, Xiong J, Li J. Recent Progress of Nanodiamond Film in Controllable Fabrication and Field Emission Properties. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:577. [PMID: 36770538 PMCID: PMC9920309 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The interest in the field electron emission cathode nanomaterials is on the rise due to the wide applications, such as electron sources, miniature X-ray devices, display materials, etc. In particular, nanodiamond (ND) film is regarded as an ideal next-generation cathode emitter in the field emission devices, due to the low or negative electron affinity, small grain size, high mechanical hardness, low work function, and high reliability. Increasing efforts are conducted on the investigation of the emission structures, manufacturing cost, and field emission properties improvement of the ND films. This review aims to summarize the recent research, highlight the new findings, and provide a roadmap for future developments in the area of ND film electron field emitter. Specially, the optimizing methods of large-scale, high-quality, and cost-effective synthesis of ND films are discussed to achieve more stable surface structure and optimal physical properties. Additionally, the mainstream strategies applied to produce high field emission performance of ND films are analyzed in detail, including regulating the grain size/boundary, hybrid phase carbon content, and doping element/type of ND films; meanwhile, the problems existing in the related research and the outlook in this area are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, North University of China, 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yajun You
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, North University of China, 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Aida Bao
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, North University of China, 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Pinggang Jia
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, North University of China, 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Jijun Xiong
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, North University of China, 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Junshuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of the Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
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2
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Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Nanowires: Fabrication, Characterization, and Sensor Applications. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14030661. [PMID: 33572648 PMCID: PMC7867003 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide a survey of the recent advances and the main remaining challenges related to the ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) nanowires and other nanostructures which exhibit excellent capability as the core components for many diverse novel sensing devices, due to the unique material properties and geometry advantages. The boron or nitrogen doping introduced in the gas phase during deposition promotes p-type or n-type conductivity. With the establishment of the UNCD nanofabrication techniques, more and more nanostructure-based devices are being explored in measuring basic physical and chemical parameters via classic and quantum methods, as exemplified by gas sensors, ultraviolet photodetectors, piezoresistance effect-based devices, biological applications and biosensors, and nitrogen-vacancy color center-based magnetic field quantum sensors. Highlighted finally are some of the remaining challenges and the future outlook in this area.
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3
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Lloret F, Sankaran KJ, Millan-Barba J, Desta D, Rouzbahani R, Pobedinskas P, Gutierrez M, Boyen HG, Haenen K. Improved Field Electron Emission Properties of Phosphorus and Nitrogen Co-Doped Nanocrystalline Diamond Films. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10061024. [PMID: 32471124 PMCID: PMC7353415 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) field emitters have attracted significant interest for vacuum microelectronics applications. This work presents an approach to enhance the field electron emission (FEE) properties of NCD films by co-doping phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) using microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. While the methane (CH4) and P concentrations are kept constant, the N2 concentration is varied from 0.2% to 2% and supplemented by H2. The composition of the gas mixture is tracked in situ by optical emission spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy are used to provide evidence of the changes in crystal morphology, surface roughness, microstructure, and crystalline quality of the different NCD samples. The FEE results display that the 2% N2 concentration sample had the best FEE properties, viz. the lowest turn-on field value of 14.3 V/µm and the highest current value of 2.7 µA at an applied field of 73.0 V/µm. Conductive AFM studies reveal that the 2% N2 concentration NCD sample showed more emission sites, both from the diamond grains and the grain boundaries surrounding them. While phosphorus doping increased the electrical conductivity of the diamond grains, the incorporation of N2 during growth facilitated the formation of nano-graphitic grain boundary phases that provide conducting pathways for the electrons, thereby improving the FEE properties for the 2% N2 concentrated NCD films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lloret
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium (D.D.); (R.R.); (P.P.); (H.-G.B.)
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department Fisica Aplicada, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Kamatchi Jothiramalingam Sankaran
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium (D.D.); (R.R.); (P.P.); (H.-G.B.)
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Josué Millan-Barba
- Department Ciencia de los Materiales e IM y QI, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.M.-B.); (M.G.)
| | - Derese Desta
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium (D.D.); (R.R.); (P.P.); (H.-G.B.)
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Rozita Rouzbahani
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium (D.D.); (R.R.); (P.P.); (H.-G.B.)
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Paulius Pobedinskas
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium (D.D.); (R.R.); (P.P.); (H.-G.B.)
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marina Gutierrez
- Department Ciencia de los Materiales e IM y QI, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.M.-B.); (M.G.)
| | - Hans-Gerd Boyen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium (D.D.); (R.R.); (P.P.); (H.-G.B.)
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium (D.D.); (R.R.); (P.P.); (H.-G.B.)
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (K.H.)
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4
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Nanotip Contacts for Electric Transport and Field Emission Characterization of Ultrathin MoS 2 Flakes. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10010106. [PMID: 31947985 PMCID: PMC7023401 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile approach based on piezoelectric-driven nanotips inside a scanning electron microscope to contact and electrically characterize ultrathin MoS2 (molybdenum disulfide) flakes on a SiO2/Si (silicon dioxide/silicon) substrate. We apply such a method to analyze the electric transport and field emission properties of chemical vapor deposition-synthesized monolayer MoS2, used as the channel of back-gate field effect transistors. We study the effects of the gate-voltage range and sweeping time on the channel current and on its hysteretic behavior. We observe that the conduction of the MoS2 channel is affected by trap states. Moreover, we report a gate-controlled field emission current from the edge part of the MoS2 flake, evidencing a field enhancement factor of approximately 200 and a turn-on field of approximately 40 V/μm at a cathode–anode separation distance of 900 nm.
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Lebedev-Stepanov PV, Dideykin AT, Chvalun SN, Vasiliev AL, Grigoryev TE, Korovin AN, Belousov SI, Molchanov SP, Yurasik GA, Vul’ AY. Electron Emission Properties of Self-Assembling Nanodiamond‒Polymer Nanocomposite Coatings. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774519050134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Sankaran KJ, Yeh CJ, Hsieh PY, Pobedinskas P, Kunuku S, Leou KC, Tai NH, Lin IN, Haenen K. Origin of Conductive Nanocrystalline Diamond Nanoneedles for Optoelectronic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:25388-25398. [PMID: 31260239 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microstructural evolution of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) nanoneedles owing to the addition of methane and nitrogen in the reactant gases is systematically addressed. It has been determined that varying the concentration of CH4 in the CH4/H2/N2 plasma is significant to tailor the morphology and microstructure of NCD films. While NCD films grown with 1% CH4 in a CH4/H2/N2 (3%) plasma contain large diamond grains, the microstructure changed considerably for NCD films grown using 5% (or 10%) CH4, ensuing in nanosized diamond grains. For 15% CH4-grown NCD films, a well-defined nanoneedle structure evolves. These NCD nanoneedle films contain sp3 phase diamond, sheathed with sp2-bonded graphitic phases, achieving a low resistivity of 90 Ω cm and enhanced field electron emission (FEE) properties, namely, a low turn-on field of 4.3 V/μm with a high FEE current density of 3.3 mA/cm2 (at an applied field of 8.6 V/μm) and a significant field enhancement factor of 3865. Furthermore, a microplasma device utilizing NCD nanoneedle films as cathodes can trigger a gas breakdown at a low threshold field of 3600 V/cm attaining a high plasma illumination current density of 1.14 mA/cm2 at an applied voltage of 500 V, and a high plasma lifetime stability of 881 min is evidenced. The optical emission spectroscopy studies suggest that the C2, CN, and CH species in the growing plasma are the major causes for the observed microstructural evolution in the NCD films. However, the increase in substrate temperature to ∼780 °C due to the incorporation of 15% CH4 in the CH4/H2/N2 plasma is the key driver resulting in the origin of nanoneedles in NCD films. The outstanding optoelectronic characteristics of these nanoneedle films make them suitable as cathodes in high-brightness display panels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paulius Pobedinskas
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO) , Hasselt University , Diepenbeek 3590 , Belgium
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw , Diepenbeek 3590 , Belgium
| | | | | | | | - I-Nan Lin
- Department of Physics , Tamkang University , Tamsui 251 , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO) , Hasselt University , Diepenbeek 3590 , Belgium
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw , Diepenbeek 3590 , Belgium
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7
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Karami P, Salkhi Khasraghi S, Hashemi M, Rabiei S, Shojaei A. Polymer/nanodiamond composites - a comprehensive review from synthesis and fabrication to properties and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 269:122-151. [PMID: 31082543 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanodiamond (ND) is an allotrope of carbon nanomaterials which exhibits many outstanding physical, mechanical, thermal, optical and biocompatibility characteristics. Meanwhile, ND particles possess unique spherical shape containing diamond-like structure at the core with graphitic carbon outer shell which intuitively contains many oxygen-containing functional groups at the outer surface. Such superior properties and unique structural morphology of NDs are essentially attractive to develop polymer composites with multifunctional properties. However, despite a long history from the discovery of NDs, which is dated back to the1960s, this nanoparticle has been less explored in the field of polymer (nano)composites compared with other carbon nanomaterials, e.g. carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene. However, open literature indicates that research works in the field of polymer/ND (PND) composites have gained great momentum in the past half a decade. The present article provides a comprehensive review on recent achievements in ND based polymer composites. This review covers a very broad aspect from the synthesis, purification and functionalization of NDs to dispersion, preparation and fabrication of polymer/ND (PND) composites with a look in their recent applications for both structural and functional basis. Therefore, the review would be useful to pave the way for researchers to take some advancing steps in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooria Karami
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9465, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Salkhi Khasraghi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9465, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadjafar Hashemi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9465, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Rabiei
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9465, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Shojaei
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9465, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Top-down fabrication of high-uniformity nanodiamonds by self-assembled block copolymer masks. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6914. [PMID: 31061512 PMCID: PMC6502864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanodiamonds hosting colour centres are a promising material platform for various quantum technologies. The fabrication of non-aggregated and uniformly-sized nanodiamonds with systematic integration of single quantum emitters has so far been lacking. Here, we present a top-down fabrication method to produce 30.0 ± 5.4 nm uniformly-sized single-crystal nanodiamonds by block copolymer self-assembled nanomask patterning together with directional and isotropic reactive ion etching. We show detected emission from bright single nitrogen vacancy centres hosted in the fabricated nanodiamonds. The lithographically precise patterning of large areas of diamond by self-assembled masks and their release into uniformly sized nanodiamonds open up new possibilities for quantum information processing and sensing.
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9
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Hybridization of Nanodiamond and CuFe-LDH as Heterogeneous Photoactivator for Visible-Light Driven Photo-Fenton Reaction: Photocatalytic Activity and Mechanism. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing a heterojunction for two kinds of semiconductor catalysts is a promising way to enhance photocatalytic activity. In this study, nanodiamond (ND) and CuFe-layered double hydroxide (LDH) were hybridized by a simple coprecipitation method as a novel heterojunction to photoactivate H2O2. The ND/LDH possessed a hydrotalcite-like structure, large specific surface area (SBET = 99.16 m2/g), strong absorption of visible-light and low band gap (Eg = 0.94 eV). Under the conditions of ND/LDH dosage 0.0667 g/L, H2O2 concentration 19.6 mmol/L, and without initial pH adjustment, 93.5% of 10 mg/L methylene blue (MB) was degraded within 120 minutes, while only 78.3% of MB was degraded in the presence of LDH instead of ND/LDH. The ND/LDH exhibited excellent stability and maintained relatively high activity, sufficient to photoactivate H2O2 even after five recycles. The mechanism study revealed that in the heterojunction of ND/LDH, the photoelectrons transferred from the valence band of LDH (Cu/Fe 3d t2g) to the conduction band of LDH (Cu/Fe 3d eg) could spontaneously migrate onto the conduction band of ND, promoting the separation of photo-induced charges. Thus, the photoelectrons had sufficient time to accelerate the redox cycles of Cu3+/Cu2+ and Fe3+/Fe2+ to photoactivate H2O2 to produce hydroxyl radicals, resulting in excellent photo-Fenton efficiency on MB degradation.
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10
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Gold-Decorated Nanodiamonds: Powerful Multifunctional Materials for Sensing, Imaging, Diagnostics, and Therapy. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Nirantar S, Ahmed T, Ren G, Gutruf P, Xu C, Bhaskaran M, Walia S, Sriram S. Metal-Air Transistors: Semiconductor-Free Field-Emission Air-Channel Nanoelectronics. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:7478-7484. [PMID: 30441900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Scattering-free transport in vacuum tubes has always been superior to solid-state transistors. It is the advanced fabrication with mass production capability at low cost which drove solid-state nanoelectronics. Here, we combine the best of vacuum tubes with advanced nanofabrication technology. We present nanoscale, metal-based, field emission air channel transistors. Comparative analysis of tungsten-, gold-, and platinum-based devices is presented. Devices are fabricated with electron beam lithography, achieving channel lengths less than 35 nm. With this small channel length, vacuum-like carrier transport is possible in air under room temperature and pressure. Source and drain electrodes have planar, symmetric, and sharp geometry. Because of this, devices operate in bidirection with voltages <2 V and current values in few tens of nanoamperes range. The experimental data shows that influential operation mechanism is Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling in tungsten and gold devices, while Schottky emission in platinum device. The presented work enables a technology where metal-based switchable nanoelectronics can be created on any dielectric surface with low energy requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Nirantar
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility , RMIT University , Melbourne , VIC 3000 , Australia
| | - Taimur Ahmed
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility , RMIT University , Melbourne , VIC 3000 , Australia
| | - Guanghui Ren
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility , RMIT University , Melbourne , VIC 3000 , Australia
| | - Philipp Gutruf
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility , RMIT University , Melbourne , VIC 3000 , Australia
| | - Chenglong Xu
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility , RMIT University , Melbourne , VIC 3000 , Australia
| | - Madhu Bhaskaran
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility , RMIT University , Melbourne , VIC 3000 , Australia
| | - Sumeet Walia
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility , RMIT University , Melbourne , VIC 3000 , Australia
| | - Sharath Sriram
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility , RMIT University , Melbourne , VIC 3000 , Australia
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12
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Sankaran KJ, Panda K, Hsieh PY, Pobedinskas P, Park JY, Van Bael MK, Tai NH, Lin IN, Haenen K. Low Temperature Synthesis of Lithium-Doped Nanocrystalline Diamond Films with Enhanced Field Electron Emission Properties. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E653. [PMID: 30149533 PMCID: PMC6164399 DOI: 10.3390/nano8090653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low temperature (350 °C) grown conductive nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films were realized by lithium diffusion from Cr-coated lithium niobate substrates (Cr/LNO). The NCD/Cr/LNO films showed a low resistivity of 0.01 Ω·cm and excellent field electron emission characteristics, viz. a low turn-on field of 2.3 V/µm, a high-current density of 11.0 mA/cm² (at 4.9 V/m), a large field enhancement factor of 1670, and a life-time stability of 445 min (at 3.0 mA/cm²). The low temperature deposition process combined with the excellent electrical characteristics offers a new prospective for applications based on temperature sensitive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kalpataru Panda
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Ping-Yen Hsieh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, China.
| | - Paulius Pobedinskas
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Graduate School of EEWS, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Marlies K Van Bael
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Nyan-Hwa Tai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, China.
| | - I-Nan Lin
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Tamsui 251, Taiwan, China.
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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13
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Nanodiamonds for device applications: An investigation of the properties of boron-doped detonation nanodiamonds. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3270. [PMID: 29459783 PMCID: PMC5818659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21670-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The inclusion of boron within nanodiamonds to create semiconducting properties would create a new class of applications in the field of nanodiamond electronics. Theoretical studies have differed in their conclusions as to whether nm-scale NDs would support a stable substitutional boron state, or whether such a state would be unstable, with boron instead aggregating or attaching to edge structures. In the present study detonation-derived NDs with purposefully added boron during the detonation process have been studied with a wide range of experimental techniques. The DNDs are of ~4 nm in size, and have been studied with CL, PL, Raman and IR spectroscopies, AFM and HR-TEM and electrically measured with impedance spectroscopy; it is apparent that the B-DNDs studied here do indeed support substitutional boron species and hence will be acting as semiconducting diamond nanoparticles. Evidence for moderate doping levels in some particles (~1017 B cm−3), is found alongside the observation that some particles are heavily doped (~1020 B cm−3) and likely to be quasi-metallic in character. The current study has therefore shown that substitutional boron doping in nm NDs is in fact possible, opening-up the path to a whole host of new applications for this interesting class of nano-particles.
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14
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Zhao J, Lu M, Lai H, Lu H, Lalevée J, Barner-Kowollik C, Stenzel MH, Xiao P. Delivery of Amonafide from Fructose-Coated Nanodiamonds by Oxime Ligation for the Treatment of Human Breast Cancer. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:481-489. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Zhao
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mingxia Lu
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Haiwang Lai
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Hongxu Lu
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Institut de Science
des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M, UMR CNRS 7361, ENSCMu-UHA, 15, rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular
Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Pu Xiao
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Institut de Science
des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M, UMR CNRS 7361, ENSCMu-UHA, 15, rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
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15
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Sankaran KJ, Ficek M, Kunuku S, Panda K, Yeh CJ, Park JY, Sawczak M, Michałowski PP, Leou KC, Bogdanowicz R, Lin IN, Haenen K. Self-organized multi-layered graphene-boron-doped diamond hybrid nanowalls for high-performance electron emission devices. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:1345-1355. [PMID: 29296984 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06774g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials such as nanotubes, nanoflakes/nanowalls, and graphene have been used as electron sources due to their superior field electron emission (FEE) characteristics. However, these materials show poor stability and short lifetimes, which prevent their use in practical device applications. The aim of this study was to find an innovative nanomaterial possessing both high robustness and reliable FEE behavior. Herein, a hybrid structure of self-organized multi-layered graphene (MLG)-boron doped diamond (BDD) nanowall materials with superior FEE characteristics was successfully synthesized using a microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition process. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the as-prepared carbon clusters have a uniform, dense, and sharp nanowall morphology with sp3 diamond cores encased by an sp2 MLG shell. Detailed nanoscale investigations conducted using peak force-controlled tunneling atomic force microscopy show that each of the core-shell structured carbon cluster fields emits electrons equally well. The MLG-BDD nanowall materials show a low turn-on field of 2.4 V μm-1, a high emission current density of 4.2 mA cm-2 at an applied field of 4.0 V μm-1, a large field enhancement factor of 4500, and prominently high lifetime stability (lasting for 700 min), which demonstrate the superiority of these materials over other hybrid nanostructured materials. The potential of these MLG-BDD hybrid nanowall materials in practical device applications was further illustrated by the plasma illumination behavior of a microplasma device with these materials as the cathode, where a low threshold voltage of 330 V (low threshold field of 330 V mm-1) and long plasma stability of 358 min were demonstrated. The fabrication of these hybrid nanowalls is straight forward and thereby opens up a pathway for the advancement of next-generation cathode materials for high brightness electron emission and microplasma-based display devices.
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Iemmo L, Di Bartolomeo A, Giubileo F, Luongo G, Passacantando M, Niu G, Hatami F, Skibitzki O, Schroeder T. Graphene enhanced field emission from InP nanocrystals. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:495705. [PMID: 29083313 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa96e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of field emission (FE) from InP nanocrystals (NCs) epitaxially grown on an array of p-Si nanotips. We prove that FE can be enhanced by covering the InP NCs with graphene. The measurements are performed inside a scanning electron microscope chamber with a nano-controlled W-thread used as an anode. We analyze the FE by Fowler-Nordheim theory and find that the field enhancement factor increases monotonically with the spacing between the anode and the cathode. We also show that InP/p-Si junction has a rectifying behavior, while graphene on InP creates an ohmic contact. Understanding the fundamentals of such nanojunctions is key for applications in nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Iemmo
- Physics Department 'E. R. Caianiello', University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, I-84084, Fisciano, Italy
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17
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Panda K, Hyeok JJ, Park JY, Sankaran KJ, Balakrishnan S, Lin IN. Nanoscale investigation of enhanced electron field emission for silver ion implanted/post-annealed ultrananocrystalline diamond films. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16325. [PMID: 29176566 PMCID: PMC5701233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver (Ag) ions are implanted in ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films to enhance the electron field emission (EFE) properties, resulting in low turn-on field of 8.5 V/μm with high EFE current density of 6.2 mA/cm2 (at an applied field of 20.5 V/μm). Detailed nanoscale investigation by atomic force microscopy based peak force-controlled tunneling atomic force microscopy (PF-TUNA) and ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) based current imaging tunneling spectroscopy (CITS) reveal that the UNCD grain boundaries are the preferred electron emission sites. The two scanning probe microscopic results supplement each other well. However, the PF-TUNA measurement is found to be better for explaining the local electron emission behavior than the STM-based CITS technique. The formation of Ag nanoparticles induced abundant sp2 nanographitic phases along the grain boundaries facilitate the easy transport of electrons and is believed to be a prime factor in enhancing the conductivity/EFE properties of UNCD films. The nanoscale understanding on the origin of electron emission sites in Ag-ion implanted/annealed UNCD films using the scanning probe microscopic techniques will certainly help in developing high-brightness electron sources for flat-panel displays applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpataru Panda
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
| | - Jeong Jin Hyeok
- Graduate School of EEWS, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Korea. .,Graduate School of EEWS, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
| | | | - Sundaravel Balakrishnan
- Materials Physics Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, 603 102, India
| | - I-Nan Lin
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Tamsui, 251, Taiwan, ROC
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18
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Chubenko O, Baturin SS, Kovi KK, Sumant AV, Baryshev SV. Locally Resolved Electron Emission Area and Unified View of Field Emission from Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:33229-33237. [PMID: 28862838 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we study the effect of the actual, locally resolved, field emission area on electron emission characteristics of uniform planar conductive nitrogen-incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond ((N)UNCD) field emitters. High resolution imaging experiments were carried out in a field emission microscope with a specialty imaging anode screen such that electron emission micrographs were taken concurrently with measurements of I-V characteristics. An automated image processing algorithm was applied to process the extensive imaging data sets and calculate the emission area per image. It was routinely found that field emission from as-grown planar (N)UNCD films was always confined to a counted number of discrete emitting centers across the surface, which varied in size and electron emissivity. It was established that the actual field emission area critically depends on the applied electric field and that the field emission area and overall electron emissivity improve with the sp2-fraction present in the film, irrespective of the original substrate roughness or morphology. Most importantly, when as-measured I-E characteristics were normalized by the electric field-dependent emission area, the resulting j-E curves demonstrated a strong kink and departed from the Fowler-Nordheim law, finally saturating at a value on the order of 100 mA/cm2. This value was nearly identical for all studied films regardless of substrate. It was concluded that the saturation value is specific to the intrinsic fundamental properties of (N)UNCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Chubenko
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University , 725 21st Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
- Euclid TechLabs , 365 Remington Boulevard, Bolingbrook, Illinois 60440, United States
| | - Stanislav S Baturin
- PSD Enrico Fermi Institute, The University of Chicago , 5720 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Kiran K Kovi
- Euclid TechLabs , 365 Remington Boulevard, Bolingbrook, Illinois 60440, United States
| | - Anirudha V Sumant
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Sergey V Baryshev
- Euclid TechLabs , 365 Remington Boulevard, Bolingbrook, Illinois 60440, United States
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Saravanan A, Huang BR, Manoharan D, Lin IN. High-Performance Electron Field Emitters and Microplasma Cathodes Based on Conductive Hybrid Granular Structured Diamond Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:4916-4925. [PMID: 28084726 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High-performance diamond electron field emitters (EFEs) with extremely low turn-on field (E0 = 1.72 V/μm) and high current density (1.70 mA/cm2 at an applied field of 3.86 V/μm) were successfully synthesized by using a modified two-step microwave plasma chemical deposition process. Such emitters possess EFE properties comparable with most of carbon- or semiconductor-based EFE materials, but with markedly better lifetime stability. The superb EFE behavior of these materials was achieved owing to the reduction in the diamond-to-Si interfacial resistance and the increase in the conductivity of the bulk diamond films (HBD-400 V) via the applications of high bias voltage during the preparation of the ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) primary layer and the subsequent plasma post-treatment (PPT) process, respectively. The superior EFE properties along with enhanced robustness of HBD-400 V films compared with the existing diamond-based EFE materials rendered these materials of greater potential for applications in high brightness display and multifunctional microplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhimoorthy Saravanan
- Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering and Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bohr-Ran Huang
- Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering and Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - I-Nan Lin
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University , Tamsui 251, Taiwan, ROC
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Di Bartolomeo A, Passacantando M, Niu G, Schlykow V, Lupina G, Giubileo F, Schroeder T. Observation of field emission from GeSn nanoparticles epitaxially grown on silicon nanopillar arrays. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:485707. [PMID: 27804921 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/48/485707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We apply molecular beam epitaxy to grow GeSn-nanoparticles on top of Si-nanopillars patterned onto p-type Si wafers. We use x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to confirm a metallic behavior of the nanoparticle surface due to partial Sn segregation as well as the presence of a superficial Ge oxide. We report the observation of stable field emission (FE) current from the GeSn-nanoparticles, with turn on field of [Formula: see text] and field enhancement factor β ∼ 100 at anode-cathode distance of ∼0.6 μm. We prove that FE can be enhanced by preventing GeSn nanoparticles oxidation or by breaking the oxide layer through electrical stress. Finally, we show that GeSn/p-Si junctions have a rectifying behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Bartolomeo
- Physics Department 'E. R. Caianiello', University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, I-84084, Fisciano, Italy
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21
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Matassa R, Orlanducci S, Reina G, Cassani MC, Passeri D, Terranova ML, Rossi M. Structural and morphological peculiarities of hybrid Au/nanodiamond engineered nanostructures. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31163. [PMID: 27514638 PMCID: PMC4981890 DOI: 10.1038/srep31163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanostructured Au nano-platelets have been synthesized from an Au(III) complex by growth process triggered by nanodiamond (ND). An electroless synthetic route has been used to obtain 2D Au/ND architectures, where individual nanodiamond particles are intimately embedded into face-centered cubic Au platelets. The combined use of high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED), was able to reveal the unusual organization of these hybrid nanoparticles, ascertaining the existence of preferential crystallographic orientations for both nanocrystalline species and highlighting their mutual locations. Detailed information on the sample microstructure have been gathered by fast Fourier transform (FFT) and inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) of HR-TEM images, allowing us to figure out the role of Au defects, able to anchor ND crystallites and to provide specific sites for heteroepitaxial Au growth. Aggregates constituted by coupled ND and Au, represent interesting systems conjugating the best optoelectronics and plasmonics properties of the two different materials. In order to promote realistically the applications of such outstanding Au/ND materials, the cooperative mechanisms at the basis of material synthesis and their influence on the details of the hybrid nanostructures have to be deeply understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Matassa
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Orlanducci
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology-MINIMAlab, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Reina
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology-MINIMAlab, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Cassani
- Department of Industrial Chemistry ‘Toso Montanari’, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Passeri
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Terranova
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology-MINIMAlab, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Center for Nanotechnology for Engineering (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Zhao J, Lai H, Lu H, Barner-Kowollik C, Stenzel MH, Xiao P. Fructose-Coated Nanodiamonds: Promising Platforms for Treatment of Human Breast Cancer. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:2946-55. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse
18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76297 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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