1
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Mulder EJ, Moser B, Delgado J, Steinhardt RC, Esser-Kahn AP. Evidence of collective influence in innate sensing using fluidic force microscopy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1340384. [PMID: 38322261 PMCID: PMC10844469 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1340384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system initiates early response to infection by sensing molecular patterns of infection through pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Previous work on PRR stimulation of macrophages revealed significant heterogeneity in single cell responses, suggesting the importance of individual macrophage stimulation. Current methods either isolate individual macrophages or stimulate a whole culture and measure individual readouts. We probed single cell NF-κB responses to localized stimuli within a naïve culture with Fluidic Force Microscopy (FluidFM). Individual cells stimulated in naïve culture were more sensitive compared to individual cells in uniformly stimulated cultures. In cluster stimulation, NF-κB activation decreased with increased cell density or decreased stimulation time. Our results support the growing body of evidence for cell-to-cell communication in macrophage activation, and limit potential mechanisms. Such a mechanism might be manipulated to tune macrophage sensitivity, and the density-dependent modulation of sensitivity to PRR signals could have relevance to biological situations where macrophage density increases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Esser-Kahn Lab, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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2
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Kim S, Doukmak EJ, Shanguhyia M, Gray DJ, Steinhardt RC. Photoactivatable Agonist-Antagonist Pair as a Tool for Precise Spatiotemporal Control of Serotonin Receptor 2C Signaling. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3665-3673. [PMID: 37721710 PMCID: PMC10557072 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthogonal recreation of the signaling profile of a chemical synapse is a current challenge in neuroscience. This is due in part to the kinetics of synaptic signaling, where neurotransmitters are rapidly released and quickly cleared by active reuptake machinery. One strategy to produce a rapid rise in an orthogonally controlled signal is via photocaged compounds. In this work, photocaged compounds are employed to recreate both the rapid rise and equally rapid fall in activation at a chemical synapse. Specifically, a complementary pair of photocages based on BODIPY were conjugated to a 5-HT2C subtype-selective agonist, WAY-161503, and antagonist, N-desmethylclozapine, to generate "caged" versions of these drugs. These conjugates release the bioactive drug upon illumination with green light (agonist) or red light (antagonist). We report on the synthesis, characterization, and bioactivity testing of the conjugates against the 5-HT2C receptor. We then characterize the kinetics of photolysis quantitatively using HPLC and qualitatively in cell culture conditions stimulating live cells. The compounds are shown to be stable in the dark for 48 h at room temperature, yet photolyze rapidly when irradiated with visible light. In live cells expressing the 5-HT2C receptor, precise spatiotemporal control of the degree and length of calcium signaling is demonstrated. By loading both compounds in tandem and leveraging spectral multiplexing as a noninvasive method to control local small-molecule drug availability, we can reproducibly initiate and suppress intracellular calcium flux on a timescale not possible by traditional methods of drug dosing. These tools enable a greater spatiotemporal control of 5-HT2C modulation and will allow for more detailed studies of the receptors' signaling, interactions with other proteins, and native physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer
T. Kim
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Emma J. Doukmak
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | | | - Dylan J. Gray
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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3
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Kim S, Doukmak EJ, Flax RG, Gray DJ, Zirimu VN, de Jong E, Steinhardt RC. Developing Photoaffinity Probes for Dopamine Receptor D 2 to Determine Targets of Parkinson's Disease Drugs. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:3008-3022. [PMID: 36183275 PMCID: PMC9585581 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic pathways control highly consequential aspects of physiology and behavior. One of the most therapeutically important and best-studied receptors in these pathways is dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2). Unfortunately, DRD2 is challenging to study with traditional molecular biological techniques, and most drugs designed to target DRD2 are ligands for many other receptors. Here, we developed probes able to both covalently bind to DRD2 using photoaffinity labeling and provide a chemical handle for detection or affinity purification. These probes behaved like good DRD2 agonists in traditional biochemical assays and were able to perform in chemical-biological assays of cell and receptor labeling. Rat whole brain labeling and affinity enrichment using the probes permitted proteomic analysis of the probes' interacting proteins. Bioinformatic study of the hits revealed that the probes bound noncanonically targeted proteins in Parkinson's disease network as well as the retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1, GABA receptor, and dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) signaling networks. Follow-up analysis may yield insights into how this pathway relates specifically to Parkinson's disease symptoms or provide new targets for treatments. This work reinforces the notion that the combination of chemical biology and omics-based approaches provides a broad picture of a molecule's "interactome" and may also give insight into the pleiotropy of effects observed for a drug or perhaps indicate new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer
T. Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Emma J. Doukmak
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Raymond G. Flax
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Dylan J. Gray
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Victoria N. Zirimu
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Ebbing de Jong
- SUNY
Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Rachel C. Steinhardt
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States,BioInspired
Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States,Department
of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States,
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4
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Gomez JC, Vishnosky NS, Grafstein JT, Kim ST, Steinhardt RC. Thermally expandable microspheres with high expansion ratios: Design of core and shell for largest size change. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine C. Gomez
- 3‐008 Center for Science and Technology Syracuse University Syracuse New York USA
| | | | - Jeremy T. Grafstein
- 3‐008 Center for Science and Technology Syracuse University Syracuse New York USA
| | - Spencer T. Kim
- 3‐008 Center for Science and Technology Syracuse University Syracuse New York USA
| | - Rachel C. Steinhardt
- 3‐008 Center for Science and Technology Syracuse University Syracuse New York USA
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5
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Moser BA, Escalante-Buendia Y, Steinhardt RC, Rosenberger MG, Cassaidy BJ, Naorem N, Chon AC, Nguyen MH, Tran NT, Esser-Kahn AP. Small Molecule NF-κB Inhibitors as Immune Potentiators for Enhancement of Vaccine Adjuvants. Front Immunol 2020; 11:511513. [PMID: 33072085 PMCID: PMC7544742 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.511513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are added to vaccines to enhance the immune response and provide increased protection against disease. In the last decade, hundreds of synthetic immune adjuvants have been created, but many induce undesirable levels of proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6. Here we present small molecule NF-κB inhibitors that can be used in combination with an immune adjuvant to both decrease markers associated with poor tolerability and improve the protective response of vaccination. Additionally, we synthesize a library of honokiol derivatives identifying several promising candidates for use in vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Moser
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Rachel C Steinhardt
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Matthew G Rosenberger
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Britteny J Cassaidy
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nihesh Naorem
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alfred C Chon
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Minh H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ngoctran T Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Aaron P Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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6
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Moser BA, Steinhardt RC, Escalante-Buendia Y, Boltz DA, Barker KM, Cassaidy BJ, Rosenberger MG, Yoo S, McGonnigal BG, Esser-Kahn AP. Increased vaccine tolerability and protection via NF-κB modulation. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaaz8700. [PMID: 32917696 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz8700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Improving adjuvant responses is a promising pathway to develop vaccines against some pathogens (e.g., HIV or dengue). One challenge in adjuvant development is modulating the inflammatory response, which can cause excess side effects, while maintaining immune activation and protection. No approved adjuvants yet have the capability to independently modulate inflammation and protection. Here, we demonstrate a method to limit inflammation while retaining and often increasing the protective responses. To accomplish this goal, we combined a partial selective nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) inhibitor with several current adjuvants. The resulting vaccines reduce systemic inflammation and boost protective responses. In an influenza challenge model, we demonstrate that this approach enhances protection. This method was tested across a broad range of adjuvants and antigens. We anticipate these studies will lead to an alternative approach to vaccine formulation design that may prove broadly applicable to a wide range of adjuvants and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Moser
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - R C Steinhardt
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Y Escalante-Buendia
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - D A Boltz
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, IIT Research Institute, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10W. 35th Street, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - K M Barker
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, IIT Research Institute, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10W. 35th Street, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - B J Cassaidy
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - M G Rosenberger
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - S Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - B G McGonnigal
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - A P Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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7
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Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging with luciferase-luciferin pairs is commonly used for monitoring biological processes in cells and whole organisms. Traditional bioluminescent probes are limited in scope, though, as they cannot be easily distinguished in biological environments, precluding efforts to visualize multicellular processes. Additionally, many luciferase-luciferin pairs emit light that is poorly tissue penetrant, hindering efforts to visualize targets in deep tissues. To address these issues, we synthesized a set of π-extended luciferins that were predicted to be red-shifted luminophores. The scaffolds were designed to be rotationally labile such that they produced light only when paired with luciferases capable of enforcing planarity. A luciferin comprising an intramolecular "lock" was identified as a viable light-emitting probe. Native luciferases were unable to efficiently process the analog, but a complementary luciferase was identified via Rosetta-guided enzyme design. The unique enzyme-substrate pair is red-shifted compared to well-known bioluminescent tools. The probe set is also orthogonal to other luciferase-luciferin probes and can be used for multicomponent imaging. Four substrate-resolved luciferases were imaged in a single session. Collectively, this work provides the first example of Rosetta-guided design in engineering bioluminescent tools and expands the scope of orthogonal imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Brendan S. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Rachel C. Steinhardt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jeremy H. Mills
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, USA
- The Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, USA
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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8
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Wu M, Moser BA, Steeves TM, Figueroa A, Wallace BM, Kim ST, Esser-Kahn AP, Steinhardt RC. Photon upconversion for the enhancement of microfluidic photochemical synthesis. RSC Adv 2019; 9:26172-26175. [PMID: 35531036 PMCID: PMC9070398 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03468d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochemical transformations are greatly improved in yield by fluidic reactor technology. However, the delivery of synthetically-active light to the reactants is a challenge. Here, we use upconversion in a bio-inspired microreactor to augment the flux of critical wavelengths of light. This new technology increased of a model reaction by converting a greater portion of sunlight to photochemically-available photons. Photochemical transformations are greatly improved in yield by fluidic reactor technology.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wu
- University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - B A Moser
- University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | | | - A Figueroa
- University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - B M Wallace
- University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - S T Kim
- Syracuse University Syracuse NY 13244 USA
| | | | - R C Steinhardt
- University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA.,Syracuse University Syracuse NY 13244 USA
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9
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Steinhardt RC, Steeves TM, Wallace BM, Moser B, Fishman DA, Esser-Kahn AP. Photothermal Nanoparticle Initiation Enables Radical Polymerization and Yields Unique, Uniform Microfibers with Broad Spectrum Light. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:39034-39039. [PMID: 29040810 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal processes are utilized across a variety of fields, from separations to medicine, and are an area of active research. Herein, the action of a solar simulator upon carbon black nanoparticles is shown to result in photothermally initiated chain-growth polymerization of methyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and methyl methacrylate initiated by benzoyl peroxide. With use of methyl acrylate as the model system, products from this reaction are shown to be apparently indistinguishable on the molecular level, but result in unique microstructures relative to the thermal controls. The relative contribution of bands of the UV/visible spectrum to the polymerization initiation show that red/infrared wavelengths are most important for the initiation to occur. Kinetic analysis of the initiator homolysis indicate that the apparent reaction rate is accelerated in the photothermal condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brittany Moser
- University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Dmitry A Fishman
- University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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10
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Steinhardt RC, Rathbun CM, Krull BT, Yu JM, Yang Y, Nguyen BD, Kwon J, McCutcheon DC, Jones KA, Furche F, Prescher JA. Brominated Luciferins Are Versatile Bioluminescent Probes. Chembiochem 2016; 18:96-100. [PMID: 27930848 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a set of brominated luciferins for bioluminescence imaging. These regioisomeric scaffolds were accessed by using a common synthetic route. All analogues produced light with firefly luciferase, although varying levels of emission were observed. Differences in photon output were analyzed by computation and photophysical measurements. The brightest brominated luciferin was further evaluated in cell and animal models. At low doses, the analogue outperformed the native substrate in cells. The remaining luciferins, although weak emitters with firefly luciferase, were inherently capable of light production and thus potential substrates for orthogonal mutant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Steinhardt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Colin M Rathbun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Brandon T Krull
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jason M Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Yuhang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Brian D Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jake Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - David C McCutcheon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Krysten A Jones
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jennifer A Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 147 Bison Modular, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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11
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Moser BA, Steinhardt RC, Esser-Kahn AP. Surface Coating of Nanoparticles Reduces Background Inflammatory Activity while Increasing Particle Uptake and Delivery. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:206-213. [PMID: 28936479 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the study of host-pathogen interactions, vaccines and drug delivery, particulate delivery system are widely used to mimic pathogen size, pattern recognition receptor agonist presentation, and target cells or organs. However, some of the polymeric systems used in particulate delivery have inherent inflammatory properties that are variable and nonspecific. These properties enhance their adjuvant activity, but confound the analysis of signaling mechanisms. Here, we present a method for particle coating with minimal background immune activation via passivation of the surface with silica-silane. We show herein that a silica-silane shell passivates polymer particles rendering them inert to activation of innate immune cells. The method is broadly applicable and can be used to coat polymeric particles of many different compositions. This method of silica-silane coating also allows conjugation of amine-bearing agonists and provides for controlled variation of agonist loading. Finally, we demonstrate our particles maintain and enhance qualities of known pathogens, making this a potentially general method for improving immune agonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Moser
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Rachel C Steinhardt
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Aaron P Esser-Kahn
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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12
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Steinhardt RC, O'Neill JM, Rathbun CM, McCutcheon DC, Paley MA, Prescher JA. Design and Synthesis of an Alkynyl Luciferin Analogue for Bioluminescence Imaging. Chemistry 2016; 22:3671-5. [PMID: 26784889 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the synthesis and characterization of an alkyne-modified luciferin is reported. This bioluminescent probe was accessed using C-H activation methodology and was found to be stable in solution and capable of light production with firefly luciferase. The luciferin analogue was also cell permeant and emitted more redshifted light than d-luciferin, the native luciferase substrate. Based on these features, the alkynyl luciferin will be useful for a variety of imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Colin M Rathbun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David C McCutcheon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Miranda A Paley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. .,Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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13
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McCutcheon DC, Paley MA, Steinhardt RC, Prescher JA. Expedient synthesis of electronically modified luciferins for bioluminescence imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:7604-7. [PMID: 22519459 DOI: 10.1021/ja301493d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging with luciferase enzymes requires access to light-emitting, small-molecule luciferins. Here, we describe a rapid method to synthesize d-luciferin, the substrate for firefly luciferase (Fluc), along with a novel set of electronically modified analogues. Our procedure utilizes a relatively rare, but synthetically useful dithiazolium reagent to generate heteroaromatic scaffolds in a divergent fashion. Two of the luciferin analogues produced with this approach emit light with Fluc in vitro and in live cells. Collectively, our work increases the number of substrates that can be used for bioluminescence imaging and provides a general strategy for synthesizing new collections of luciferins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C McCutcheon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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14
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Halpenny GM, Steinhardt RC, Okialda KA, Mascharak PK. Characterization of pHEMA-based hydrogels that exhibit light-induced bactericidal effect via release of NO. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2009; 20:2353-60. [PMID: 19554428 PMCID: PMC2778696 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-009-3795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A light-activated NO donor, [Mn(PaPy(3))(NO)]ClO(4) (1a), has been incorporated into HEMA-based polymer hydrogel and the nitrosyl-polymer conjugate materials 1a(x) · HG and 1a(x) · HG(MB) have been characterized. The NO releasing properties and antibacterial capabilities of these materials in conjunction with growth attenuators such as hydrogen peroxide and methylene blue (MB) are reported. Since the nitrosyl releases NO only upon exposure to light, materials like 1a(x) · HG(MB) could be used as wound dressings that deliver NO under controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve M. Halpenny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Rachel C. Steinhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Krystle A. Okialda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Pradip K. Mascharak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
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15
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Mizisin AP, Steinhardt RC, O'Brien JS, Calcutt NA. TX14(A), a prosaposin-derived peptide, reverses established nerve disorders in streptozotocin-diabetic rats and prevents them in galactose-fed rats. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2001; 60:953-60. [PMID: 11589426 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/60.10.953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, TX14(A), a prosaposin-derived neurotrophic peptide, was shown to prevent both large and small fiber deficits in streptozotocin diabetes. Here, the efficacy of TX14(A) in reversing established nerve conduction disorders in streptozotocin diabetes, a model of insulin deficiency, and preventing them in galactose feeding, an insulin-replete model of polyol pathway flux, was investigated. Following streptozotocin injection (50 mg/kg ip), TX14(A) treatment (1 mg/kg ip thrice weekly) was initiated in half of the animals. After 8 wk, treatment was begun in half of the untreated animals and discontinued in half of the treated animals, and the experiment continued for 6 wk. TX14(A) reversed established motor and sensory nerve conduction deficits in streptozotocin-diabetic rats and the impact of previous treatment was still evident 3 wk after withdrawal. With the onset of 40% galactose feeding, the same dose of TX14(A) was given to half of the control and half of the galactose-fed animals for 16 wk. TX14(A) was without effect in control animals but it attenuated motor and sensory nerve conduction deficits in galactose-fed rats, an effect associated with amelioration of axonal dwindling in the sciatic nerve. These observations extend the therapeutic utility of TX14(A) and highlight its potential in treating established diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Mizisin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0612, USA
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