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Moussa Z, Saada S, Paz AP, Alzamly A, Judeh ZMA, Alshehhi AR, Khudhair A, Almheiri SA, Al-Masri HT, Ahmed SA. Exclusive Solvent-Controlled Regioselective Catalytic Synthesis of Potentially Bioactive Imidazolidineiminodithiones: NMR Analysis, Computational Studies and X-ray Crystal Structures. Molecules 2024; 29:3958. [PMID: 39203036 PMCID: PMC11357535 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe the first consistent regiospecific reaction of isothiocyanates with a variety of substituted N-arylcyanothioformamides in a 1:1 molar ratio to generate a series of imidazolidineiminodithiones decorated with a multitude of functional groups on both aromatic rings. The reaction is carried out at room temperature using a 20 mol% catalytic amount of triethylamine with DMF as the solvent to selectively form the mentioned products with exclusive regioselectivity. The methodology features wide substrate scope, no requirement for chromatography, and good to high reaction yields. The products were isolated by simple ether/brine extraction and the structures were verified by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and high accuracy mass measurements. The first conclusive molecular structure elucidation of the observed regioisomer was established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Likewise, the tautomer of the N-arylcyanothioformamide reactant was proven by X-ray diffraction analysis. Density functional theory computations at the B3LYP-D4/def2-TZVP level in implicit DMF solvent were conducted to support the noted regiochemical outcome and proposed mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Moussa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates (A.R.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Sara Saada
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates (A.R.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Alejandro Perez Paz
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates (A.R.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Ahmed Alzamly
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates (A.R.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Zaher M. A. Judeh
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, N1.2-B1-14, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Aaesha R. Alshehhi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates (A.R.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Aisha Khudhair
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates (A.R.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Salama A. Almheiri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates (A.R.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Harbi Tomah Al-Masri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Al al-Bayt University, P.O. Box 130040, Mafraq 25113, Jordan
| | - Saleh A. Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Chang MS, Lee CY, Liu ES, Chao H, Wu HY, Chang YY, Liu YL, Chen YT, Su YC, Wang YT, Cheng TL, Yen CH, Lin CW, Huang HK, Lin WW. A Low-Cost, Sensitive Reporter System Using Membrane-Tethered Horseradish Peroxidase for Efficient Gene Expression Analysis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14341-14349. [PMID: 37715702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Reporter gene assays are essential for high-throughput analysis, such as drug screening or determining downstream signaling activation/inhibition. However, use of this technology has been hampered by the high cost of the substrate (e.g., d-Luciferin (d-Luc)) in the most common firefly luciferase (FLuc) reporter gene assay. Although alternate luciferase is available worldwide, its substrate has remained expensive, and a more affordable option is still in demand. Here, we present a membrane-tethered horseradish peroxidase (mHRP), a new reporter system composed of a cell membrane expressing HRP that can preserve its enzymatic function on the cell surface, facilitates contact with HRP substrates (e.g., ABTS and TMB), and avoids the cell lysis process and the use of the high-priced luciferase substrate. An evaluation of the light signal sensitivity of mHRP compared to FLuc showed that both had comparable signal sensitivity. We also identified an extended substrate half-life of more than 5-fold that of d-Luc. Of note, this strategy provided a more stable detection signal, and the cell lysis process is not mandatory. Furthermore, with this strategy, we decreased the total amount of time taken for analysis and increased the time of detection limit of the reporter assay. Pricing analysis showed a one-third to one twenty-eighth price drop per single test of reporter assay. Given the convenience and stability of the mHRP reporter system, we believe that our strategy is suitable for use as an alternative to the luciferase reporter assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Shen Chang
- PhD Program in Life Science, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - En-Shuo Liu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan Chao
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ling Liu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Su
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Yeng-Tseng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Yen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Kai Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80284, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Post Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
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3
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Chang CH, Gómez S, Fontaine DM, Fikas P, Branchini BR, Anderson JC. Bioluminescence, photophysical, computational and molecular docking studies of fully conformationally restricted enamine infraluciferin. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2941-2949. [PMID: 36928464 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00247k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
A new rationally designed fully rotationally restricted luciferin has been synthesised. This synthetic luciferin, based upon the structure of infraluciferin, has two intramolecular H-bonds to reduce degrees of freedom, an amine group to enhance ICT process, and an alkenyl group to increase π-conjugation. In the spectroscopic measurements and computational calculations, enamine luciferin showed more red-shifted absorption and fluorescence emission than LH2 and iLH2. With PpyWT luciferase enamine luciferin gave bioluminescence at 564 nm which is similar to LH2 at 561 nm. Further investigation by docking studies revealed that the emission wavelength of enamine luciferin might be attributed to the unwanted twisted structure caused by Asp531 within the enzyme. With mutant luciferase FlucRed, the major emission peak was shifted to 606 nm, a distinct shoulder above 700 nm, and 21% of its spectrum located in the nIR range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Sandra Gómez
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, University of Salamanca, 37008, Spain
| | | | - Panagiotis Fikas
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Bruce R Branchini
- Department of Chemistry, Connecticut College, New London, CT 06320, USA
| | - James C Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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4
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Broudic N, Pacheco-Benichou A, Fruit C, Besson T. Synthesis of 2-Cyanobenzothiazoles via Pd-Catalyzed/Cu-Assisted C-H Functionalization/Intramolecular C-S Bond Formation from N-Arylcyanothioformamides. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238426. [PMID: 36500519 PMCID: PMC9738468 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We report herein on a catalytic system involving palladium and copper to achieve the cyclization of N-arylcyanothioformamides and the synthesis of 2-cyanobenzothiazoles. The C-H functionalization/intramolecular C-S bond formation reaction was achieved in the presence of air, using 2.0 equiv of an inorganic additive (KI). In many cases, the reaction led to a sole product regioselectively obtained in good yields, allowing the synthesis of a wide range of substituted 2-cyanobenzothiazole derivatives, providing valuable building blocks for the design of more complex heterocyclic or molecular labeling systems.
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Watthaisong P, Kamutira P, Kesornpun C, Pongsupasa V, Phonbuppha J, Tinikul R, Maenpuen S, Wongnate T, Nishihara R, Ohmiya Y, Chaiyen P. Luciferin Synthesis and Pesticide Detection by Luminescence Enzymatic Cascades. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116908. [PMID: 35138676 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
D-Luciferin (D-LH2 ), a substrate of firefly luciferase (Fluc), is important for a wide range of bioluminescence applications. This work reports a new and green method using enzymatic reactions (HELP, HadA Enzyme for Luciferin Preparation) to convert 19 phenolic derivatives to 8 D-LH2 analogues with ≈51 % yield. The method can synthesize the novel 5'-methyl-D-LH2 and 4',5'-dimethyl-D-LH2 , which have never been synthesized or found in nature. 5'-Methyl-D-LH2 emits brighter and longer wavelength light than the D-LH2 . Using HELP, we further developed LUMOS (Luminescence Measurement of Organophosphate and Derivatives) technology for in situ detection of organophosphate pesticides (OPs) including parathion, methyl parathion, EPN, profenofos, and fenitrothion by coupling the reactions of OPs hydrolase and Fluc. The LUMOS technology can detect these OPs at parts per trillion (ppt) levels. The method can directly detect OPs in food and biological samples without requiring sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratchaya Watthaisong
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Philaiwarong Kamutira
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Kesornpun
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Vinutsada Pongsupasa
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Jittima Phonbuppha
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Ruchanok Tinikul
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Somchart Maenpuen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Thanyaporn Wongnate
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Ryo Nishihara
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ohmiya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
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6
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Systematic Comparison of Beetle Luciferase-Luciferin Pairs as Sources of Near-Infrared Light for In Vitro and In Vivo Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052451. [PMID: 35269601 PMCID: PMC8910387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Luciferases catalyze light-emitting reactions that produce a rainbow of colors from their substrates (luciferins), molecular oxygen, and often additional cofactors. These bioluminescence (BL) systems have afforded an incredible variety of basic research and medical applications. Driven by the importance of BL-based non-invasive animal imaging (BLI) applications, especially in support of cancer research, new BL systems have been developed by engineering beetle luciferase (Luc) variants and synthetic substrate combinations to produce red to near-infrared (nIR) light to improve imaging sensitivity and resolution. To stimulate the application of BLI research and advance the development of improved reagents for BLI, we undertook a systematic comparison of the spectroscopic and BL properties of seven beetle Lucs with LH2 and nine substrates, which included two new quinoline ring-containing analogs. The results of these experiments with purified Luc enzymes in vitro and in live HEK293T cells transfected with luc genes have enabled us to identify Luc/analog combinations with improved properties compared to those previously reported and to provide live cell BL data that may be relevant to in vivo imaging applications. Additionally, we found strong candidate enzyme/substrate pairs for in vitro biomarker applications requiring nIR sources with minimal visible light components. Notably, one of our new substrates paired with a previously developed Luc variant was demonstrated to be an excellent in vitro source of nIR and a potentially useful BL system for improved resolution in BLI.
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7
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Watthaisong P, Kamutira P, Kesornpun C, Pongsupasa V, Phonbuppha J, Tinikul R, Maenpuen S, Wongnate T, Nishihara R, Ohmiya Y, Chaiyen P. Luciferin Synthesis and Pesticide Detection by Luminescence Enzymatic Cascades. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pratchaya Watthaisong
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Philaiwarong Kamutira
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology Faculty of Science Mahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Chatchai Kesornpun
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Vinutsada Pongsupasa
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Jittima Phonbuppha
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Ruchanok Tinikul
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology Faculty of Science Mahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Somchart Maenpuen
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Burapha University Chonburi 20131 Thailand
| | - Thanyaporn Wongnate
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Ryo Nishihara
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8566 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ohmiya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8566 Japan
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
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8
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Moussa Z, Judeh ZMA, Alzamly A, Ahmed SA, Tomah Al-Masri H, Al-Hindawi B, Rasool F, Saada S. Iodine-DMSO mediated conversion of N-arylcyanothioformamides to N-arylcyanoformamides and the unexpected formation of 2-cyanobenzothiazoles. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6133-6148. [PMID: 35424574 PMCID: PMC8981512 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00049k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanoformamides are ubiquitous as useful components for assembling key intermediates and bioactive molecules. The development of an efficient and simple approach to this motif is a challenge. Herein, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the I2-DMSO oxidative system in the preparation of N-arylcyanoformamides from N-arylcyanothioformamides. The synthetic method features mild conditions, broad substrate scope, and high reaction efficiency. Furthermore, this method provides an excellent entry to exclusively afford 2-cyanobenzothiazoles which are useful substrates to access new luciferin analogs. The structures of all new products were elucidated by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and high accuracy mass spectral analysis. Crystal-structure determination by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction was carried out on (4-bromophenyl)carbamoyl cyanide, 5,6-dimethoxybenzo[d]thiazole-2-carbonitrile, 5-(benzyloxy)benzo[d]oxazole-2-carbonitrile, 4,7-dimethoxybenzo[d]thiazole-2-carbonitrile, and (5-iodo-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)carbamoyl cyanide, a key intermediate with mechanistic implications. Conversion of N-arylcyanothioformamides to N-arylcyanoformamides and 2-cyanobenzothiazoles has been achieved with I2-DMSO oxidative system.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Moussa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, P. O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zaher M. A. Judeh
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, N1.2–B1-14, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Ahmed Alzamly
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, P. O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saleh A. Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Harbi Tomah Al-Masri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Al al-Bayt University, P. O. Box 130040, Mafraq, 25113, Jordan
| | - Bassam Al-Hindawi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, P. O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Faisal Rasool
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, P. O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sara Saada
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, P. O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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9
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Rathbun CM, Ionkina AA, Yao Z, Jones KA, Porterfield WB, Prescher JA. Rapid Multicomponent Bioluminescence Imaging via Substrate Unmixing. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:682-690. [PMID: 33729750 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies of biological function demand probes that can report on processes in real time and in physiological environments. Bioluminescent tools are uniquely suited for this purpose, as they enable sensitive imaging in cells and tissues. Bioluminescent reporters can also be monitored continuously over time without detriment, as excitation light is not required. Rather, light emission derives from luciferase-luciferin reactions. Several engineered luciferases and luciferins have expanded the scope of bioluminescence imaging in recent years. Multicomponent tracking remains challenging, though, due to a lack of streamlined methods to visualize combinations of bioluminescent reporters. Conventional approaches image one luciferase at a time. Consequently, short-term changes in cell growth or gene expression cannot be easily captured. Here, we report a strategy for rapid, multiplexed imaging with a wide range of luciferases and luciferins. Sequential addition of orthogonal luciferins, followed by substrate unmixing, enabled facile detection of multiple luciferases in vitro and in vivo. Multicomponent imaging in mice was also achieved on the minutes-to-hours time scale.
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10
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Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging with luciferase-luciferin pairs is routinely used to monitor cellular functions. Multiple targets can be visualized in tandem using luciferases that process unique substrates, but only a handful of such orthogonal probes are known. Multiplexed studies require additional robust, light-emitting molecules. In this work, we report new luciferins for orthogonal imaging that comprise disubstituted cores. These probes were found to be bright emitters with various engineered luciferases. The unique patterns of light output also provided insight into enzyme-substrate interactions necessary for productive emission. Screening studies identified mutant luciferases that could preferentially process the disubstituted analogues, enabling orthogonal imaging with existing bioluminescent reporters. Further mutational analyses revealed the origins of substrate selectivity. Collectively, this work provides insights into luciferase-luciferin features relevant to bioluminescence and expands the number of probes for multicomponent tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra J. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine; Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Clare S. Hwang
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Irvine; Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine; Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine; Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine; Irvine, California 92697, United States
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11
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Syed AJ, Anderson JC. Applications of bioluminescence in biotechnology and beyond. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5668-5705. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01492c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bioluminescent probes have hugely benefited from the input of synthetic chemistry and protein engineering. Here we review the latest applications of these probes in biotechnology and beyond, with an eye on current limitations and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha J. Syed
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
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12
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Love AC, Prescher JA. Seeing (and Using) the Light: Recent Developments in Bioluminescence Technology. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:904-920. [PMID: 32795417 PMCID: PMC7472846 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioluminescence has long been used to image biological processes in vivo. This technology features luciferase enzymes and luciferin small molecules that produce visible light. Bioluminescent photons can be detected in tissues and live organisms, enabling sensitive and noninvasive readouts on physiological function. Traditional applications have focused on tracking cells and gene expression patterns, but new probes are pushing the frontiers of what can be visualized. The past few years have also seen the merger of bioluminescence with optogenetic platforms. Luciferase-luciferin reactions can drive light-activatable proteins, ultimately triggering signal transduction and other downstream events. This review highlights these and other recent advances in bioluminescence technology, with an emphasis on tool development. We showcase how new luciferins and engineered luciferases are expanding the scope of optical imaging. We also highlight how bioluminescent systems are being leveraged not just for sensing-but also controlling-biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Love
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jennifer A Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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13
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Pala L, Sirec T, Spitz U. Modified Enzyme Substrates for the Detection of Bacteria: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E3690. [PMID: 32823590 PMCID: PMC7465704 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to detect, identify and quantify bacteria is crucial in clinical diagnostics, environmental testing, food security settings and in microbiology research. Recently, the threat of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens pushed the global scientific community to develop fast, reliable, specific and affordable methods to detect bacterial species. The use of synthetically modified enzyme substrates is a convenient approach to detect bacteria in a specific, economic and rapid manner. The method is based on the use of specific enzyme substrates for a given bacterial marker enzyme, conjugated to a signalogenic moiety. Following enzymatic reaction, the signalophor is released from the synthetic substrate, generating a specific and measurable signal. Several types of signalophors have been described and are defined by the type of signal they generate, such as chromogenic, fluorogenic, luminogenic, electrogenic and redox. Signalophors are further subdivided into groups based on their solubility in water, which is key in defining their application on solid or liquid media for bacterial culturing. This comprehensive review describes synthetic enzyme substrates and their applications for bacterial detection, showing their mechanism of action and their synthetic routes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Urs Spitz
- Biosynth Carbosynth, Axis House, High Street, Compton, Berkshire RG20 6NL, UK; (L.P.); (T.S.)
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Moussa Z, Judeh ZMA, El‐Sharief MAMS, El‐Sharief AMS. N
‐Arylcyanothioformamides: Preparation Methods and Application in the Synthesis of Bioactive Molecules. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Moussa
- Department of Chemistry College of Science United Arab Emirates University P.O. Box 15551 Al Ain United Arab Emirates
| | - Zaher M. A. Judeh
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive, N1.2-B1-14 Singapore
| | - Marwa A. M. Sh. El‐Sharief
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department National Research Centre, Cairo Egypt
- Faculty of Science and Arts Mohail Asser, King Khalid University Saudi Arabia
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15
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Williams SJ, Prescher JA. Building Biological Flashlights: Orthogonal Luciferases and Luciferins for in Vivo Imaging. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:3039-3050. [PMID: 31593431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bioluminescence is widely used for real-time imaging in living organisms. This technology features a light-emitting reaction between enzymes (luciferases) and small molecule substrates (luciferins). Photons produced from luciferase-luciferin reactions can penetrate through heterogeneous tissue, enabling readouts of physiological processes. Dozens of bioluminescent probes are now available and many are routinely used to monitor cell proliferation, migration, and gene expression patterns in vivo. Despite the ubiquity of bioluminescence, traditional applications have been largely limited to imaging one biological feature at a time. Only a handful of luciferase-luciferin pairs can be easily used in tandem, and most are poorly resolved in living animals. Efforts to develop spectrally distinct reporters have been successful, but multispectral imaging in large organisms remains a formidable challenge due to interference from surrounding tissue. Consequently, a lack of well-resolved probes has precluded multicomponent tracking. An expanded collection of bioluminescent probes would provide insight into processes where multiple cell types drive physiological tasks, including immune function and organ development. We aimed to expand the bioluminescent toolkit by developing substrate-resolved imaging agents. The goal was to generate multiple orthogonal (i.e., noncross-reactive) luciferases that are responsive to unique scaffolds and could be used concurrently in living animals. We adopted a parallel engineering approach to genetically modify luciferases to accept chemically modified luciferins. When the mutants and analogs are combined, light is produced only when complementary enzyme-substrate partners interact. Thus, the pairs can be distinguished based on substrate selectivity, regardless of the color of light emitted. Sequential administration of the luciferins enables the unique luciferases to be illuminated (and thus resolved) within complex environments, including whole organisms. This Account describes our efforts to develop orthogonal bioluminescent probes, crafting custom luciferases (or "biological flashlights") that can selectively process luciferin analogs (or "batteries") to produce light. In the first section, we describe synthetic methods that were key to accessing diverse luciferin architectures. The second section focuses on identifying complementary luciferase enzymes via a combination of mutagenesis and screening. To expedite the search for orthogonal enzymes and substrates, we developed a computational algorithm to sift through large data sets. The third section features examples of the parallel engineering approach. We identified orthogonal enzyme-substrate pairs comprising two different classes of luciferins. The probes were vetted both in cells and whole organisms. This expanded collection of imaging agents is applicable to studies of immune function and other multicomponent processes. The final section of the Account highlights ongoing work toward building better bioluminescent tools. As ever-brighter and more selective probes are developed, the frontiers of what we can "see" in vivo will continue to expand.
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Pirrung MC, Carlson AD, De Howitt N, Liao J. Synthesis and bioluminescence of thioluciferin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Rylands LI, Welsh A, Maepa K, Stringer T, Taylor D, Chibale K, Smith GS. Structure-activity relationship studies of antiplasmodial cyclometallated ruthenium(II), rhodium(III) and iridium(III) complexes of 2-phenylbenzimidazoles. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 161:11-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Kanie S, Nakai R, Ojika M, Oba Y. 2-S-cysteinylhydroquinone is an intermediate for the firefly luciferin biosynthesis that occurs in the pupal stage of the Japanese firefly, Luciola lateralis. Bioorg Chem 2018; 80:223-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Kovács AK, Hegyes P, Szebeni GJ, Nagy LI, Puskás LG, Tóth GK. Synthesis of N-peptide-6-amino-D-luciferin Conjugates. Front Chem 2018; 6:120. [PMID: 29725588 PMCID: PMC5917020 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A general strategy for the synthesis of N-peptide-6-amino-D-luciferin conjugates has been developed. The applicability of the strategy was demonstrated with the preparation of a known substrate, N-Z-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-6-amino-D-luciferin (N-Z-DEVD-aLuc). N-Z-DEVD-aLuc was obtained via a hybrid liquid/solid phase synthesis method, in which the appropriately protected C-terminal amino acid was coupled to 6-amino-2-cyanobenzothiazole and the resulting conjugate was reacted with D-cysteine in order to get the protected amino acid-6-amino-D-luciferin conjugate, which was then attached to resin. The resulting loaded resin was used for the solid-phase synthesis of the desired N-peptide-6-amino-D-luciferin conjugate without difficulties, which was then attested with NMR spectroscopy and LC-MS, and successfully tested in a bioluminescent system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita K Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Avidin Ltd., Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Gábor J Szebeni
- Avidin Ltd., Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Genetics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - László G Puskás
- Avidin Ltd., Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Genetics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor K Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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20
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Zhang BS, Jones KA, McCutcheon DC, Prescher JA. Pyridone Luciferins and Mutant Luciferases for Bioluminescence Imaging. Chembiochem 2018; 19:470-477. [PMID: 29384255 PMCID: PMC6163054 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
New applications for bioluminescence imaging require an expanded set of luciferase enzymes and luciferin substrates. Here, we report two novel luciferins for use in vitro and in cells. These molecules comprise regioisomeric pyridone cores that can be accessed from a common synthetic route. The analogues exhibited unique emission spectra with firefly luciferase, although photon intensities remained weak. Enhanced light outputs were achieved by using mutant luciferase enzymes. One of the luciferin-luciferase pairs produced light on par with native probes in live cells. The pyridone analogues and complementary luciferases add to a growing set of designer probes for bioluminescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan S. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697 (USA),
| | - Krysten A. Jones
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 (USA)
| | - David C. McCutcheon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697 (USA),
| | - Jennifer A. Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697 (USA),
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 (USA)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 147 Bison Modular, Irvine, CA 92697 (USA)
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21
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Hananya N, Shabat D. A Glowing Trajectory between Bio- and Chemiluminescence: From Luciferin-Based Probes to Triggerable Dioxetanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16454-16463. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nir Hananya
- School of Chemistry; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Doron Shabat
- School of Chemistry; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
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22
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Hananya N, Shabat D. Bio- und Chemilumineszenz in der biologischen Bildgebung: von Luciferin-basierten Sonden zu aktivierbaren Dioxetanen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nir Hananya
- School of Chemistry; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Doron Shabat
- School of Chemistry; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
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23
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Abstract
Covering: July 2012 to June 2015. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2013, 30, 869-915The structurally diverse imidazole-, oxazole-, and thiazole-containing secondary metabolites are widely distributed in terrestrial and marine environments, and exhibit extensive pharmacological activities. In this review the latest progress involving the isolation, biological activities, and chemical and biogenetic synthesis studies on these natural products has been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China. and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
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24
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Jones KA, Porterfield WB, Rathbun CM, McCutcheon DC, Paley MA, Prescher JA. Orthogonal Luciferase-Luciferin Pairs for Bioluminescence Imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2351-2358. [PMID: 28106389 PMCID: PMC5452985 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging with luciferase-luciferin pairs is widely used in biomedical research. Several luciferases have been identified in nature, and many have been adapted for tracking cells in whole animals. Unfortunately, the optimal luciferases for imaging in vivo utilize the same substrate and therefore cannot easily differentiate multiple cell types in a single subject. To develop a broader set of distinguishable probes, we crafted custom luciferins that can be selectively processed by engineered luciferases. Libraries of mutant enzymes were iteratively screened with sterically modified luciferins, and orthogonal enzyme-substrate "hits" were identified. These tools produced light when complementary enzyme-substrate partners interacted both in vitro and in cultured cell models. Based on their selectivity, these designer pairs will bolster multicomponent imaging and enable the direct interrogation of cell networks not currently possible with existing tools. Our screening platform is also general and will expedite the identification of more unique luciferases and luciferins, further expanding the bioluminescence toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krysten A. Jones
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Colin M. Rathbun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Miranda A. Paley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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25
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Steinhardt RC, Rathbun CM, Krull BT, Yu JM, Yang Y, Nguyen BD, Kwon J, McCutcheon DC, Jones KA, Furche F, Prescher JA. Brominated Luciferins Are Versatile Bioluminescent Probes. Chembiochem 2016; 18:96-100. [PMID: 27930848 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a set of brominated luciferins for bioluminescence imaging. These regioisomeric scaffolds were accessed by using a common synthetic route. All analogues produced light with firefly luciferase, although varying levels of emission were observed. Differences in photon output were analyzed by computation and photophysical measurements. The brightest brominated luciferin was further evaluated in cell and animal models. At low doses, the analogue outperformed the native substrate in cells. The remaining luciferins, although weak emitters with firefly luciferase, were inherently capable of light production and thus potential substrates for orthogonal mutant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Steinhardt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Colin M Rathbun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Brandon T Krull
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jason M Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Yuhang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Brian D Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jake Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - David C McCutcheon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Krysten A Jones
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jennifer A Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 147 Bison Modular, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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Hauser JR, Beard HA, Bayana ME, Jolley KE, Warriner SL, Bon RS. Economical and scalable synthesis of 6-amino-2-cyanobenzothiazole. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:2019-2025. [PMID: 27829906 PMCID: PMC5082452 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Cyanobenzothiazoles (CBTs) are useful building blocks for: 1) luciferin derivatives for bioluminescent imaging; and 2) handles for bioorthogonal ligations. A particularly versatile CBT is 6-amino-2-cyanobenzothiazole (ACBT), which has an amine handle for straight-forward derivatisation. Here we present an economical and scalable synthesis of ACBT based on a cyanation catalysed by 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), and discuss its advantages for scale-up over previously reported routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Hauser
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds; Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology
| | - Hester A Beard
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds; Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology
| | - Mary E Bayana
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds; Institute of Process Research and Development
| | - Katherine E Jolley
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds; Institute of Process Research and Development
| | - Stuart L Warriner
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds; Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology
| | - Robin S Bon
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology; Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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27
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Kanie S, Nishikawa T, Ojika M, Oba Y. One-pot non-enzymatic formation of firefly luciferin in a neutral buffer from p-benzoquinone and cysteine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24794. [PMID: 27098929 PMCID: PMC4838837 DOI: 10.1038/srep24794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Firefly luciferin, the substrate for the bioluminescence reaction of luminous beetles, possesses a benzothiazole ring, which is rare in nature. Here, we demonstrate a novel one-pot reaction to give firefly luciferin in a neutral buffer from p-benzoquinone and cysteine without any synthetic reagents or enzymes. The formation of firefly luciferin was low in yield in various neutral buffers, whereas it was inhibited or completely prevented in acidic or basic buffers, in organic solvents, or under a nitrogen atmosphere. Labelling analysis of the firefly luciferin using stable isotopic cysteines showed that the benzothiazole ring was formed via the decarboxylation and carbon-sulfur bond rearrangement of cysteine. These findings imply that the biosynthesis of firefly luciferin can be developed/evolved from the non-enzymatic production of firefly luciferin using common primary biosynthetic units, p-benzoquinone and cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusei Kanie
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Toshio Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Ojika
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Oba
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Environmental Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
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28
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Porterfield WB, Jones KA, McCutcheon DC, Prescher JA. A “Caged” Luciferin for Imaging Cell–Cell Contacts. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:8656-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William B. Porterfield
- Departments of Chemistry, ‡Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, and §Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Krysten A. Jones
- Departments of Chemistry, ‡Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, and §Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - David C. McCutcheon
- Departments of Chemistry, ‡Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, and §Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Prescher
- Departments of Chemistry, ‡Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, and §Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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