1
|
Zhao F, Lauder K, Liu S, Finnigan JD, Charnock SBR, Charnock SJ, Castagnolo D. Chemoenzymatic Cascades for the Enantioselective Synthesis of β-Hydroxysulfides Bearing a Stereocentre at the C-O or C-S Bond by Ketoreductases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202363. [PMID: 35576553 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chiral β-hydroxysulfides are an important class of organic compounds which find broad application in organic and pharmaceutical chemistry. Herein we describe the development of novel biocatalytic and chemoenzymatic methods for the enantioselective synthesis of β-hydroxysulfides by exploiting ketoreductase (KRED) enzymes. Four KREDs were discovered from a pool of 384 enzymes identified and isolated through a metagenomic approach. KRED311 and KRED349 catalysed the synthesis of β-hydroxysulfides bearing a stereocentre at the C-O bond with opposite absolute configurations and excellent ee values by novel chemoenzymatic and biocatalytic-chemical-biocatalytic (bio-chem-bio) cascades starting from commercially available thiophenols/thiols and α-haloketones/alcohols. KRED253 and KRED384 catalysed the enantioselective synthesis of β-hydroxysulfides bearing a stereocentre at the C-S bond with opposite enantioselectivities by dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of racemic α-thioaldehydes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Kate Lauder
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Siyu Liu
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - James D Finnigan
- Prozomix Limited, West End Ind. Estate, Haltwhistle, Northumberland, NE49 9HA, UK
| | - Simon B R Charnock
- Prozomix Limited, West End Ind. Estate, Haltwhistle, Northumberland, NE49 9HA, UK
| | - Simon J Charnock
- Prozomix Limited, West End Ind. Estate, Haltwhistle, Northumberland, NE49 9HA, UK
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wales S, Saunthwal RK, Clayden J. C(sp 3)-Arylation by Conformationally Accelerated Intramolecular Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (S NAr). Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1731-1747. [PMID: 35620846 PMCID: PMC9219115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric synthesis of heavily substituted benzylic stereogenic centers, prevalent in natural products, therapeutics, agrochemicals, and catalysts, is an ongoing challenge. In this Account, we outline our contribution to this endeavor, describing our discovery of a series of new reactions that not only have synthetic applicability but also present significant mechanistic intrigue. The story originated from our longstanding interest in the stereochemistry and reactivity of functionalized organolithiums. While investigating the lithiation chemistry of ureas (a "Cinderella" sister of the more established amides and carbamates), we noted an unexpected Truce-Smiles (T-S) rearrangement involving the 1,4-N → C transposition of a urea N'-aryl group to the α-carbanion of an adjacent N-benzyl group. Despite this reaction formally constituting an SNAr substitution, we found it to be remarkably tolerant of the electronic properties of the migrating aryl substituent and the degree of substitution at the carbanion. Moreover, in contrast to classical SNAr reactions, the rearrangement was sufficiently rapid that it took place under conditions compatible with configurational stability in an organolithium intermediate, enabling enantiospecific arylation at benzylic stereogenic centers. Experimental and computational studies confirmed a low kinetic barrier to the aryl migration arising from the strong preference for a trans arrangement of the urea N'-aryl and carbonyl groups, populating a reactive conformer in which spatial proximity was enforced between the carbanion and N'-aryl group, hugely accelerating ipso-substitution.This discovery led us to uncover a whole series of conformationally accelerated intramolecular N → C aryl transfers using different anilide-based functional groups, including a diverse range of urea, carbamate, and thiocarbamate-substituted anions. Products included enantioenriched α-tertiary amines (including α-arylated N-heterocycles) and alcohols, as well as rare α-tertiary thiols. Synthetically challenging diarylated centers with differentiated aryl groups featured heavily in all product sets. The absolute enantiospecificity (retention versus inversion) of the reaction was dependent on the heteroatom α to the lithiation site: the origin of this stereodivergence was probed both experimentally and computationally. Asymmetric variants of the rearrangement were realized by enantioselective deprotonation, and connective strategies were developed in which an intermolecular C-C bond-forming event preceded the anionic rearrangement. Substrates where the N'-nucleofuge (at the aryl ipso position) was tethered to the migrating arene allowed us to use the rearrangement as a ring expansion method to generate 8- to 12-membered medium-ring N-heterocycles from very simple precursors. Stabilized carbon nucleophiles such as alkali metal enolates also readily promoted intramolecular N → C aryl transfer in N'-arylureas, opening up access to biologically relevant hydantoins, and enabling a "chiral memory" approach for the (hetero)arylation of chiral α-amino acids with programmable retention or inversion of configuration. Collectively, our studies of electronically versatile T-S rearrangements in anilide-based systems have culminated in a practical and general strategy for transition metal-free C(sp3)-arylation. More broadly, our results highlight the power of conformational activation to achieve unprecedented reactivity in the construction of challenging C-C bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry, University
of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao F, Lauder K, Liu S, Finnigan JD, Charnock SBR, Charnock SJ, Castagnolo D. Chemoenzymatic Cascades for the Enantioselective Synthesis of β‐Hydroxysulfides Bearing a Stereocentre at C− O or C − S Bonds by Ketoreductases (KREDs). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- University College London Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Kate Lauder
- King's College London Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Siyu Liu
- King's College London Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | | | - Daniele Castagnolo
- University College London Chemistry 20 Gordon Street WC1H 0AJ London UNITED KINGDOM
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Musci P, Colella M, Altomare A, Romanazzi G, Sheikh NS, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Dynamic Phenomena and Complexation Effects in the α-Lithiation and Asymmetric Functionalization of Azetidines. Molecules 2022; 27:2847. [PMID: 35566200 PMCID: PMC9103493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work it is demonstrated that enantiomerically enriched N-alkyl 2-oxazolinylazetidines undergo exclusive α-lithiation, and that the resulting lithiated intermediate is chemically stable but configurationally labile under the given experimental conditions that afford enantioenriched N-alkyl-2,2-disubstituted azetidines. Although this study reveals the configurational instability of the diastereomeric lithiated azetidines, it points out an interesting stereoconvergence of such lithiated intermediates towards the thermodynamically stable species, making the overall process highly stereoselective (er > 95:5, dr > 85:15) after trapping with electrophiles. This peculiar behavior has been rationalized by considering the dynamics at the azetidine nitrogen atom, the inversion at the C-Li center supported by in situ FT-IR experiments, and DFT calculations that suggested the presence of η3-coordinated species for diastereomeric lithiated azetidines. The described situation contrasted with the demonstrated stability of the smaller lithiated aziridine analogue. The capability of oxazolinylazetidines to undergo different reaction patterns with organolithium bases supports the model termed “dynamic control of reactivity” of relevance in organolithium chemistry. It has been demonstrated that only 2,2-substituted oxazolinylazetidines with suitable stereochemical requirements could undergo C=N addition of organolithiums in non-coordinating solvents, leading to useful precursors of chiral (er > 95:5) ketoazetidines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pantaleo Musci
- Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Colella
- Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Angela Altomare
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Christallography IC-CNR, Via Amendola 127/A, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Romanazzi
- DICATECh—Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Nadeem S. Sheikh
- Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.M.); (M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saunthwal RK, Mortimer J, Orr-Ewing AJ, Clayden J. Enantioselective one-carbon expansion of aromatic rings by simultaneous formation and chromoselective irradiation of a transient coloured enolate. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2079-2085. [PMID: 35308841 PMCID: PMC8848985 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06684f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enantioenriched seven-membered carbocycles are motifs in many molecules of structural and biological interest. We report a simple, practical, transition metal-free and mechanistically unusual method for the enantioselective synthesis of substituted cycloheptatrienes. By forming a coloured enolate with an appropriate absorption band and selectively irradiating in situ, we to initiate a tandem, asymmetric anionic and photochemical ring expansion of readily accessible N-benzylbenzamides. The cascade of reactions leading to the products entails enantioselective benzylic deprotonation with a chiral lithium amide, dearomatizing cyclization of the resulting configurationally defined organolithium to give an extended amide enolate, and photochemically induced formal [1,7]-sigmatropic rearrangement and 6π-electrocyclic ring-opening - the latter all evidently being stereospecific - to deliver enantioenriched cycloheptatrienes with embedded benzylic stereocentres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Saunthwal
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - James Mortimer
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Andrew J Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Choi A, El‐Tunsi A, Wang Y, Meijer AJHM, Li J, Li X, Proietti Silvestri I, Coldham I. Asymmetric Synthesis of 2-Arylindolines and 2,2-Disubstituted Indolines by Kinetic Resolution. Chemistry 2021; 27:11670-11675. [PMID: 34110662 PMCID: PMC8456874 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic resolution of 2-arylindolines (2,3-dihydroindoles) was achieved by treatment of their N-tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) derivatives with n-butyllithium and sparteine in toluene at -78 °C followed by electrophilic quench. The unreacted starting materials together with the 2,2-disubstituted products could be isolated with high enantiomer ratios. Variable temperature NMR spectroscopy showed that the rate of Boc rotation was fast (ΔG≠ ≈57 kJ/mol at 195 K). This was corroborated by DFT studies and by in situ ReactIR spectroscopy. The enantioenriched N-Boc-2-arylindolines were converted to 2,2-disubstituted products without significant loss in enantiopurity. Hence, either enantiomer of the 2,2-disubstituted products could be obtained with high selectivity from the same enantiomer of the chiral ligand sparteine (one from the kinetic resolution and the other from subsequent lithiation-trapping of the recovered starting material). Secondary amine products were prepared by removing the Boc group with acid to provide a way to access highly enantioenriched 2-aryl and 2,2-disubstituted indolines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Choi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Sheffield Brook HillSheffieldS3 7HFUK
| | - Ashraf El‐Tunsi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Sheffield Brook HillSheffieldS3 7HFUK
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Sheffield Brook HillSheffieldS3 7HFUK
| | | | - Jia Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an710062PR China
| | - Xiabing Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an710062PR China
| | | | - Iain Coldham
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Sheffield Brook HillSheffieldS3 7HFUK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marsico G, Scafato P, Belviso S, Superchi S. Regio- and stereoselective intermolecular carbolithiation reactions. RSC Adv 2020; 10:32581-32601. [PMID: 35516521 PMCID: PMC9056694 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06101h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbolithiation of alkenes provides a powerful tool for the construction of up to two novel carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatoms bonds in a regio- and stereo-controlled manner. The synthetic potentiality of this reaction is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. Marsico
- Dipartimento di Scienze
- Università della Basilicata
- Potenza
- Italy
| | - P. Scafato
- Dipartimento di Scienze
- Università della Basilicata
- Potenza
- Italy
| | - S. Belviso
- Dipartimento di Scienze
- Università della Basilicata
- Potenza
- Italy
| | - S. Superchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze
- Università della Basilicata
- Potenza
- Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lauder K, Masci D, Toscani A, Al Mekdad A, Black GW, Brown NL, Turner NJ, Luisi R, Castagnolo D. A facile and regioselective multicomponent synthesis of chiral aryl-1,2-mercaptoamines in water followed by monoamine oxidase (MAO-N) enzymatic resolution. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8982-8986. [PMID: 31584061 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01962f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A facile microwave assisted three-component protocol allows the synthesis of chiral aryl-1,2-mercaptoamines in water in a few minutes with high yields, bypassing the use of toxic aziridine intermediates. The chiral 1,2-mercaptoamines were then deracemized through enzymatic resolution of the racemates using monoamine oxidase (MAO-N) biocatalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Lauder
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH, London, UK.
| | - Domiziana Masci
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH, London, UK.
| | - Anita Toscani
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH, London, UK.
| | - Aya Al Mekdad
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH, London, UK.
| | - Gary W Black
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Place, NE1 8ST, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nicola L Brown
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Place, NE1 8ST, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, UK
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari"A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wong JYF, Tobin JM, Vilela F, Barker G. Batch Versus Flow Lithiation–Substitution of 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles: Exploitation of Unstable Intermediates Using Flow Chemistry. Chemistry 2019; 25:12439-12445. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Y. F. Wong
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh UK
| | - John M. Tobin
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh UK
| | - Filipe Vilela
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh UK
| | - Graeme Barker
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
De Angelis S, De Renzo M, Carlucci C, Degennaro L, Luisi R. A convenient enantioselective CBS-reduction of arylketones in flow-microreactor systems. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:4304-11. [PMID: 27086654 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00336b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A convenient, versatile, and green CBS-asymmetric reduction of aryl and heteroaryl ketones has been developed by using the microreactor technology. The study demonstrates that it is possible to handle borane solution safely within microreactors and that the reaction performs well using 2-MeTHF as a greener solvent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia De Angelis
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro"; FLAME-Lab - Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125, Italy.
| | - Maddalena De Renzo
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro"; FLAME-Lab - Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125, Italy.
| | - Claudia Carlucci
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro"; FLAME-Lab - Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro"; FLAME-Lab - Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125, Italy.
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro"; FLAME-Lab - Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mahy W, Cabezas-Hayes S, Kociok-Köhn G, Frost CG. A Highly Regioselective Palladium-Catalyzed O,S Rearrangement of Cyclic Thiocarbonates. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Mahy
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; BA2 7AY Bath UK
| | | | - Gabriele Kociok-Köhn
- Chemical Characterisation and Analysis Facility; University of Bath; BA2 7AY Bath UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Firth JD, O'Brien P, Ferris L. General Procedures for the Lithiation/Trapping of N-Boc Piperazines. J Org Chem 2017; 82:7023-7031. [PMID: 28574711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To provide α-substituted piperazines for early stage medicinal chemistry studies, a simple, general synthetic approach is required. Here, we report the development of two general and simple procedures for the racemic lithiation/trapping of N-Boc piperazines. Optimum lithiation times were determined using in situ IR spectroscopy, and the previous complicated and diverse literature procedures were simplified. Subsequent trapping with electrophiles delivered a wide range of α-functionalized N-Boc piperazines. The scope and limitations of the distal N-group were investigated. The selective α- and β- arylation of N-Boc piperazines via lithiation/Negishi coupling is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James D Firth
- Department of Chemistry, University of York , Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Peter O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of York , Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Leigh Ferris
- AstraZeneca U.K. , Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Intramolecular vinylation of carbanions using N -acyl benzomorpholines as masked vinylureas and vinylcarbamates. CR CHIM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
14
|
Holden CM, Greaney MF. Modern Aspects of the Smiles Rearrangement. Chemistry 2017; 23:8992-9008. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Holden
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Michael F. Greaney
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Denora N, Lopedota A, de Candia M, Cellamare S, Degennaro L, Luisi R, Mele A, Tricarico D, Cutrignelli A, Laquintana V, Altomare CD, Franco M, Dimiccoli V, Tolomeo A, Scilimati A. Pharmaceutical development of novel lactate-based 6-fluoro-l-DOPA formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 99:361-368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
16
|
Parisi G, Degennaro L, Carlucci C, de Candia M, Mastrorilli P, Roller A, Holzer W, Altomare CD, Pace V, Luisi R. A greener and efficient access to substituted four- and six-membered sulfur-bearing heterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:5000-5015. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00846e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The regioselective functionalization of four- and six-membered cyclic sulfones was investigated using a lithiation/functionalization strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Parisi
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro”
- FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory
- Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro”
- FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory
- Italy
| | - Claudia Carlucci
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro”
- FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory
- Italy
| | - Modesto de Candia
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro”
- FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory
- Italy
| | | | - Alexander Roller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- 1090 – Vienna
- Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- 1090 – Vienna
- Austria
| | - Cosimo Damiano Altomare
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro”
- FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory
- Italy
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- 1090 – Vienna
- Austria
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro”
- FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory
- Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pace V, Holzer W, De Kimpe N. Lithium Halomethylcarbenoids: Preparation and Use in the Homologation of Carbon Electrophiles. CHEM REC 2016; 16:2061-76. [PMID: 27381551 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
α-Halomethyllithium carbenoids are useful homologating reagents which - reacting under proper reaction conditions as carbanions - enable the installation via nucleophilic addition of a reactive halomethyl fragment onto a preformed carbon-heteroatom bond. The pronounced thermolability represented - since seminal studies by Köbrich - the Achilles' heel of these reagents: the use of Barbier-type methodologies (i.e., the electrophile should be present in the reaction mixture prior to the formation of the carbenoid) was pivotal in order to suppress decomposition through α-elimination processes. Nowadays, the use of low temperatures (-78 °C) guarantees reliable procedures and, significantly, the employment of microreactor technologies allows external trapping to be performed even at higher temperatures as reported by Luisi. We will discuss the α-halomethyllithium-mediated homologations of a series of carbon electrophiles such as carbonyl compounds, imines, esters, Weinreb amides, and isocyanates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert De Kimpe
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Scharnagel D, Müller A, Prause F, Eck M, Goller J, Milius W, Breuning M. The First Modular Route to Core-Chiral Bispidine Ligands and Their Application in Enantioselective Copper(II)-Catalyzed Henry Reactions. Chemistry 2015; 21:12488-500. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
19
|
Degennaro L, Pisano L, Parisi G, Mansueto R, Clarkson GJ, Shipman M, Luisi R. Nitrogen Stereodynamics and Complexation Phenomena as Key Factors in the Deprotonative Dynamic Resolution of Alkylideneaziridines: A Spectroscopic and Computational Study. J Org Chem 2015; 80:6411-8. [PMID: 25996163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present work is aimed at shedding light on the origin of the stereoselectivity observed in the reactions of chiral heterosubstituted organolithiums, generated by lithiation of alkylideneaziridines. Factors such as the nitrogen inversion barrier, the stereochemistry at the nitrogen atom, the substitution pattern of the alkylideneaziridines, and the reaction conditions are taken into consideration. The interplay between nitrogen stereodynamics and complexation phenomena seems to be crucial in determining the stereochemical outcome of the lithiation/trapping sequence. The findings were rationalized by a synergistic use of NMR experiments, run on the lithiated intermediates, alongside computational data. It has been demonstrated that, in such systems, the stereochemistry-determining step is the deprotonation reaction, and a model based on a deprotonative dynamic resolution has been proposed. Such findings could find application in dynamic systems other than aziridines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Degennaro
- †Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Luisa Pisano
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Giovanna Parisi
- †Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Rosmara Mansueto
- †Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy.,§Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- §Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Shipman
- §Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Renzo Luisi
- †Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cochrane EJ, Hassall LA, Coldham I. Preparation of 1-Substituted Tetrahydro-β-carbolines by Lithiation–Substitution. J Org Chem 2015; 80:5964-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Cochrane
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Iain Coldham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|