1
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Okamoto K, Higuma R, Muta K, Fukumoto K, Tsuchihashi Y, Ashikari Y, Nagaki A. External Flash Generation of Carbenoids Enables Monodeuteration of Dihalomethanes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301738. [PMID: 37300319 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, incorporation of one deuterium atom was achieved by H-D exchange of one of the two identical methylene protons in various dihalomethanes (halogen=Cl, Br, and I) through a rapid-mixing microflow reaction of lithium diisopropylamide as a strong base and deuterated methanol as a deuteration reagent. Generation of highly unstable carbenoid intermediate and suppression of its decomposition were successfully controlled under high flow-rate conditions. Monofunctionalization of diiodomethane afforded various building blocks composed of boryl, stannyl, and silyl groups. The monodeuterated diiodomethane, which served as a deuterated C1 source, was subsequently subjected to diverted functionalization methods to afford various products including biologically important molecules bearing isotope labelling at specific positions and homologation products with monodeuteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Higuma
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kensuke Muta
- Fundamental Chemical Research Center, Central Glass Co., Ltd., 17-5, Nakadai 2-chome, Kawagoe City, Saitama, 350-1159, Japan
| | - Keita Fukumoto
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuchihashi
- Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corp., 10 Okubo, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 300-2611, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ashikari
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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2
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Ferlin F, Anastasiou I, Salameh N, Miyakoshi T, Baudoin O, Vaccaro L. C(sp 3 )-H Arylation Promoted by a Heterogeneous Palladium-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complex in Batch and Continuous Flow. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102736. [PMID: 35098689 PMCID: PMC9303704 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A heterogeneous reusable palladium(II)-bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) catalyst was prepared and shown to catalyze the intramolecular C(sp3 )-H activation/cyclization of N-alkyl-2-bromoanilines furnishing indolines. This new catalytic system was based on a bis-imidazolium ligand immobilized on a spaced cross-linked polystyrene support. The iodide ligands on the catalyst played a central role in the efficiency of the process occurring through a "release and catch" mechanism. The heterogeneous nature of the catalyst was further exploited in the design of a continuous-flow protocol that allowed a more efficient recovery and reuse of the catalyst, as well as a very fast and safe procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferlin
- Laboratory of Green SOCDipartimento di ChimicaBiologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
| | - Ioannis Anastasiou
- Laboratory of Green SOCDipartimento di ChimicaBiologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
| | - Nihad Salameh
- Laboratory of Green SOCDipartimento di ChimicaBiologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
| | - Takeru Miyakoshi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 19CH-4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Olivier Baudoin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 19CH-4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Luigi Vaccaro
- Laboratory of Green SOCDipartimento di ChimicaBiologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)6 Miklukho-Maklaya StMoscow117198Russia
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3
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Ono M, Sumii Y, Fujihira Y, Kagawa T, Mimura H, Shibata N. Pentafluoroethylation of Carbonyl Compounds Using HFC-125 in a Flow Microreactor System. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14044-14053. [PMID: 34060312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The protocol of micro-flow nucleophilic pentafluoroethylation using pentafluoroethane (HC2F5, HFC-125), a nontoxic, inexpensive, and commercially available greenhouse gas, is described. The micro-flow pentafluoroethylation by HFC-125 proceeded smoothly at room temperature or at -10 °C in DMF or toluene in the presence of a potassium base, namely, t-BuOK or KHMDS. A broad range of ketones, aldehydes, and chalcones with various substituted benzene rings were successfully converted to the corresponding pentafluoroethyl carbinols instantly with good to high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ono
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yuji Sumii
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yamato Fujihira
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Takumi Kagawa
- Tosoh Finechem Corporation, 4988, Kaiseicho, Shunan 746-0006, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Mimura
- Tosoh Finechem Corporation, 4988, Kaiseicho, Shunan 746-0006, Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.,Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.,Institute of Advanced Fluorine-Containing Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Avenue, 321004 Jinhua, China
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4
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Fath V, Lau P, Greve C, Weller P, Kockmann N, Röder T. Simultaneous self-optimisation of yield and purity through successive combination of inline FT-IR spectroscopy and online mass spectrometry in flow reactions. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSelf-optimisation constitutes a very helpful tool for chemical process development, both in lab and in industrial applications. However, research on the application of model-free autonomous optimisation strategies (based on experimental investigation) for complex reactions of high industrial significance, which involve considerable intermediate and by-product formation, is still in an early stage. This article describes the development of an enhanced autonomous microfluidic reactor platform for organolithium and epoxide reactions that incorporates a successive combination of inline FT-IR spectrometer and online mass spectrometer. Experimental data is collected in real-time and used as feedback for the optimisation algorithms (modified Simplex algorithm and Design of Experiments) without time delay. An efficient approach to handle intricate optimisation problems is presented, where the inline FT-IR measurements are used to monitor the reaction’s main components, whereas the mass spectrometer’s high sensitivity permits insights into the formation of by-products. To demonstrate the platform’s flexibility, optimal reaction conditions of two organic syntheses are identified. Both pose several challenges, as complex reaction mechanisms are involved, leading to a large number of variable parameters, and a considerable amount of by-products is generated under non-ideal process conditions. Through multidimensional real-time optimisation, the platform supersedes labor- and cost-intensive work-up procedures, while diminishing waste generation, too. Thus, it renders production processes more efficient and contributes to their overall sustainability.
Graphical abstract
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5
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Lima F, Meisenbach M, Schenkel B, Sedelmeier J. Continuous flow as an enabling technology: a fast and versatile entry to functionalized glyoxal derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2420-2424. [PMID: 33646230 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00288k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We herein report two complementary strategies employing organolithium chemistry for the synthesis of glyoxal derivatives. Micro-mixer technology allows for the generation of unstable organometallic intermediates and their instantaneous in-line quenching with esters as electrophiles. Selective mono-addition was observed via putative stabilized tetrahedral intermediates. Advantages offered by flow chemistry technologies facilitate direct and efficient access to masked 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds while mitigating undesired by-product formation. These two approaches enable the production of advanced and valuable synthetic building blocks for heterocyclic chemistry with throughputs of grams per minute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Lima
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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6
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Musci P, von Keutz T, Belaj F, Degennaro L, Cantillo D, Kappe CO, Luisi R. Flow Technology for Telescoped Generation, Lithiation and Electrophilic (C 3 ) Functionalization of Highly Strained 1-Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6395-6399. [PMID: 33325599 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Strained compounds are privileged moieties in modern synthesis. In this context, 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes are appealing structural motifs that can be employed as click reagents or precursors to azetidines. We herein report the first telescoped continuous flow protocol for the generation, lithiation, and electrophilic trapping of 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. The flow method allows for exquisite control of the reaction parameters, and the process operates at higher temperatures and safer conditions with respect to batch mode. The efficiency of this intramolecular cyclization/C3-lithiation/electrophilic quenching flow sequence is documented with more than 20 examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantaleo Musci
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Timo von Keutz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Ferdinand Belaj
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
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7
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Musci P, Keutz T, Belaj F, Degennaro L, Cantillo D, Kappe CO, Luisi R. Flow Technology for Telescoped Generation, Lithiation and Electrophilic (C
3
) Functionalization of Highly Strained 1‐Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pantaleo Musci
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Timo Keutz
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ferdinand Belaj
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
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8
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Sachse F, Gebauer K, Schneider C. Continuous Flow Synthesis of 2
H
‐Thiopyrans via
thia
‐Diels–Alder Reactions of Photochemically Generated Thioaldehydes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sachse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Leipzig Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Konrad Gebauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Leipzig Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Leipzig Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
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9
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Abstract
A revitalization of organic electrosynthesis has incited the organic chemistry community to adopt electrochemistry as a green and cost-efficient method for activating small molecules to replace highly toxic and expensive redox chemicals. However, many of the critical challenges of batch electrosynthesis, especially for organic synthesis, still remain. The combination of continuous flow technology and electrochemistry is a potent means to enable industry to implement large scale electrosynthesis. Indeed, flow electrosynthesis helps overcome problems that mainly arise from macro batch electro-organic systems, such as mass transfer, ohmic drop, and selectivity, but this is still far from being a flawless and generic applicable process. As a result, a notable increase in research on methodology and hardware sophistication has emerged, and many hitherto uncharted chemistries have been achieved. To better help the commercialization of wide-scale electrification of organic synthesis, we highlight in this perspective the advances made in large-scale flow electrosynthesis and its future trajectory while pointing out the main challenges and key improvements of current methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Tanbouza
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de La Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Thierry Ollevier
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de La Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Kevin Lam
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
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10
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Knochel P, Harenberg JH, Weidmann N. Continuous-Flow Reactions Mediated by Main Group Organometallics. Synlett 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1706536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe generation of reactive organometallic reagents in batch is often complicated by the low thermal stability of these important synthetic intermediates and can require low reaction temperatures and special reaction conditions. However, the use of continuous-flow setups and microreactors has led to a revolution in this field. In this short review, an overview is given of recent advances in this area, with a focus on the main group organometallics of Li, Na, and K.
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11
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von Keutz T, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Organomagnesium Based Flash Chemistry: Continuous Flow Generation and Utilization of Halomethylmagnesium Intermediates. Org Lett 2020; 22:7537-7541. [PMID: 32914630 PMCID: PMC7586391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The generation of
highly unstable chloromethylmagnesium chloride
in a continuous flow reactor and its reaction with aldehydes and ketones
is reported. With this strategy, chlorohydrins and epoxides were synthesized
within a total residence time of only 2.6 s. The outcome of the reaction
can be tuned by simply using either a basic or an acidic quench. Very
good to excellent isolated yields, up to 97%, have been obtained for
most cases (30 examples).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo von Keutz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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12
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Flow chemistry as a tool to access novel chemical space for drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1547-1563. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective scrutinizes flow chemistry as a useful tool for medicinal chemists to expand the current chemical capabilities in drug discovery. This technology has demonstrated his value not only for the traditional reactions used in Pharma for the last 20 years, but also for bringing back to the lab underused chemistries to access novel chemical space. The combination with other technologies, such as photochemistry and electrochemistry, is opening new avenues for reactivity that will smoothen the access to complex molecules. The introduction of all these technologies in automated platforms will improve the productivity of medicinal chemistry labs reducing the cycle times to get novel and differentiated bioactive molecules, accelerating discovery cycle times.
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13
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14
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Musci P, Colella M, Sivo A, Romanazzi G, Luisi R, Degennaro L. Flow Microreactor Technology for Taming Highly Reactive Chloroiodomethyllithium Carbenoid: Direct and Chemoselective Synthesis of α-Chloroaldehydes. Org Lett 2020; 22:3623-3627. [PMID: 32276538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward flow synthesis of α-chloro aldehydes has been developed. The strategy involves, for the first time, the thermal unstable chloroiodomethyllithium carbenoid and carbonyl compounds. A batch versus flow comparative study showcases the superb capability of flow technology in prolonging the lifetime of the lithiated carbenoid, even at -20 °C. Remarkably, the high chemoselectivity realized in flow allowed for preparing polyfunctionalized α-chloro aldehydes not easily accessible with traditional batch procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantaleo Musci
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Marco Colella
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sivo
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| | | | - Renzo Luisi
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
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15
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von Keutz T, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Terminal Epoxides from Ketones Using in Situ Generated Bromomethyl Lithium. Org Lett 2019; 21:10094-10098. [PMID: 31794232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A scalable procedure for the direct preparation of epoxides from ketones has been developed. The method is based on the carefully controlled generation of (bromomethyl)lithium (LiCH2Br) from inexpensive CH2Br2 and MeLi in a continuous flow reactor. The reaction has shown excellent selectivity for a variety of substrates, including α-chloroketones, which typically fail under classic Corey-Chaykovsky conditions. This advantage has been used to develop a novel route toward the drug fluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo von Keutz
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Graz , NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28 , 8010 Graz , Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) , Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) , Inffeldgasse 13 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Graz , NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28 , 8010 Graz , Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) , Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) , Inffeldgasse 13 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Graz , NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28 , 8010 Graz , Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) , Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) , Inffeldgasse 13 , 8010 Graz , Austria
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16
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Colella M, Nagaki A, Luisi R. Flow Technology for the Genesis and Use of (Highly) Reactive Organometallic Reagents. Chemistry 2019; 26:19-32. [PMID: 31498924 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the field of organic synthesis, the advent of flow chemistry and flow microreactor technology represented a tremendous novelty in the way of thinking and performing chemical reactions, opening the doors to poorly explored or even impossible transformations using batch methods. In this Concept article, we would like to highlight the impact of flow chemistry for exploiting highly reactive organometallic reagents, and how, alongside the well-known advantages concerning safety, scalability, and productivity, flow chemistry makes possible processes that are impossible to control by using the traditional batch approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colella
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Aichiiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
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17
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Generating cis-aza-diaryl and triaryl ethers via organoBrønsted acid catalysed aza-Darzens chemistry. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Wong JYF, Tobin JM, Vilela F, Barker G. Batch Versus Flow Lithiation–Substitution of 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles: Exploitation of Unstable Intermediates Using Flow Chemistry. Chemistry 2019; 25:12439-12445. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Y. F. Wong
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh UK
| | - John M. Tobin
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh UK
| | - Filipe Vilela
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh UK
| | - Graeme Barker
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh UK
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19
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Hirano K, Gondo S, Punna N, Tokunaga E, Shibata N. Gas/Liquid-Phase Micro-Flow Trifluoromethylation using Fluoroform: Trifluoromethylation of Aldehydes, Ketones, Chalcones, and N-Sulfinylimines. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:406-410. [PMID: 30976483 PMCID: PMC6442697 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A micro-flow nucleophilic trifluoromethylation of carbonyl compounds using gaseous fluoroform was developed. This method also allows the first micro-flow transformation of N-sulfinylimines into trifluoromethyl amines with excellent diastereoselectivity. To demonstrate the synthetic utility of this micro-flow synthesis, the formal micro-flow synthesis of Efavirenz is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Hirano
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Department of Nanopharmaceutical SciencesNagoya Institute of TechnologyGokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya466-8555Japan
| | - Satoshi Gondo
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Department of Nanopharmaceutical SciencesNagoya Institute of TechnologyGokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya466-8555Japan
| | - Nagender Punna
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Department of Nanopharmaceutical SciencesNagoya Institute of TechnologyGokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya466-8555Japan
| | - Etsuko Tokunaga
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Department of Nanopharmaceutical SciencesNagoya Institute of TechnologyGokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya466-8555Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Department of Nanopharmaceutical SciencesNagoya Institute of TechnologyGokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya466-8555Japan
- Institute of Advanced Fluorine-Containing MaterialsZhejiang Normal University688 Yingbin Avenue321004 JinhuaChina
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20
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Al Otaibi A, Deane FM, Russell CC, Hizartzidis L, McCluskey SN, Sakoff JA, McCluskey A. A methanol and protic ionic liquid Ugi multicomponent reaction path to cytotoxic α-phenylacetamido amides. RSC Adv 2019; 9:7652-7663. [PMID: 35521167 PMCID: PMC9061180 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00118b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ugi four component reaction of an aldehyde, amine, isocyanide and an ethanoic acid was effected smoothly in protic ionic liquids ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and propylammonium nitrate (PAN) to afford analogues of α-phenylacetamido amides in good to excellent isolated yields. The corresponding reactions in [BMIM][PF6] and the protic ionic liquid ethanolammonium nitrate (ETAN) failed. Microwave irradiation in EAN facilitated rapid access to three focused libraries, based on the parent isocyanide: cyclohexyl isocyanide, benzyl isocyanide and ethyl isocyanoacetate. Analysis of the structure activity relationship data suggested the presence of a bulky moiety originating from the isocyanide (cyclohexyl and benzyl) enhanced cytotoxicity. Removal of the acetylenic H-atom from the ethanoic acid moiety was detrimental to cytotoxicity. The most active analogues produced, N-(2-cyclohexylamino)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl-N-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propiolamide, returned average GI50 values of ≤1 μM across the cancer cell lines evaluated. Combined, these data suggest that analogues of this nature are interesting potential anti-cancer development leads. The Ugi reaction (aldehyde, amine, isocyanide and an ethanoic acid) in the protic ionic liquids ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and propylammonium nitrate (PAN) gave excellent yields of α-phenylacetamido amides.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al Otaibi
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences
- The University of Newcastle
- Australia
| | - Fiona M. Deane
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences
- The University of Newcastle
- Australia
| | - Cecilia C. Russell
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences
- The University of Newcastle
- Australia
| | - Lacey Hizartzidis
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences
- The University of Newcastle
- Australia
| | - Siobhann N. McCluskey
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences
- The University of Newcastle
- Australia
| | | | - Adam McCluskey
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences
- The University of Newcastle
- Australia
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21
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Ganiek MA, Ivanova MV, Martin B, Knochel P. Mild Homologation of Esters through Continuous Flow Chloroacetate Claisen Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:17249-17253. [PMID: 30290045 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The selective chloromethylenation of functionalized esters using chloroacetic acid (CA) and LiHMDS (HMDS=hexamethyldisilazide) in a continuous-flow setup is reported. This Claisen homologation is for the first time extended to bis-chloromethylenation using dichloroacetic acid (DCA), thus giving access to under-explored α,α'-bis-chloroketones. The use of flow conditions enables efficient generation and reaction of the unstable chloroacetate dianion intermediates, leading to unprecedented mild and scalable reaction conditions at an economical reagent stoichiometry (-10 °C, <1 min, 1.0-2.4 equiv dianion). The clean reaction profiles allow subsequent use of the unpurified crude products, which is demonstrated in the synthesis of various heterocycles of broad interest. Furthermore, we report a novel, catalyst-free substitution of the obtained monochloro ketone products with (hetero)aryl zinc enolates to give valuable 1,4-diketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian A Ganiek
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Maria V Ivanova
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Benjamin Martin
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Development, Fabrikstrasse, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
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22
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Akwi FM, Watts P. Continuous flow chemistry: where are we now? Recent applications, challenges and limitations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13894-13928. [PMID: 30483683 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07427e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A general outlook of the changing face of chemical synthesis is provided in this article through recent applications of continuous flow processing in both industry and academia. The benefits, major challenges and limitations associated with the use of this mode of processing are also given due attention as an attempt to put into perspective the current position of continuous flow processing, either as an alternative or potential combinatory technology for batch processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith M Akwi
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa.
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23
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Tissot M, Body N, Petit S, Claessens J, Genicot C, Pasau P. Synthesis of Electron-Deficient Heteroaromatic 1,3-Substituted Cyclobutyls via Zinc Insertion/Negishi Coupling Sequence under Batch and Automated Flow Conditions. Org Lett 2018; 20:8022-8025. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Tissot
- Global Chemistry, UCB New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Avenue de l’industrie, 1420 Braine l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Body
- Department Chimie Organique, Université catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve, Place Louis Pasteur, 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Petit
- Chemical Process Research and Development, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Avenue de l’industrie, 1420 Braine l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Jehan Claessens
- Global Chemistry, UCB New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Avenue de l’industrie, 1420 Braine l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Christophe Genicot
- Global Chemistry, UCB New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Avenue de l’industrie, 1420 Braine l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pasau
- Global Chemistry, UCB New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Avenue de l’industrie, 1420 Braine l’Alleud, Belgium
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24
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Ganiek MA, Ivanova MV, Martin B, Knochel P. Milde Chlorhomologisierung von Estern durch Chloracetat‐Claisen‐Reaktion unter kontinuierlichen Durchflussbedingungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian A. Ganiek
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department Chemie Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Maria V. Ivanova
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department Chemie Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Benjamin Martin
- Novartis Pharma AG Chemical Development Fabrikstraße 4002 Basel Schweiz
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department Chemie Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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25
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Castoldi L, Monticelli S, Senatore R, Ielo L, Pace V. Homologation chemistry with nucleophilic α-substituted organometallic reagents: chemocontrol, new concepts and (solved) challenges. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6692-6704. [PMID: 29850663 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02499e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of a reactive nucleophilic CH2X unit into a preformed bond enables the introduction of a fragment featuring the exact and desired degree of functionalization through a single synthetic operation. The instability of metallated α-organometallic species often poses serious questions regarding the practicability of using this conceptually intuitive and simple approach for forming C-C or C-heteroatom bonds. A deep understanding of processes regulating the formation of these nucleophiles is a precious source of inspiration not only for successfully applying theoretically feasible transformations (i.e. determining how to employ a given reagent), but also for designing new reactions which ultimately lead to the introduction of molecular complexity via short experimental sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Castoldi
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Serena Monticelli
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Raffaele Senatore
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Laura Ielo
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
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26
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Adeyemi A, Bergman J, Brånalt J, Sävmarker J, Larhed M. Continuous Flow Synthesis under High-Temperature/High-Pressure Conditions Using a Resistively Heated Flow Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joakim Bergman
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative
Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden
1, Mölndal, 431
83, Sweden
| | - Jonas Brånalt
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative
Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden
1, Mölndal, 431
83, Sweden
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27
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Ketels M, Konrad DB, Karaghiosoff K, Trauner D, Knochel P. Selective Lithiation, Magnesiation, and Zincation of Unsymmetrical Azobenzenes Using Continuous Flow. Org Lett 2017; 19:1666-1669. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Ketels
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - David B. Konrad
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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28
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Hafner A, Mancino V, Meisenbach M, Schenkel B, Sedelmeier J. Dichloromethyllithium: Synthesis and Application in Continuous Flow Mode. Org Lett 2017; 19:786-789. [PMID: 28151678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A simple and robust procedure for the synthesis and use of thermally unstable dichloromethyllithium in continuous flow mode is described. By utilizing residence times in the range of milliseconds for the generation and electrophilic quench of dichloromethyllithium, the straightforward synthesis of dichlorocarbinols and benzylic pinacol esters was realized at reaction temperatures of -30 °C, whereas typical temperatures in traditional batch mode are below -78 °C. The excellent purity profile obtained from the flow process allows us to directly telescope the exiting flow stream into semibatch quenches for further modifications. All transformations gave the desired products in remarkable purity and yield on gram scale with no need for chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hafner
- Novartis Pharma AG , Novartis Campus, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Mark Meisenbach
- Novartis Pharma AG , Novartis Campus, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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29
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Harsanyi A, Conte A, Pichon L, Rabion A, Grenier S, Sandford G. One-Step Continuous Flow Synthesis of Antifungal WHO Essential Medicine Flucytosine Using Fluorine. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antal Harsanyi
- Chemistry
Department, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Annelyse Conte
- Maison
Européenne
des Procédés Innovants (MEPI), Site Safran-Herakles,
Chemin de la Loge − CS 27813, F-31078 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Pichon
- Maison
Européenne
des Procédés Innovants (MEPI), Site Safran-Herakles,
Chemin de la Loge − CS 27813, F-31078 Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Rabion
- Chemistry
and Biotechnology Department, Sanofi Aventis, Campus Val de Bievre, Gentilly France
| | - Sandrine Grenier
- Chemistry
and Biotechnology Department, Sanofi Aventis, 371 Rue Pr Blayac, Montpellier France
| | - Graham Sandford
- Chemistry
Department, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K
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30
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Carmona-Vargas CC, de C. Alves L, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Combining batch and continuous flow setups in the end-to-end synthesis of naturally occurring curcuminoids. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00207b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A successful end-to-end continuous flow synthesis of pure curcumin (1) and two other natural derivatives present in turmeric is described.
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31
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Lotter C, Poehler E, Heiland JJ, Mauritz L, Belder D. Enantioselective reaction monitoring utilizing two-dimensional heart-cut liquid chromatography on an integrated microfluidic chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4648-4652. [PMID: 27824367 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01138a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chip-integrated, two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography is introduced to monitor enantioselective continuous micro-flow synthesis. The herein described development of the first two-dimensional HPLC-chip was realized by the integration of two different columns packed with reversed-phase and chiral stationary phase material on a microfluidic glass chip, coupled to mass spectrometry. Directed steering of the micro-flows at the joining transfer cross enabled a heart-cut operation mode to transfer the chiral compound of interest from the first to the second chromatographic dimension. This allows for an interference-free determination of the enantiomeric excess by seamless hyphenation to electrospray mass spectrometry. The application for rapid reaction optimization at micro-flow conditions is exemplarily shown for the asymmetric organocatalytic continuous micro-flow synthesis of warfarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Lotter
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Poehler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Josef J Heiland
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Laura Mauritz
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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33
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Fitzpatrick D, Battilocchio C, Ley SV. Enabling Technologies for the Future of Chemical Synthesis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:131-8. [PMID: 27163040 PMCID: PMC4827522 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Technology is evolving at breakneck pace, changing the way we communicate, travel, find out information, and live our lives. Yet chemistry as a science has been slower to adapt to this rapidly shifting world. In this Outlook we use highlights from recent literature reports to describe how progresses in enabling technologies are altering this trend, permitting chemists to incorporate new advances into their work at all levels of the chemistry development cycle. We discuss the benefits and challenges that have arisen, impacts on academic-industry relationships, and future trends in the area of chemical synthesis.
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34
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Battilocchio C, Feist F, Hafner A, Simon M, Tran DN, Allwood DM, Blakemore DC, Ley SV. Iterative reactions of transient boronic acids enable sequential C–C bond formation. Nat Chem 2016; 8:360-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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35
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Trojanowicz M. Flow chemistry vs. flow analysis. Talanta 2016; 146:621-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Kotek V, Polák P, Tobrman T. Efficient and simple preparation of functionalized 1,1-dibromoenol phosphates. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-015-1613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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Hamlin TA, Leadbeater NE. Real-time Monitoring of Reactions Performed Using Continuous-flow Processing: The Preparation of 3-Acetylcoumarin as an Example. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 26650190 DOI: 10.3791/52393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
By using inline monitoring, it is possible to optimize reactions performed using continuous-flow processing in a simple and rapid way. It is also possible to ensure consistent product quality over time using this technique. We here show how to interface a commercially available flow unit with a Raman spectrometer. The Raman flow cell is placed after the back-pressure regulator, meaning that it can be operated at atmospheric pressure. In addition, the fact that the product stream passes through a length of tubing before entering the flow cell means that the material is at RT. It is important that the spectra are acquired under isothermal conditions since Raman signal intensity is temperature dependent. Having assembled the apparatus, we then show how to monitor a chemical reaction, the piperidine-catalyzed synthesis of 3-acetylcoumarin from salicylaldehyde and ethyl acetoacetate being used as an example. The reaction can be performed over a range of flow rates and temperatures, the in-situ monitoring tool being used to optimize conditions simply and easily.
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38
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Amara Z, Streng ES, Skilton RA, Jin J, George MW, Poliakoff M. Automated Serendipity with Self-Optimizing Continuous-Flow Reactors. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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40
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Kilcher E, Freymond S, Vanoli E, Marti R, Schmidt G, Abele S. Continuous Process for Phase-Transfer-Catalyzed Bisalkylation of Cyclopentadiene for the Synthesis of Spiro[2.4]hepta-4,6-diene. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elia Kilcher
- HES-SO Haute école spécialisée de Suisse occidentale, Haute école d’ingénierie et d’architecture de Fribourg, Institut Chemical Technology, Bd Pérolles 80, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Freymond
- HES-SO Haute école spécialisée de Suisse occidentale, Haute école d’ingénierie et d’architecture de Fribourg, Institut Chemical Technology, Bd Pérolles 80, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ennio Vanoli
- HES-SO Haute école spécialisée de Suisse occidentale, Haute école d’ingénierie et d’architecture de Fribourg, Institut Chemical Technology, Bd Pérolles 80, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Roger Marti
- HES-SO Haute école spécialisée de Suisse occidentale, Haute école d’ingénierie et d’architecture de Fribourg, Institut Chemical Technology, Bd Pérolles 80, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gunther Schmidt
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Abele
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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41
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Izquierdo J, Ayats C, Henseler AH, Pericàs MA. A polystyrene-supported 9-amino(9-deoxy)epi quinine derivative for continuous flow asymmetric Michael reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4204-9. [PMID: 25723553 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00325c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A polystyrene (PS)-supported 9-amino(9-deoxy)epi quinine derivative catalyzes Michael reactions affording excellent levels of conversion and enantioselectivity using different nucleophiles and structurally diverse enones. The highly recyclable, immobilized catalyst has been used to implement a single-pass, continuous flow process (residence time: 40 min) that can be operated for 21 hours without significant decrease in conversion and with improved enantioselectivity with respect to batch operation. The flow process has also been used for the sequential preparation of a small library of enantioenriched Michael adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Izquierdo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avda. Països Catalans, 16, E-43007, Tarragona, Spain
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42
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Benedetti E, Duchemin N, Bethge L, Vonhoff S, Klussmann S, Vasseur JJ, Cossy J, Smietana M, Arseniyadis S. DNA-cellulose: an economical, fully recyclable and highly effective chiral biomaterial for asymmetric catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:6076-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc10190a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We report here the first generation of a DNA-based catalyst bound to a cellulose matrix. The chiral biomaterial is commercially available, trivial to use, highly selective and fully recyclable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Benedetti
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique
- Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI) - ESPCI ParisTech/CNRS (UMR8231)/PSL* Research University
- 75231 Paris Cedex 05
- France
| | - Nicolas Duchemin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique
- Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI) - ESPCI ParisTech/CNRS (UMR8231)/PSL* Research University
- 75231 Paris Cedex 05
- France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Jacques Vasseur
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron UMR 5247 CNRS-Universités Montpellier 1 et 2 Place Eugène Bataillon
- 34095 Montpellier
- France
| | - Janine Cossy
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique
- Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI) - ESPCI ParisTech/CNRS (UMR8231)/PSL* Research University
- 75231 Paris Cedex 05
- France
| | - Michael Smietana
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron UMR 5247 CNRS-Universités Montpellier 1 et 2 Place Eugène Bataillon
- 34095 Montpellier
- France
| | - Stellios Arseniyadis
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique
- Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI) - ESPCI ParisTech/CNRS (UMR8231)/PSL* Research University
- 75231 Paris Cedex 05
- France
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43
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Abstract
Reagent molecules inside solution domains {R1} and {R2} cannot contact hence react. For this reason solution structure may influence chemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. O. Kononov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
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Degennaro L, Fanelli F, Giovine A, Luisi R. External Trapping of Halomethyllithium Enabled by Flow Microreactors. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Deadman BJ, Browne DL, Baxendale IR, Ley SV. Back Pressure Regulation of Slurry-Forming Reactions in Continuous Flow. Chem Eng Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201400445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Moghaddam MM, Pieber B, Glasnov T, Kappe CO. Immobilized iron oxide nanoparticles as stable and reusable catalysts for hydrazine-mediated nitro reductions in continuous flow. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:3122-31. [PMID: 25209099 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An experimentally easy to perform method for the generation of alumina-supported Fe3O4 nanoparticles [(6±1) nm size, 0.67 wt %]and the use of this material in hydrazine-mediated heterogeneously catalyzed reductions of nitroarenes to anilines under batch and continuous-flow conditions is presented. The bench-stable, reusable nano-Fe3O4@Al2O3 catalyst can selectively reduce functionalized nitroarenes at 1 mol % catalyst loading by using a 20 mol % excess of hydrazine hydrate in an elevated temperature regime (150 °C, reaction time 2-6 min in batch). For continuous-flow processing, the catalyst material is packed into dedicated cartridges and used in a commercially available high-temperature/-pressure flow device. In continuous mode, reaction times can be reduced to less than 1 min at 150 °C (30 bar back pressure) in a highly intensified process. The nano-Fe3O4@Al2O3 catalyst demonstrated stable reduction of nitrobenzene (0.5 M in MeOH) for more than 10 h on stream at a productivity of 30 mmol h(-1) (0.72 mol per day). Importantly, virtually no leaching of the catalytically active material could be observed by inductively coupled plasma MS monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Mirhosseini Moghaddam
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Flow Chemistry (CDLFC) and Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria)
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Glasnov T. Highlights from the Flow Chemistry Literature 2014 (Part 2). J Flow Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-14-00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Immobilized Transition Metals as Catalysts for Cross-Couplings in Continuous Flow-A Critical Assessment of the Reaction Mechanism and Metal Leaching. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Hizartzidis L, Cossar PJ, Robertson MJ, Simone MI, Young KA, McCluskey A, Gordon CP. Expanding the utility of flow hydrogenation – a robust protocol restricting hydrodehalogenation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09605c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A commonly observed limitation of conducting hydrogenations under flow chemistry conditions is hydrodehalogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey Hizartzidis
- Centre for Chemical Biology
- School of Environmental and Life Science
- The University of Newcastle
- Callaghan, Australia
| | - Peter J. Cossar
- Centre for Chemical Biology
- School of Environmental and Life Science
- The University of Newcastle
- Callaghan, Australia
| | - Mark J. Robertson
- Centre for Chemical Biology
- School of Environmental and Life Science
- The University of Newcastle
- Callaghan, Australia
| | - Michela I. Simone
- Centre for Chemical Biology
- School of Environmental and Life Science
- The University of Newcastle
- Callaghan, Australia
| | - Kelly A. Young
- Centre for Chemical Biology
- School of Environmental and Life Science
- The University of Newcastle
- Callaghan, Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Centre for Chemical Biology
- School of Environmental and Life Science
- The University of Newcastle
- Callaghan, Australia
| | - Christopher P. Gordon
- Centre for Chemical Biology
- School of Environmental and Life Science
- The University of Newcastle
- Callaghan, Australia
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group
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