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Urrutia P, Arrieta R, Torres C, Guerrero C, Wilson L. Amination of naringinase to improve citrus juice debittering using a catalyst immobilized on glyoxyl-agarose. Food Chem 2024; 452:139600. [PMID: 38744138 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
A naringinase complex was chemically aminated prior to its immobilization on glyoxyl-agarose to develop a robust biocatalyst for juice debittering. The effects of amination on the optimal pH and temperature, thermal stability, and debittering performance were analyzed. Concentration of amino groups on catalysts surface increased in 36 %. Amination reduced the β-glucosidase activity of naringinase complex; however, did not affect optimal pH and temperature of the enzyme and it favored immobilization, obtaining α-l-rhamnosidase and β-d-glucosidase activities of 1.7 and 4.2 times the values obtained when the unmodified enzymes were immobilized. Amination favored the stability of the immobilized biocatalyst, retaining 100 % of both activities after 190 h at 30 °C and pH 3, while its non-aminated counterpart retained 80 and 52 % of α-rhamnosidase and β-glucosidase activities, respectively. The immobilized catalyst showed a better performance in grapefruit juice debittering, obtaining a naringin conversion of 7 times the value obtained with the non-aminated catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Urrutia
- School of Biochemistry Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Rosa Arrieta
- School of Biochemistry Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Celia Torres
- School of Biochemistry Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Cecilia Guerrero
- School of Biochemistry Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Lorena Wilson
- School of Biochemistry Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
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2
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Abedi E, Kaveh S, Mohammad Bagher Hashemi S. Structure-based modification of a-amylase by conventional and emerging technologies: Comparative study on the secondary structure, activity, thermal stability and amylolysis efficiency. Food Chem 2024; 437:137903. [PMID: 37931423 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
α-Amylase is an endo-enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into shorter oligosaccharides. α-Amylase plays a crucial role in various industries. Manipulated α-amylases are of particular interest due to their remarkable amylolysis efficiency and thermostability for large-scale biotechnological processes. The retained catalytic activity of enzymes is decreased according to extreme pH, temperature, pressure, and chemical reagents. Broad industrial applications of α-amylases need special properties such as stability against temperature, pH, and chelators, and also attain reusability, desirable enzymatic activity, efficiency, and selectivity. Considering the biotechnological importance of α-amylase, its high stability is the most critical challenge for its economic viability. Therefore, improving its functionality and stability recently gained much interest. To achieve this purpose, various emerging technologies in combination with conventional methods on α-Amylases with different sources have been conducted. The present review is an attempt to summarize the effect of various conventional methods and emerging technologies employed to date on α-amylase secondary structure, thermal stability, and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Abedi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Fasa University, Fasa, Iran
| | - Shima Kaveh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Fasa University, Fasa, Iran.
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3
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Xu X, Lin X, Ma W, Huo M, Tian X, Wang H, Huang L. Biodegradation strategies of veterinary medicines in the environment: Enzymatic degradation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169598. [PMID: 38157911 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
One Health closely integrates healthy farming, human medicine, and environmental ecology. Due to the ecotoxicity and risk of transmission of drug resistance, veterinary medicines (VMs) are regarded as emerging environmental pollutants. To reduce or mitigate the environmental risk of VMs, developing friendly, safe, and effective removal technologies is an important means of environmental remediation for VMs. Many previous studies have proved that biodegradation has significant advantages in removing VMs, and biodegradation based on enzyme catalysis presents higher operability and specificity. This review focused on biodegradation strategies of environmental pollutants and reviewed the enzymatic degradation of VMs including antimicrobial drugs, insecticides, and disinfectants. We reviewed the sources and catalytic mechanisms of peroxidase, laccase, and organophosphorus hydrolases, and summarized the latest research status of immobilization methods and bioengineering techniques in improving the performance of degrading enzymes. The mechanism of enzymatic degradation for VMs was elucidated in the current research. Suggestions and prospects for researching and developing enzymatic degradation of VMs were also put forward. This review will offer new ideas for the biodegradation of VMs and have a guide significance for the risk mitigation and detoxification of VMs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyue Xu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xvdong Lin
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenjin Ma
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meixia Huo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Tian
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hanyu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China; National Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China; National Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Hansda B, Mishra S, Ghosh A, Das B, Biswas T, Mondal TK, Srivastava B, Mondal S, Roy D, Mandal B. Chemically Bonded Pepsin via Its Inert Center to Diazo Functionalized Silica Gel through Multipoint Attachment Mode: A Way of Restoring Biocatalytic Sustainability over "Wider pH" Range. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:2146-2164. [PMID: 38240266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes play a pivotal role in the industry. Still, because of denaturation, the extensive applicability at their level of best catalytic efficiency over a more comprehensive pH range, particularly in alkaline conditions over pH 8, has not been fully developed. On the other hand, enzyme immobilization following a suitable protocol is a long pending issue that determines the conformational stability, specificity, selectivity, enantioselectivity, and activity of the native enzymes at long-range pH. As a bridge between these two findings, in an attempt at a freezing temperature 273-278 K at an alkaline pH, the diazo-functionalized silica gel (SG) surface has been used to rapidly diazo couple pepsin through its inert center, the O-carbon of the phenolic -OH of surface-occupied Tyr residues in a multipoint mode: when all the various protein groups, viz., amino, thiol, phenol, imidazole, carboxy, etc., in the molecular sequence including those belonging to the active sites, remain intact, the inherent inbuilt interactions among themselves remain. Thereby, the macromolecule's global conformation and helicity preserve the status quo. The dimension of the SG-enzyme conjugate confirms as {Si(OSi)4 (H2O)1.03}n {-O-Si(CH3)2-O-C6H4-N═N+}4·{pepsin}·yH2O; where the values of n and y have been determined respectively as 347 and 188. The material performs the catalytic activity much better at 7-8.5 than at pH 2-3.5 and continues for up to six months without any appreciable change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Hansda
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Shailja Mishra
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Ankit Ghosh
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Basudev Das
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Tirtha Biswas
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Tanay K Mondal
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Bhavya Srivastava
- The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Dr. Ambedkar Bhavan, Kolkata 700098, India
| | - Sneha Mondal
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Dipika Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Main Campus 188, Raja S.C. Mallick Rd, Kolkata, West Bengal700032, India
| | - Bhabatosh Mandal
- Analytical and Bio-analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
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Abellanas-Perez P, Carballares D, Rocha-Martin J, Fernandez-Lafuente R. The effects of the chemical modification on immobilized lipase features are affected by the enzyme crowding in the support. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3394. [PMID: 37828788 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we have analyzed the interactions between enzyme crowding on a given support and its chemical modification (ethylenediamine modification via the carbodiimide route and picryl sulfonic (TNBS) modification of the primary amino groups) on the enzyme activity and stability. Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL) and lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) were immobilized on octyl-agarose beads at two very different enzyme loadings, one of them exceeding the capacity of the support, one well under this capacity. Chemical modifications of the highly loaded and lowly loaded biocatalysts gave very different results in terms of activity and stability, which could increase or decrease enzyme activity depending on the enzyme support loading. For example, both lowly loaded biocatalysts increased their activity after modification while the effect was the opposite for the highly loaded biocatalysts. Additionally, the modification with TNBS of highly loaded CALB biocatalyst increased its stability while decrease the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Carballares
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Rocha-Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Abellanas-Perez P, Carballares D, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Rocha-Martin J. Glutaraldehyde modification of lipases immobilized on octyl agarose beads: Roles of the support enzyme loading and chemical amination of the enzyme on the final enzyme features. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125853. [PMID: 37460068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) and lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL) have been immobilized on octyl agarose at low loading and at a loading exceeding the maximum support capacity. Then, the enzymes have been treated with glutaraldehyde and inactivated at pH 7.0 in Tris-HCl, sodium phosphate and HEPES, giving different stabilities. Stabilization (depending on the buffer) of the highly loaded biocatalysts was found, very likely as a consequence of the detected intermolecular crosslinkings. This did not occur for the lowly loaded biocatalysts. Next, the enzymes were chemically aminated and then treated with glutaraldehyde. In the case of TLL, the intramolecular crosslinkings (visible by the apparent reduction of the protein size) increased enzyme stability of the lowly loaded biocatalysts, an effect that was further increased for the highly loaded biocatalysts due to intermolecular crosslinkings. Using CALB, the intramolecular crosslinkings were less intense, and the stabilization was lower, even though the intermolecular crosslinkings were quite intense for the highly loaded biocatalyst. The stabilization detected depended on the inactivation buffer. The interactions between enzyme loading and inactivating buffer on the effects of the chemical modifications suggest that the modification and inactivation studies must be performed under the target biocatalysts and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Carballares
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Javier Rocha-Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid Spain.
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7
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Laccase multi-point covalent immobilization: characterization, kinetics, and its hydrophobicity applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:719-733. [PMID: 36602562 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila was immobilized using one-point and multi-point covalent attachment on both a native and a modified new commercial epoxy carrier (Immobead 150P). After 10 cycles of operation at pH 3.0 and temperature 70 °C, the multi-point covalently immobilized laccase on the modified Immobead 150P performed best in terms of immobilization characteristics, retaining 95% of its initial activity. Thermodynamic parameters of thermal inactivation emphasized the positive impact of the immobilization procedure. At 50 °C, the immobilized and free enzyme activity levels dropped by 27 and 73%, respectively, after 48 h of incubation. The immobilized enzyme enhanced its stability in alkaline conditions, resuming 95% of its original activity after 3 h at pH 9.0. Immobilization reduced substrate affinity because the free laccase's Km value was lower than that of the immobilized laccase. Finally, the application of immobilized laccase in an innovative wood treatment process was tested by grafting lauryl gallate (LG) in order to provide hydrophobic properties to the wood. The results showed a relative water contact angle of 85.7% for treated wood, whereas the control showed only 26.6%, after 4 min of contact between water and beechwood surface. KEY POINTS: • Multi-point covalent immobilization of a commercial laccase on a commercial support. • Enzymatic parameters generally improved by immobilization process. • New application of immobilized laccase: enzymatic-assisted wood hydrophobization.
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8
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Biosynthesis of alkanes/alkenes from fatty acids or derivatives (triacylglycerols or fatty aldehydes). Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108045. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Fountain JN, Hawker MJ, Hartle L, Wu J, Montanari V, Sahoo JK, Davis LM, Kaplan DL, Kumar K. Towards Non-stick Silk: Tuning the Hydrophobicity of Silk Fibroin Protein. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200429. [PMID: 35998090 PMCID: PMC9830957 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Silk fibroin protein is a biomaterial with excellent biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. These properties have catapulted the material as a leader for extensive use in stents, catheters, and wound dressings. Modulation of hydrophobicity of silk fibroin protein to further expand the scope and utility however has been elusive. We report that installing perfluorocarbon chains on the surface of silk fibroin transforms this water-soluble protein into a remarkably hydrophobic polymer that can be solvent-cast. A clear relationship emerged between fluorine content of the modified silk and film hydrophobicity. Water contact angles of the most decorated silk fibroin protein exceeded that of Teflon®. We further show that water uptake in prefabricated silk bars is dramatically reduced, extending their lifetimes, and maintaining mechanical integrity. These results highlight the power of chemistry under moderate conditions to install unnatural groups onto the silk fibroin surface and will enable further exploration into applications of this versatile biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgan J. Hawker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Lauren Hartle
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
- Present address: Prime Impact Fund, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Junqi Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | | | | | - Luke M. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Krishna Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
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Carballares D, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Rocha-Martin J. Immobilization-stabilization of the dimeric D-amino acid oxidase from porcine kidney. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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The immobilization protocol greatly alters the effects of metal phosphate modification on the activity/stability of immobilized lipases. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:2452-2466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Alagöz D, Varan NE, Yildirim D, Fernandéz-Lafuente R. Optimization of the immobilization of xylanase from Thermomyces lanuginosus to produce xylooligosaccharides in a batch type reactor. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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13
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Morellon-Sterling R, Bolivar JM, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Switch off/switch on of a cysteinyl protease as a way to preserve the active catalytic group by modification with a reversible covalent thiol modifier: Immobilization of ficin on vinyl-sulfone activated supports. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:1155-1162. [PMID: 36037909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The immobilization of ficin (a cysteinyl proteases) on vinyl sulfone agarose produced its almost full inactivation. It was observed that the incubation of the free and immobilized enzyme in β-mercaptoethanol produced a 20 % of enzyme activity recovery, suggesting that the inactivation due to the immobilization could be a consequence of the modification of the catalytic Cys. To prevent the enzyme inactivation during the immobilization, switching off of ficin via Cys reaction with dipyridyl-disulfide was implemented, giving a reversible disulfide bond that produced a fully inactive enzyme. The switch on of ficin activity was implemented by incubation in 1 M β-mercaptoethanol. Using this strategy to immobilize the enzyme on vinyl sulfone agarose beads, the expressed activity of the immobilized ficin could be boosted up to 80 %. The immobilized enzyme presented a thermal stabilization similar to that obtained using ficin-glyoxyl-agarose beads. This procedure may be extended to many enzymes containing critical Cys, to permit their immobilization or chemical modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Morellon-Sterling
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Student of Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M Bolivar
- FQPIMA Group, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Complutense Ave., Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Bolivar JM, Woodley JM, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Is enzyme immobilization a mature discipline? Some critical considerations to capitalize on the benefits of immobilization. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6251-6290. [PMID: 35838107 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00083k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization has been developing since the 1960s and although many industrial biocatalytic processes use the technology to improve enzyme performance, still today we are far from full exploitation of the field. One clear reason is that many evaluate immobilization based on only a few experiments that are not always well-designed. In contrast to many other reviews on the subject, here we highlight the pitfalls of using incorrectly designed immobilization protocols and explain why in many cases sub-optimal results are obtained. We also describe solutions to overcome these challenges and come to the conclusion that recent developments in material science, bioprocess engineering and protein science continue to open new opportunities for the future. In this way, enzyme immobilization, far from being a mature discipline, remains as a subject of high interest and where intense research is still necessary to take full advantage of the possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Bolivar
- FQPIMA group, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - John M Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis. ICP-CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain. .,Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academic, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Tuning Immobilized Commercial Lipase Preparations Features by Simple Treatment with Metallic Phosphate Salts. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144486. [PMID: 35889359 PMCID: PMC9320038 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Four commercial immobilized lipases biocatalysts have been submitted to modifications with different metal (zinc, cobalt or copper) phosphates to check the effects of this modification on enzyme features. The lipase preparations were Lipozyme®TL (TLL-IM) (lipase from Thermomyces lanuginose), Lipozyme®435 (L435) (lipase B from Candida antarctica), Lipozyme®RM (RML-IM), and LipuraSelect (LS-IM) (both from lipase from Rhizomucor miehei). The modifications greatly altered enzyme specificity, increasing the activity versus some substrates (e.g., TLL-IM modified with zinc phosphate in hydrolysis of triacetin) while decreasing the activity versus other substrates (the same preparation in activity versus R- or S- methyl mandelate). Enantiospecificity was also drastically altered after these modifications, e.g., LS-IM increased the activity versus the R isomer while decreasing the activity versus the S isomer when treated with copper phosphate. Regarding the enzyme stability, it was significantly improved using octyl-agarose-lipases. Using all these commercial biocatalysts, no significant positive effects were found; in fact, a decrease in enzyme stability was usually detected. The results point towards the possibility of a battery of biocatalysts, including many different metal phosphates and immobilization protocols, being a good opportunity to tune enzyme features, increasing the possibilities of having biocatalysts that may be suitable for a specific process.
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Jaafar NR, Jailani N, Rahman RA, Öner ET, Murad AMA, Illias RM. Protein surface engineering and interaction studies of maltogenic amylase towards improved enzyme immobilisation. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 213:70-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sampaio CS, Angelotti JAF, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Hirata DB. Lipase immobilization via cross-linked enzyme aggregates: Problems and prospects - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:434-449. [PMID: 35752332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review we have focused on the preparation of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) from lipases, as these are among the most used enzyme in bioprocesses. This immobilization method is considered very attractive due to preparation simplicity, non-use of supports and the possibility of using crude enzyme extracts. CLEAs provide lipase stabilization under extreme temperature or pH conditions or in the presence of organic solvents, in addition to preventing enzyme leaching in aqueous medium. However, it presents some problems in the preparation and limitations in their use. The problems in preparation refer mainly to the crosslinking step, and may be solved using an aminated feeder. The problems in handling have been tackled designing magnetic-CLEAs or trapping the CLEAs in particles with better mechanical properties, the substrate diffusion problems has been reduced by producing more porous-CLEAs, etc. The enzyme co-immobilization using combi-CLEAs is also a new tendency. Therefore, this review explores the CLEAs methodology aimed at lipase immobilization and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S Sampaio
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Joelise A F Angelotti
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Department of Biocatalysis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, Member of The External Scientific Advisory Board, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Daniela B Hirata
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
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18
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Morellon-Sterling R, Tavano O, Bolivar JM, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Vela-Gutiérrez G, Sabir JSM, Tacias-Pascacio VG, Fernandez-Lafuente R. A review on the immobilization of pepsin: A Lys-poor enzyme that is unstable at alkaline pH values. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:682-702. [PMID: 35508226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pepsin is a protease used in many different applications, and in many instances, it is utilized in an immobilized form to prevent contamination of the reaction product. This enzyme has two peculiarities that make its immobilization complex. The first one is related to the poor presence of primary amino groups on its surface (just one Lys and the terminal amino group). The second one is its poor stability at alkaline pH values. Both features make the immobilization of this enzyme to be considered a complicated goal, as most of the immobilization protocols utilize primary amino groups for immobilization. This review presents some of the attempts to get immobilized pepsin biocatalyst and their applications. The high density of anionic groups (Asp and Glu) make the anion exchange of the enzyme simpler, but this makes many of the strategies utilized to immobilize the enzyme (e.g., amino-glutaraldehyde supports) more related to a mixed ion exchange/hydrophobic adsorption than to real covalent immobilization. Finally, we propose some possibilities that can permit not only the covalent immobilization of this enzyme, but also their stabilization via multipoint covalent attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Morellon-Sterling
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Student of Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Tavano
- Faculty of Nutrition, Alfenas Federal Univ., 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St, Alfenas, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Juan M Bolivar
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Complutense Ave., Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ángel Berenguer-Murcia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Gilber Vela-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Jamal S M Sabir
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Veymar G Tacias-Pascacio
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico; Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Carretera Panamericana Km. 1080, 29050 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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19
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Carballares D, Rocha-Martin J, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Chemical amination of immobilized enzymes for enzyme coimmobilization: Reuse of the most stable immobilized and modified enzyme. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:688-697. [PMID: 35358572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although Lecitase and the lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL) could be coimmobilized on octyl-agarose, the stability of Lecitase was lower than that of TLL causing the user to discard active immobilized TLL when Lecitase was inactivated. Here, we propose the chemical amination of immobilized TLL to ionically exchange Lecitase on immobilized TLL, which should be released to the medium after its inactivation by incubation at high ionic strength. Using conditions where Lecitase was only adsorbed on immobilized TLL after its amination, the combibiocatalyst was produced. Unfortunately, the release of Lecitase was not possible using just high ionic strength solutions, and if detergent was added, TLL was also released from the support. This occurred when using 0.25 M ammonium sulfate, Lecitase did not immobilize on aminated TLL. That makes the use octyl-vinylsulfone supports necessary to irreversibly immobilize TLL, and after blocking with ethylendiamine, the immobilized TLL was aminated. Lecitase immobilized and released from this biocatalyst using 0.25 M ammonium sulfate and 0.1% Triton X-100. That way, a coimmobilized TLL and Lecitase biocatalyst could be produced, and after Lecitase inactivation, it could be released and the immobilized, aminated, and fully active TLL could be utilized to build a new combibiocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Carballares
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Rocha-Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Novais 12, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academic, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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20
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Remonatto D, Miotti Jr. RH, Monti R, Bassan JC, de Paula AV. Applications of immobilized lipases in enzymatic reactors: A review. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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21
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Alagöz D, Varan NE, Toprak A, Yildirim D, Tukel SS, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Immobilization of xylanase on differently functionalized silica gel supports for orange juice clarification. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Stabilization and operational selectivity alteration of Lipozyme 435 by its coating with polyethyleneimine: Comparison of the biocatalyst performance in the synthesis of xylose fatty esters. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:665-674. [PMID: 34656534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Differently modified Lipozyme 435 (L435) (immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica) preparations were used as biocatalysts in the esterification reaction to synthesize sugar fatty acid esters (SFAEs) from xylose (acyl acceptor) and lauric/palmitic acids (acyl donors) in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solvent. The L435 treatment with polyethyleneimine (PEI) (2; 25; and 750 KDa) prevented the enzyme leakage in the crude sugar ester reaction product. The 2 KDa PEI coating of this enzyme preparation produced the highest enzyme stability in MEK, buffer solutions (pHs 5 and 7), and methanol aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7. Using an excess of the acyl donor (1:5 xylose: fatty acid molar ratio), high xylose conversions (70-84%) were obtained after 24 h-reaction using both, non-modified and PEI (2 KDa) coated L435, but the PEI treated biocatalyst afforded a higher xylose modification degree. After 5 reuse cycles with the L435 coated with PEI 2 KDa, the xylose conversions only decreased 10%, while with the non-treated biocatalyst they decreased by 37%. The formation of SFAEs was confirmed by mass spectrometry, which showed the presence of xylose mono-, di-, and triesters. They exhibited emulsion capacities close to that of a commercial sucrose monolaurate.
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23
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Lv C, Yang X, Wang Z, Ying M, Han Q, Li S. Enhanced Performance of Bioelectrodes Made with Amination-Modified Glucose Oxidase Immobilized on Carboxyl-Functionalized Ordered Mesoporous Carbon. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3086. [PMID: 34835850 PMCID: PMC8617758 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This research reveals the improved performance of bioelectrodes made with amination-modified glucose oxidase (GOx-NH2) and carboxyl-functionalized mesoporous carbon (OMC-COOH). Results showed that when applied with 10 mM EDC amination, the functional groups of NH2 were successfully added to GOx, according to the analysis of 1H-NMR, elemental composition, and FTIR spectra. Moreover, after the aminated modification, increased enzyme immobilization (124.01 ± 1.49 mg GOx-NH2/g OMC-COOH; 2.77-fold increase) and enzyme activity (1.17-fold increase) were achieved, compared with those of non-modified GOx. Electrochemical analysis showed that aminated modification enhanced the peak current intensity of Nafion/GOx-NH2/OMC-COOH (1.32-fold increase), with increases in the charge transfer coefficient α (0.54), the apparent electron transfer rate constant ks (2.54 s-1), and the surface coverage Γ (2.91 × 10-9 mol·cm-2). Results showed that GOx-NH2/OMC-COOH exhibited impressive electro-activity and a favorable anodic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhan Lv
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (C.L.); (M.Y.); (Q.H.)
| | - Xuewei Yang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (C.L.); (M.Y.); (Q.H.)
| | - Zongkang Wang
- Shenzhen Batian Ecological Engineering Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Ming Ying
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (C.L.); (M.Y.); (Q.H.)
| | - Qingguo Han
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (C.L.); (M.Y.); (Q.H.)
| | - Shuangfei Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (C.L.); (M.Y.); (Q.H.)
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24
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Rodrigues RC, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Carballares D, Morellon-Sterling R, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Stabilization of enzymes via immobilization: Multipoint covalent attachment and other stabilization strategies. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 52:107821. [PMID: 34455028 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of enzymes in industrial processes requires the improvement of their features in many instances. Enzyme immobilization, a requirement to facilitate the recovery and reuse of these water-soluble catalysts, is one of the tools that researchers may utilize to improve many of their properties. This review is focused on how enzyme immobilization may improve enzyme stability. Starting from the stabilization effects that an enzyme may experience by the mere fact of being inside a solid particle, we detail other possibilities to stabilize enzymes: generation of favorable enzyme environments, prevention of enzyme subunit dissociation in multimeric enzymes, generation of more stable enzyme conformations, or enzyme rigidification via multipoint covalent attachment. In this last point, we will discuss the features of an "ideal" immobilization protocol to maximize the intensity of the enzyme-support interactions. The most interesting active groups in the support (glutaraldehyde, epoxide, glyoxyl and vinyl sulfone) will be also presented, discussing their main properties and uses. Some instances in which the number of enzyme-support bonds is not directly related to a higher stabilization will be also presented. Finally, the possibility of coupling site-directed mutagenesis or chemical modification to get a more intense multipoint covalent immobilization will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C Rodrigues
- Biocatalysis and Enzyme Technology Lab, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, P.O. Box 15090, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Carballares
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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25
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Sena RO, Carneiro C, Moura MVH, Brêda GC, Pinto MCC, Fé LXSGM, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Manoel EA, Almeida RV, Freire DMG, Cipolatti EP. Application of Rhizomucor miehei lipase-displaying Pichia pastoris whole cell for biodiesel production using agro-industrial residuals as substrate. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:734-743. [PMID: 34455007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed the application of a new biocatalyst for biodiesel production from residual agro-industrial fatty acids. A recombinant Pichia pastoris displaying lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (RML) on the cell surface, using the PIR-1 anchor system, were prepared using glycerol as the carbon source. The biocatalyst, named RML-PIR1 showed optimum temperature of 45 °C (74.0 U/L). The stability tests resulted in t1/2 of 3.49 and 2.15 h at 40 and 45 °C, respectively. RML-PIR1 was applied in esterification reactions using industrial co-products as substrates, palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and soybean fatty acid distillate (SFAD). The highest productivity was observed for SFAD after 48 h presenting 79.1% of conversion using only 10% of biocatalyst and free-solvent system. This is about ca. eight times higher than commercial free RML in the same conditions. The stabilizing agents study revealed that the treatment using glutaraldehyde (GA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) enabled increased stability and reuse of biocatalyst. It was observed by SEM analysis that the treatment modified the cell morphology. RML-PIR1-GA presented 87.9% of the initial activity after 6 reuses, whilst the activity of unmodified RML-PIR decreased by 40% after the first use. These results were superior to those obtained in the literature, making this new biocatalyst promising for biotechnological applications, such as the production of biofuels on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Oliveira Sena
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Candida Carneiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Victor Holanda Moura
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; SENAI Innovation Institute for Biosynthetics and Fibers, SENAI CETIQT, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Coelho Brêda
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martina C C Pinto
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Chemical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 68502, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-972, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Department of Biocatalysis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academic, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Evelin Andrade Manoel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-170 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Volcan Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Denise Maria Guimarães Freire
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Eliane Pereira Cipolatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-170 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Biochemical Process Technology, Rio de Janeiro State University, São Francisco Xavier, 524 Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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26
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Tacias-Pascacio VG, Morellon-Sterling R, Castañeda-Valbuena D, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Kamli MR, Tavano O, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Immobilization of papain: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:94-113. [PMID: 34375660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Papain is a cysteine protease from papaya, with many applications due to its broad specificity. This paper reviews for first time the immobilization of papain on different supports (organic, inorganic or hybrid supports) presenting some of the features of the utilized immobilization strategies (e.g., epoxide, glutaraldehyde, genipin, glyoxyl for covalent immobilization). Special focus is placed on the preparation of magnetic biocatalysts, which will permit the simple recovery of the biocatalyst even if the medium is a suspension. Problems specific to the immobilization of proteases (e.g., steric problems when hydrolyzing large proteins) are also defined. The benefits of a proper immobilization (enzyme stabilization, widening of the operation window) are discussed, together with some artifacts that may suggest an enzyme stabilization that may be unrelated to enzyme rigidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veymar G Tacias-Pascacio
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico; Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Carretera Panamericana Km. 1080, 29050 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Roberto Morellon-Sterling
- Departamento de Biocatálisis. ICP-CSIC./Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid. Spain; Student of Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid. Spain
| | - Daniel Castañeda-Valbuena
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Carretera Panamericana Km. 1080, 29050 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Ángel Berenguer-Murcia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Majid Rasool Kamli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddad 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddad 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olga Tavano
- Faculty of Nutrition, Alfenas Federal Univ., 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St, Alfenas, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis. ICP-CSIC./Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid. Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External advisory board, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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27
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Multicatalytic Hybrid Materials for Biocatalytic and Chemoenzymatic Cascades—Strategies for Multicatalyst (Enzyme) Co-Immobilization. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11080936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent decades, the use of enzymes or chemoenzymatic cascades for organic chemistry has gained much importance in fundamental and industrial research. Moreover, several enzymatic and chemoenzymatic reactions have also served in green and sustainable manufacturing processes especially in fine chemicals, pharmaceutical, and flavor/fragrance industries. Unfortunately, only a few processes have been applied at industrial scale because of the low stabilities of enzymes along with the problematic processes of their recovery and reuse. Immobilization and co-immobilization offer an ideal solution to these problems. This review gives an overview of all the pathways for enzyme immobilization and their use in integrated enzymatic and chemoenzymatic processes in cascade or in a one-pot concomitant execution. We place emphasis on the factors that must be considered to understand the process of immobilization. A better understanding of this fundamental process is an essential tool not only in the choice of the best route of immobilization but also in the understanding of their catalytic activity.
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28
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Textile Dye Biodecolorization by Manganese Peroxidase: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154403. [PMID: 34361556 PMCID: PMC8348190 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater emissions from textile factories cause serious environmental problems. Manganese peroxidase (MnP) is an oxidoreductase with ligninolytic activity and is a promising biocatalyst for the biodegradation of hazardous environmental contaminants, and especially for dye wastewater decolorization. This article first summarizes the origin, crystal structure, and catalytic cycle of MnP, and then reviews the recent literature on its application to dye wastewater decolorization. In addition, the application of new technologies such as enzyme immobilization and genetic engineering that could improve the stability, durability, adaptability, and operating costs of the enzyme are highlighted. Finally, we discuss and propose future strategies to improve the performance of MnP-assisted dye decolorization in industrial applications.
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29
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Tacias-Pascacio VG, Castañeda-Valbuena D, Morellon-Sterling R, Tavano O, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Vela-Gutiérrez G, Rather IA, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Bioactive peptides from fisheries residues: A review of use of papain in proteolysis reactions. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 184:415-428. [PMID: 34157329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Papain is a cysteine endopeptidase of vegetal origin (papaya (Carica papaya L.) with diverse applications in food technology. In this review we have focused our attention on its application in the production of bio-peptides by hydrolysis of proteins from fish residues. This way, a residual material, that can become a contaminant if dumped without control, is converted into highly interesting products. The main bioactivity of the produced peptides is their antioxidant activity, followed by their nutritional and functional activities, but peptides with many other bioactivities have been produced. Thera are also examples of production of hydrolysates with several bioactivities. The enzyme may be used alone, or in combination with other enzymes to increase the degree of hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veymar G Tacias-Pascacio
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico; Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Carretera Panamericana Km. 1080, 29050 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Daniel Castañeda-Valbuena
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Carretera Panamericana Km. 1080, 29050 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | - Olga Tavano
- Faculty of Nutrition, Alfenas Federal Univ., 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St, Alfenas, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Ángel Berenguer-Murcia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Gilber Vela-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Irfan A Rather
- Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Pagar AD, Patil MD, Flood DT, Yoo TH, Dawson PE, Yun H. Recent Advances in Biocatalysis with Chemical Modification and Expanded Amino Acid Alphabet. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6173-6245. [PMID: 33886302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The two main strategies for enzyme engineering, directed evolution and rational design, have found widespread applications in improving the intrinsic activities of proteins. Although numerous advances have been achieved using these ground-breaking methods, the limited chemical diversity of the biopolymers, restricted to the 20 canonical amino acids, hampers creation of novel enzymes that Nature has never made thus far. To address this, much research has been devoted to expanding the protein sequence space via chemical modifications and/or incorporation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs). This review provides a balanced discussion and critical evaluation of the applications, recent advances, and technical breakthroughs in biocatalysis for three approaches: (i) chemical modification of cAAs, (ii) incorporation of ncAAs, and (iii) chemical modification of incorporated ncAAs. Furthermore, the applications of these approaches and the result on the functional properties and mechanistic study of the enzymes are extensively reviewed. We also discuss the design of artificial enzymes and directed evolution strategies for enzymes with ncAAs incorporated. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future perspectives for biocatalysis using the expanded amino acid alphabet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol D Pagar
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Mahesh D Patil
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Dillon T Flood
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tae Hyeon Yoo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Philip E Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Braham SA, Siar EH, Arana-Peña S, Bavandi H, Carballares D, Morellon-Sterling R, de Andrades D, Kornecki JF, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Positive effect of glycerol on the stability of immobilized enzymes: Is it a universal fact? Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Morellon-Sterling R, Siar EH, Braham SA, de Andrades D, Pedroche J, Millán MDC, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Effect of amine length in the interference of the multipoint covalent immobilization of enzymes on glyoxyl agarose beads. J Biotechnol 2021; 329:128-142. [PMID: 33600890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, penicillin G acylase and ficin extract have been stabilized by immobilization on glyoxyl agarose, adding different aliphatic compounds bearing a primary amine group during the immobilization: ethyl amine, butyl amine, hexyl amine (at concentrations ranging from 0 to 20 mM) and octyl amine (from 0 to 10 mM) to analyze their effects on the immobilized enzyme stability. As expected, the presence of amines reduced the intensity of the enzyme-support multipoint covalent attachment, and therefore the enzyme stability. However, it is clear that this effect is higher using octyl amine for all enzymes (in some cases the enzyme immobilized in the presence of 10 mM octyl amine was almost inactivated while the reference kept over 50 % of the initial activity). This way, it seems that the most important effect of the presence of aminated compounds came from the generation of steric hindrances to the enzyme/support multi-reaction promoted by the ammines that are interacting with the aldehyde groups. In some instances, just 1 mM of aminated compounds is enough to greatly decrease enzyme stability. The results suggested that, if the composition of the enzyme extract is unknown, to eliminate small aminated compounds may be necessary to maximize the enzyme-support reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - El-Hocine Siar
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC Madrid, Spain; Transformation and Food Product Elaboration Laboratory, Nutrition and Food, Technology Institute (INATAA), University of Brothers Mentouri Constantine 1, Algeria
| | - Sabrina Ait Braham
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC Madrid, Spain; Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales et Ethnobotanique, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Diandra de Andrades
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC Madrid, Spain; Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Justo Pedroche
- Group of Plant Proteins, Department of Food and Health, Instituto de la Grasa-CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Mª Del Carmen Millán
- Group of Plant Proteins, Department of Food and Health, Instituto de la Grasa-CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Effect of Concentrated Salts Solutions on the Stability of Immobilized Enzymes: Influence of Inactivation Conditions and Immobilization Protocol. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040968. [PMID: 33673063 PMCID: PMC7918437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate the effects of some salts (NaCl, (NH4)2SO4 and Na2SO4) at pH 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 on the stability of 13 different immobilized enzymes: five lipases, three proteases, two glycosidases, and one laccase, penicillin G acylase and catalase. The enzymes were immobilized to prevent their aggregation. Lipases were immobilized via interfacial activation on octyl agarose or on glutaraldehyde-amino agarose beads, proteases on glyoxyl agarose or glutaraldehyde-amino agarose beads. The use of high concentrations of salts usually has some effects on enzyme stability, but the intensity and nature of these effects depends on the inactivation pH, nature and concentration of the salt, enzyme and immobilization protocol. The same salt can be a stabilizing or a destabilizing agent for a specific enzyme depending on its concentration, inactivation pH and immobilization protocol. Using lipases, (NH4)2SO4 generally permits the highest stabilities (although this is not a universal rule), but using the other enzymes this salt is in many instances a destabilizing agent. At pH 9.0, it is more likely to find a salt destabilizing effect than at pH 7.0. Results confirm the difficulty of foreseeing the effect of high concentrations of salts in a specific immobilized enzyme.
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Monteiro RR, Virgen-Ortiz JJ, Berenguer-Murcia Á, da Rocha TN, dos Santos JC, Alcántara AR, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Biotechnological relevance of the lipase A from Candida antarctica. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Alagöz D, Toprak A, Yildirim D, Tükel SS, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Modified silicates and carbon nanotubes for immobilization of lipase from Rhizomucor miehei: Effect of support and immobilization technique on the catalytic performance of the immobilized biocatalysts. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 144:109739. [PMID: 33541574 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (RML) was covalently immobilized on different supports, two silica gels and two carbon nanotube samples, using two different strategies. RML was immobilized on 3-carboxypropyl silica gel (RML@Si-COOH) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes containing carboxylic acid functionalities (RML@MCNT-COOH) using a two-step carbodiimide activation/immobilization reaction. Moreover, the enzyme was also immobilized on 3-aminopropyl silica (RML@Si-Glu) and single-wall carbon nanotubes functionalized with 3-APTES and activated with glutaraldehyde (RML@SCNT-Glu). Before and after RML immobilization, the structurel properties of supports were characterized and compared in detail. After immobilization, the expressed activities were 36.9, 90.2, 16.9, and 26.1 % for RML@Si-COOH, RML@Si-Glu, RML@MCNT-COOH, and RML@SCNT-Glu, respectively. The kinetic parameters of free and immobilized RML samples were determined for three substrates, p-nitrophenyl acetate, p-nitrophenyl butyrate and p-nitrophenyl palmitate, and RML@Si-Glu showed higher catalytic efficiency than the other immobilized RML samples. RML@Si-COOH, RML@Si-Glu, RML@MCNT-COOH, and RML@SCNT-Glu exhibited 5.8, 7.6, 4.2 and 4.6 folds longer half-life values than those of the free enzyme at pH 7.5 and 40 °C. Recyclability studies showed that all the immobilized RML biocatalysts retained over 90 % of their initial activities after ten cycles in the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Alagöz
- Cukurova University, Imamoglu Vocational School, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Ali Toprak
- Cukurova University, Sciences & Letters Faculty, Chemistry Department, 01330, Adana, Turkey
| | - Deniz Yildirim
- Cukurova University, Ceyhan Engineering Faculty, Chemical Engineering Department, Adana, Turkey
| | - S Seyhan Tükel
- Cukurova University, Sciences & Letters Faculty, Chemistry Department, 01330, Adana, Turkey
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento De Biocatalisis, ICP-CSIC, C/Marie Crue 2, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, Member of The External Scientific Advisory Board, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Ficin: A protease extract with relevance in biotechnology and biocatalysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:394-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Tacias-Pascacio VG, Morellon-Sterling R, Siar EH, Tavano O, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Use of Alcalase in the production of bioactive peptides: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2143-2196. [PMID: 33091472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to cover the uses of the commercially available protease Alcalase in the production of biologically active peptides since 2010. Immobilization of Alcalase has also been reviewed, as immobilization of the enzyme may improve the final reaction design enabling the use of more drastic conditions and the reuse of the biocatalyst. That way, this review presents the production, via Alcalase hydrolysis of different proteins, of peptides with antioxidant, angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory, metal binding, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities (among other bioactivities) and peptides that improve the functional, sensory and nutritional properties of foods. Alcalase has proved to be among the most efficient proteases for this goal, using different protein sources, being especially interesting the use of the protein residues from food industry as feedstock, as this also solves nature pollution problems. Very interestingly, the bioactivities of the protein hydrolysates further improved when Alcalase is used in a combined way with other proteases both in a sequential way or in a simultaneous hydrolysis (something that could be related to the concept of combi-enzymes), as the combination of proteases with different selectivities and specificities enable the production of a larger amount of peptides and of a smaller size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veymar G Tacias-Pascacio
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico; Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Carretera Panamericana Km. 1080, 29050 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | | | - El-Hocine Siar
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Equipe TEPA, Laboratoire LNTA, INATAA, Université des Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine 25000, Algeria
| | - Olga Tavano
- Faculty of Nutrition, Alfenas Federal Univ., 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St, Alfenas, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Ángel Berenguer-Murcia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, Member of the External Scientific Advisory Board, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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38
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Enzyme-Coated Micro-Crystals: An Almost Forgotten but Very Simple and Elegant Immobilization Strategy. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10080891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immobilization of enzymes using protein coated micro-crystals (PCMCs) was reported for the first time in 2001 by Kreiner and coworkers. The strategy is very simple. First, an enzyme solution must be prepared in a concentrated solution of one compound (salt, sugar, amino acid) very soluble in water and poorly soluble in a water-soluble solvent. Then, the enzyme solution is added dropwise to the water soluble solvent under rapid stirring. The components accompanying the enzyme are called the crystal growing agents, the solvent being the dehydrating agent. This strategy permits the rapid dehydration of the enzyme solution drops, resulting in a crystallization of the crystal formation agent, and the enzyme is deposited on this crystal surface. The reaction medium where these biocatalysts can be used is marked by the solubility of the PCMC components, and usually these biocatalysts may be employed in water soluble organic solvents with a maximum of 20% water. The evolution of these PCMC was to chemically crosslink them and further improve their stabilities. Moreover, the PCMC strategy has been used to coimmobilize enzymes or enzymes and cofactors. The immobilization may permit the use of buffers as crystal growth agents, enabling control of the reaction pH in the enzyme environments. Usually, the PCMC biocatalysts are very stable and more active than other biocatalysts of the same enzyme. However, this simple (at least at laboratory scale) immobilization strategy is underutilized even when the publications using it systematically presented a better performance of them in organic solvents than that of many other immobilized biocatalysts. In fact, many possibilities and studies using this technique are lacking. This review tried to outline the possibilities of this useful immobilization strategy.
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Othman AM, Wollenberger U. Amperometric biosensor based on coupling aminated laccase to functionalized carbon nanotubes for phenolics detection. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 153:855-864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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One Pot Use of Combilipases for Full Modification of Oils and Fats: Multifunctional and Heterogeneous Substrates. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10060605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipases are among the most utilized enzymes in biocatalysis. In many instances, the main reason for their use is their high specificity or selectivity. However, when full modification of a multifunctional and heterogeneous substrate is pursued, enzyme selectivity and specificity become a problem. This is the case of hydrolysis of oils and fats to produce free fatty acids or their alcoholysis to produce biodiesel, which can be considered cascade reactions. In these cases, to the original heterogeneity of the substrate, the presence of intermediate products, such as diglycerides or monoglycerides, can be an additional drawback. Using these heterogeneous substrates, enzyme specificity can promote that some substrates (initial substrates or intermediate products) may not be recognized as such (in the worst case scenario they may be acting as inhibitors) by the enzyme, causing yields and reaction rates to drop. To solve this situation, a mixture of lipases with different specificity, selectivity and differently affected by the reaction conditions can offer much better results than the use of a single lipase exhibiting a very high initial activity or even the best global reaction course. This mixture of lipases from different sources has been called “combilipases” and is becoming increasingly popular. They include the use of liquid lipase formulations or immobilized lipases. In some instances, the lipases have been coimmobilized. Some discussion is offered regarding the problems that this coimmobilization may give rise to, and some strategies to solve some of these problems are proposed. The use of combilipases in the future may be extended to other processes and enzymes.
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Nawawi NN, Hashim Z, Rahman RA, Murad AMA, Bakar FDA, Illias RM. Entrapment of porous cross-linked enzyme aggregates of maltogenic amylase from Bacillus lehensis G1 into calcium alginate for maltooligosaccharides synthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:80-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Zhang Q, Yu L, Liu B, Li F, Tang B. Reduction of nitroarenes by magnetically recoverable nitroreductase immobilized on Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2810. [PMID: 32071344 PMCID: PMC7028709 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59754-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes as catalysts have attracted significant attention due to their excellent specificity and incomparable efficiency, but their practical application is limited because these catalysts are difficult to separate and recover. A magnetically recoverable biocatalyst has been effectively prepared through the immobilization of a nitroreductase (oxygen-insensitive, purified from Enterobacter cloacae) onto the Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized by a coprecipitation method in an aqueous system. The surfaces of the MNPs were modified with sodium silicate and chloroacetic acid (CAA). Using 1-ethyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) through a covalent binding, nitroreductase was loaded onto the modified magnetic carriers through covalent coupling, and thus, a magnetically recoverable biocatalyst was prepared. The free and immobilized nitroreductase activity was also investigated by the reduction of p-nitrobenzonitrile using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAPDH) as a cofactor. The activity of the immobilized enzyme was able to maintain 83.23% of that of the free enzyme. The prepared enzyme can easily reduce substituted nitrobenzene to substituted aniline at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and the yield is up to 60.9%. Most importantly, the loaded nitroreductase carriers can be easily separated and recycled from the reaction system using an externally applied magnetic field. The magnetically recoverable biocatalyst can be recycled and reused 7 times while maintaining high activities and the activity of the magnetic catalyst can be maintained at more than 85.0% of that of the previous cycle. This research solves the recovery problem encountered in industrial applications of biocatalysts and presents a clean and green method of preparing substituted aniline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qikun Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Liping Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Baoliang Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Fulin Li
- Water Resources Research Institute of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China.
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Liao L, Meng Y, Wang R, Jia B, Li P. Coupling and Regulation of Porous Carriers Using Plasma and Amination to Improve the Catalytic Performance of Glucose Oxidase and Catalase. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:426. [PMID: 31921828 PMCID: PMC6923177 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple enzyme systems are being increasingly used for their high-efficiency and co-immobilization is a key technology to lower the cost and improve the stability of enzymes. In this study, poly glycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) spheres were synthesized using suspension polymerization, and were used as a support to co-immobilize glucose oxidase (GOx) and catalase (CAT). Surface modification was carried out via a combination of plasma and amination to promote the properties of the catalyzer. The co-immobilized enzymes showed a more extensive range of optimum pH and temperature from 5.5 to 7.5 and 25 to 40°C, respectively, compared to free enzymes. Furthermore, the maximum activity and protein adsorption quantity of the co-immobilized enzymes reached 25.98 U/g and 6.07 mg/g, respectively. The enzymatic activity of the co-immobilized enzymes was maintained at ~70% after storage for 5 days and at 82% after three consecutive cycles, indicating that the immobilized material could be applied industrially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingtong Liao
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Yuling Meng
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material & Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Baolei Jia
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Piwu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material & Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
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Genipin as An Emergent Tool in the Design of Biocatalysts: Mechanism of Reaction and Applications. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9121035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genipin is a reagent isolated from the Gardenia jasminoides fruit extract, and whose low toxicity and good crosslinking properties have converted it into a reactive whose popularity is increasing by the day. These properties have made it widely used in many medical applications, mainly in the production of chitosan materials (crosslinked by this reactive), biological scaffolds for tissue engineering, and nanoparticles of chitosan and nanogels of proteins for controlled drug delivery, the genipin crosslinking being a key point to strengthen the stability of these materials. This review is focused on the mechanism of reaction of this reagent and its use in the design of biocatalysts, where genipin plays a double role, as a support activating agent and as inter- or intramolecular crosslinker. Its low toxicity makes this compound an ideal alterative to glutaraldehyde in these processes. Moreover, in some cases the features of the biocatalysts prepared using genipin surpassed those of the biocatalysts prepared using other standard crosslinkers, even disregarding toxicity. In this way, genipin is a very promising reagent in the design of biocatalysts.
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Abdul Wahab MKH, El-Enshasy HA, Bakar FDA, Murad AMA, Jahim JM, Illias RM. Improvement of cross-linking and stability on cross-linked enzyme aggregate (CLEA)-xylanase by protein surface engineering. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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47
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Dal Magro L, Kornecki JF, Klein MP, Rodrigues RC, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Optimized immobilization of polygalacturonase from Aspergillus niger following different protocols: Improved stability and activity under drastic conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:234-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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48
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Rodrigues RC, Virgen-Ortíz JJ, dos Santos JC, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Alcantara AR, Barbosa O, Ortiz C, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Immobilization of lipases on hydrophobic supports: immobilization mechanism, advantages, problems, and solutions. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:746-770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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de Andrades D, Graebin NG, Ayub MAZ, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Rodrigues RC. Preparation of immobilized/stabilized biocatalysts of β-glucosidases from different sources: Importance of the support active groups and the immobilization protocol. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2890. [PMID: 31374157 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucosidases from two different commercial preparations, Pectinex Ultra SP-L and Celluclast® 1.5L, were immobilized on divinylsulfone (DVS) supports at pH 5.0, 7.0, 9.0, and 10. In addition, the biocatalysts were also immobilized in agarose beads activated by glyoxyl, and epoxide as reagent groups. The best immobilization results were observed using higher pH values on DVS-agarose, and for Celluclast® 1.5L, good results were also obtained using the glyoxil-agarose immobilization. The biocatalyst obtained using Pectinex Ultra SP-L showed the highest thermal stability, at 65°C, and an operational stability of 67% of activity after 10 reuses cycles when immobilized on DVS-agarose immobilized at pH 10 and blocked with ethylenediamine. The β-glucosidase from Celluclast® 1.5L produced best results when immobilized on DVS-agarose immobilized at pH 9 and blocked with glycine, reaching 7.76-fold higher thermal stability compared to its free form and maintaining 76% of its activity after 10 successive cycles. The new biocatalysts obtained by these protocols showed reduction of glucose inhibition of enzymes, demonstrating the influence of immobilization protocols, pH, and blocking agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diandra de Andrades
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natália G Graebin
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marco A Z Ayub
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael C Rodrigues
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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