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Zhang X, Pu Z, Su X, Li C, Zheng H, Li D. Flexible organic field-effect transistors-based biosensors: progress and perspectives. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1607-1625. [PMID: 36719440 PMCID: PMC9888355 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have been proposed beyond three decades while becoming a research hotspot again in recent years because of the fast development of flexible electronics. Many novel flexible OFETs-based devices have been reported in these years. Among these devices, flexible OFETs-based sensors made great strides because of the extraordinary sensing capability of FET. Most of these flexible OFETs-based sensors were designed for biological applications due to the advantages of flexibility, reduced complexity, and lightweight. This paper reviews the materials, fabrications, and applications of flexible OFETs-based biosensors. Besides, the challenges and opportunities of the flexible OFETs-based biosensors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhihua Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dachao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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2
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Sun L, Li T, Zhou J, Li W, Wu Z, Niu R, Cheng J, Asare‐Yeboah K, He Z. A Green Binary Solvent Method to Control Organic Semiconductor Crystallization. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Jinling Institute of Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210014 China
| | - Tianyu Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Jinling Institute of Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210014 China
| | - Jiajian Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Jinling Institute of Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210014 China
| | - Wenhao Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Jinling Institute of Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210014 China
| | - Zhongming Wu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Jinling Institute of Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210014 China
| | - Ruikun Niu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Jinling Institute of Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210014 China
| | - Jinxiang Cheng
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Jinling Institute of Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210014 China
| | - Kyeiwaa Asare‐Yeboah
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Penn State Behrend Erie PA 16563 USA
| | - Zhengran He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL 35487 USA
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3
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Wu Z, Yan Y, Zhao Y, Liu Y. Recent Advances in Realizing Highly Aligned Organic Semiconductors by Solution-Processing Approaches. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200752. [PMID: 35793415 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processing approaches are widely used for controlling the aggregation structure of organic semiconductors because they are fast, efficient, and have strong practicability. Effective regulation of the aggregation structure of molecules to achieve highly ordered molecular stacking is key to realizing effective carrier transport and high-performance devices. Numerous studies have achieved highly aligned organic semiconductors using different solution-processing approaches. This article provides a detailed review of the prevalent solution-processing technologies and emerging methods developed over the past few years for the alignment of organic semiconducting materials. These technologies and methods are classified according to the processing principle. This review focuses on the principles of different experimental techniques, improvements upon the conventional methods, and state-of-the-art performance of resulting devices. In addition, a brief discussion of the characteristics and development prospects of various methods is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yongkun Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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Yantake R, Sidike A, Yusufu T. Effect of Eu3+ doping on luminescence properties of a KAlSiO4:Sm3+ phosphor. J RARE EARTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lee SB, Kang B, Kim D, Park C, Kim S, Lee M, Lee WB, Cho K. Motion-Programmed Bar-Coating Method with Controlled Gap for High-Speed Scalable Preparation of Highly Crystalline Organic Semiconductor Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:47153-47161. [PMID: 31762265 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed organic semiconductor thin films with high charge carrier mobility are necessary for development of next-generation electronic applications, but the rapid processing speed demanded for the industrial-scale production of these thin films poses a challenge to control of their thin-film properties, such as crystallinity, morphology, and film-to-film uniformity. Here, we show a new solution coating method that is compatible with a roll-to-roll printing process at a rate of 2 mm s-1 by using a gap-controllable wire bar, motion-programming strategy, and blended active inks. We demonstrate that the coating bar, the horizontal motion of which is repeatedly brought to an intermittent standstill, results in an improved vertically self-stratified structure and a high crystallinity for organic active inks comprising a semiconducting small molecule and a semiconducting polymer. Furthermore, organic transistors prepared by the developed method show superior hole mobility with high operational stability (hysteresis and kink-free transfer characteristics), high uniformity over a large area of a 4 in. wafer, good reproducibility, and superior electromechanical stabilities on a flexible plastic substrate. The bar-coating approach demonstrated here will be a step toward developing industrial-scale practical organic electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Baek Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Soft Electronics , Pohang University of Science and Technology , 77 Cheongam-Ro , Nam-gu, Pohang 37673 , Korea
| | - Boseok Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Soft Electronics , Pohang University of Science and Technology , 77 Cheongam-Ro , Nam-gu, Pohang 37673 , Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology and Department of Nano Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 16419 , Korea
| | - Daegun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Soft Electronics , Pohang University of Science and Technology , 77 Cheongam-Ro , Nam-gu, Pohang 37673 , Korea
| | - Chaneui Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Soft Electronics , Pohang University of Science and Technology , 77 Cheongam-Ro , Nam-gu, Pohang 37673 , Korea
| | - Seulwoo Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-Ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Minhwan Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-Ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Won Bo Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-Ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Soft Electronics , Pohang University of Science and Technology , 77 Cheongam-Ro , Nam-gu, Pohang 37673 , Korea
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Liu C, Zhou H, Wu Q, Dai F, Lau TK, Lu X, Yang T, Wang Z, Liu X, Liu C. Guided Formation of Large Crystals of Organic and Perovskite Semiconductors by an Ultrasonicated Dispenser and Their Application as the Active Matrix of Photodetectors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:39921-39932. [PMID: 30353719 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The crystallization of organic or perovskite semiconductors reflects the intermolecular interactions and crucially determines the charge transport in opto-electronic devices. In this report, we demonstrate and investigate the use of an ultrasonicated dispenser to guide the formation of crystals of organic and perovskite semiconductors. The moving speed of the dispenser affects the match between the concentration gradient and evaporation rate near the three-phase contact lines and thus the generation of various crystallization morphologies. The mechanism of crystallization is given by a relationship between the calculated concentration gradient profile and the degree of crystal alignment. Highly ordered, aligned crystals are achieved for both organic bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)-pentacene and perovskite MAPbI3 semiconductors. Absorption spectra, Raman scattering spectroscopy analysis, and grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering measurement reveal the strong anisotropy of the crystalline structures. The aligned crystals lead to remarkably enhanced electrical performances in an organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) and perovskite photodetector. As a demonstration, we combine the OTFT with photodetectors to achieve an active matrix of normally off, gate-tunable photodetectors that operate under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Thin Film Transistor and Advanced Display, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Peking University , Shenzhen 518055 , P. R. China
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Fuhua Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Tsz-Ki Lau
- Department of Physics , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , New Territories , Hong Kong , P. R. China
| | - Xinhui Lu
- Department of Physics , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , New Territories , Hong Kong , P. R. China
| | - Tengzhou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Zixin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Xuying Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , 100 Kexue Avenue , Zhongyuan, Zhengzhou 450001 , Henan , P. R. China
| | - Chuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
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Effect of Vertical Annealing on the Nitrogen Dioxide Response of Organic Thin Film Transistors. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8040203. [PMID: 29596331 PMCID: PMC5923533 DOI: 10.3390/nano8040203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sensors based on organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) were fabricated by conventional annealing (horizontal) and vertical annealing processes of organic semiconductor (OSC) films. The NO2 responsivity of OTFTs to 15 ppm of NO2 is 1408% under conditions of vertical annealing and only 72% when conventional annealing is applied. Moreover, gas sensors obtained by vertical annealing achieve a high sensing performance of 589% already at 1 ppm of NO2, while showing a preferential response to NO2 compared with SO2, NH3, CO, and H2S. To analyze the mechanism of performance improvement of OTFT gas sensors, the morphologies of 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)-pentacene (TIPS-pentacene) films were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in tapping mode. The results show that, in well-aligned TIPS-pentacene films, a large number of effective grain boundaries inside the conducting channel contribute to the enhancement of NO2 gas sensing performance.
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Yang F, Wang X, Fan H, Tang Y, Yang J, Yu J. Effect of In Situ Annealing Treatment on the Mobility and Morphology of TIPS-Pentacene-Based Organic Field-Effect Transistors. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 12:503. [PMID: 28836186 PMCID: PMC6890873 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-2238-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with a bottom gate top contact structure were fabricated by using a spray-coating method, and the influence of in situ annealing treatment on the OFET performance was investigated. Compared to the conventional post-annealing method, the field-effect mobility of OFET with 60 °C in situ annealing treatment was enhanced nearly four times from 0.056 to 0.191 cm2/Vs. The surface morphologies and the crystallization of TIPS-pentacene films were characterized by optical microscope, atomic force microscope, and X-ray diffraction. We found that the increased mobility was mainly attributed to the improved crystallization and highly ordered TIPS-pentacene molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices Zhongshan Branch Office, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Electronic and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan, 528402 China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huidong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices Zhongshan Branch Office, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Electronic and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan, 528402 China
| | - Junsheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
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Bharti D, Raghuwanshi V, Varun I, Mahato AK, Tiwari SP. Directional Solvent Vapor Annealing for Crystal Alignment in Solution-Processed Organic Semiconductors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:26226-26233. [PMID: 28707466 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A unified approach of directional solvent vapor annealing for crystal alignment in solution-processed organic semiconductors is proposed. Highly crystalline molecular self-assembly of the drop-cast technique is further enhanced by postprocessing scheme of the solvent vapor annealing with additional benefit of alignment of the crystalline domains. In this technique, a mixture of carrier gas and solvent vapors are made to flow in a certain direction and in the close proximity of the surface of the substrates carrying the solution. Flow of the carrier gas imparts directionality to the semiconducting crystalline ribbons, whereas the influx of the solvent vapors improves the crystalline order in the semiconducting film. The flow rate of the carrier gas and the position of the substrate in the interaction chamber are the primary regulating factors, which have the ability to provide a semiconducting layer with a well-aligned and interconnected assembly of long ribbons. These favorable film properties further materialize in the form of electrical performance of the corresponding field-effect transistors. The versatility of this technique makes it a viable alternative for the solution processing of organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Bharti
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur 342011, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vivek Raghuwanshi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur 342011, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ishan Varun
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur 342011, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Mahato
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur 342011, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shree Prakash Tiwari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur 342011, Rajasthan, India
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Kaimakamis T, Pitsalidis C, Papamichail A, Laskarakis A, Logothetidis S. Organic transistors based on airbrushed small molecule-insulating polymer blends with mobilities exceeding 1 cm2 V−1 s−1. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22342g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High performance organic transistors have been realized via airbrush technique, using small molecule-insulating polymer blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Kaimakamis
- Laboratory for Thin Films
- Nanosystems and Nanometrology (LTFN)
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - C. Pitsalidis
- Laboratory for Thin Films
- Nanosystems and Nanometrology (LTFN)
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - A. Papamichail
- Laboratory for Thin Films
- Nanosystems and Nanometrology (LTFN)
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - A. Laskarakis
- Laboratory for Thin Films
- Nanosystems and Nanometrology (LTFN)
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - S. Logothetidis
- Laboratory for Thin Films
- Nanosystems and Nanometrology (LTFN)
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- Thessaloniki
- Greece
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Pitsalidis C, Pappa AM, Hunter S, Payne MM, Anthony JE, Anthopoulos TD, Logothetidis S. Electrospray-processed soluble acenes toward the realization of high-performance field-effect transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:6496-6504. [PMID: 25767897 DOI: 10.1021/am508162m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized acenes have proven to be promising compounds in the field of molecular electronics because of their unique features in terms of the stability, performance, and ease of processing. The emerging concept of large-area-compatible techniques for flexible electronics has brought about a wide variety of well-established techniques for the deposition of soluble acenes, with spray-coating representing an especially fruitful approach. In the present study, electrostatic spray deposition is proposed as an alternative to the conventional spray-coating processes, toward the realization of high-performance organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), on both rigid and flexible substrates. Particularly, a thorough study on the effect of the solvent and spraying regime on the resulting crystalline film's morphology is performed. By optimization of the process conditions in terms of control over the size as well as the crystallization scheme of the droplets, desirable morphological features along with high-quality crystal domains are obtained. The fabricated OFETs exhibit excellent electrical characteristics, with high field-effect mobility up to 0.78 cm(2)/(V s), I(on)/I(off) >10(4), and near-zero threshold voltages. Additionally, the good performance of the OFETs realized on plastic substrates gives great potentiality to the proposed method for applications in the challenging field of large-area electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pitsalidis
- †Laboratory for Thin Films, Nanosystems and Nanometrology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- †Laboratory for Thin Films, Nanosystems and Nanometrology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Simon Hunter
- ‡Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Marcia M Payne
- §Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - John E Anthony
- §Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- ‡Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Stergios Logothetidis
- †Laboratory for Thin Films, Nanosystems and Nanometrology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
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Kang B, Lee WH, Choi HH, Park YD, Cho K. Built-in water resistance in organic transistors modified with self-assembled monolayers. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07227h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We systematically investigated the effects of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM), prepared on the gate dielectric, on the performances of bottom-gate organic field-effect transistor (OFET) devices under various humid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boseok Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) and Center for Advanced Soft Electronics (CASE)
- Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Wi Hyoung Lee
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering
- Konkuk University
- Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) and Center for Advanced Soft Electronics (CASE)
- Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Yeong Don Park
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering
- Incheon National University
- Incheon 406-772, Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) and Center for Advanced Soft Electronics (CASE)
- Pohang 790-784, Korea
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