1
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Kong X, Zhang X, Yuan B, Zhang W, Lu D, Du P. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of a Chiral Carbon Nanoring Containing Rubicene. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38771292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Herein we report the construction of an inherently chiral carbon nanoring, cyclo[7]paraphenylene-2,9-rubicene ([7]CPPRu2,9), by combining rubicene with a C-shaped synthon through the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. The structure was fully confirmed by high-resolution mass spectroscopies (HR-MS) and various NMR techniques. The photophysical properties were investigated by UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as the time-resolved fluorescence decay. Moreover, two enantiomers (M)/(P)-[7]CPPRu2,9 were successfully resolved by recyclable HPLC and studied by CD and CPL spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Kong
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, P. R. China
| | - Bing Yuan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, P. R. China
| | - Dapeng Lu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, P. R. China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, P. R. China
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2
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Toyota S, Ban S, Hara M, Kawamura M, Ikeda H, Tsurumaki E. Synthesis and Properties of Rubicene-Based Aromatic π-Conjugated Compounds as Five-Membered Ring Embedded Planar Nanographenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301346. [PMID: 37278362 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of two or three rubicene substructures were designed as π-conjugated compounds embedding five-membered rings. The target compounds with t-butyl groups were synthesized by the Scholl reaction of precursors consisting of 9,10-diphenylanthracene units, even though a partially precyclized precursor was required for the synthesis of the trimer. These compounds were isolated as stable and dark blue solids. Single-crystal X-ray analysis and DFT calculations revealed the planar aromatic framework of these compounds. In the electronic spectra, the absorption and emission bands were considerably red-shifted compared with those of the reference rubicene compound. In particular, the emission band of the trimer extended to the near-IR region while retaining the emissive property. The narrowed HOMO-LUMO gap with the extension of the π-conjugation was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Toyota
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ban
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Muneyasu Hara
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kawamura
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
- Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology, 1-10-40 Higashi-Oi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 140-0011, Japan
| | - Eiji Tsurumaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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3
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Frisch S, Neiß C, Lindenthal S, Zorn NF, Rominger F, Görling A, Zaumseil J, Kivala M. Tetra(peri-naphthylene)anthracene: A Near-IR Fluorophore with Four-Stage Amphoteric Redox Properties. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203101. [PMID: 36287191 PMCID: PMC10107686 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A novel, benign synthetic strategy towards soluble tetra(peri-naphthylene)anthracene (TPNA) decorated with triisopropylsilylethynyl substituents has been established. The compound is perfectly stable under ambient conditions in air and features intense and strongly bathochromically shifted UV/vis absorption and emission bands reaching to near-IR region beyond 900 nm. Cyclic voltammetry measurements revealed four facilitated reversible redox events comprising two oxidations and two reductions. These remarkable experimental findings were corroborated by theoretical studies to identify the TPNA platform a particularly useful candidate for the development of functional near-IR fluorophores upon appropriate functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Frisch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Neiß
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lindenthal
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas F Zorn
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Kato M, Fukui N, Shinokubo H. Synthesis of Dibenzo[h,t]rubicene through Its Internally Dimethoxy-Substituted Precursor. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kato
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603
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5
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Shuler WG, Parvathaneni SP, Rodriguez JB, Lewis TN, Berges AJ, Bardeen CJ, Krische MJ. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Soluble N-Doped Rubicenes via Ruthenium-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenative Benzannulation. Chemistry 2021; 27:4898-4902. [PMID: 33576516 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium-catalyzed butadiene-mediated benzannulation enabled the first synthesis of 3,10-(di-tert-butyl)rubicene and its N-doped derivatives as well as preliminary studies on their photophysical properties. Unlike the parent rubicene and 3,10-(di-tert-butyl)rubicene, which adopt classical herringbone-type packing motifs in the solid state, the N-doped congener 7 b displayed columnar packing with an alternating co-facial arrangement of aromatic and heteroaromatic substructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Shuler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St. (A5300), Austin, TX, 78712-1167, USA
| | - Sai P Parvathaneni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St. (A5300), Austin, TX, 78712-1167, USA
| | - Jacob B Rodriguez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Taylor N Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Adam J Berges
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Michael J Krische
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St. (A5300), Austin, TX, 78712-1167, USA
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6
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Shi Q, Shi X, Feng C, Wu Y, Zheng N, Liu J, Wu X, Chen H, Peng A, Li J, Jiang L, Fu H, Xie Z, Marder SR, Blakey SB, Huang H. Synthetic Routes for Heteroatom-Containing Alkylated/Arylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2924-2928. [PMID: 33107179 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic routes for heteroatom-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (H-PAHs) with alkyl and aryl substitution are demonstrated. Three H-PAHs, including heteroatom-containing rubicenes (H-rubicenes), angular-benzothiophenes (ABTs), and indenothiophene (IDTs) were successfully synthesized by two key steps, including polysubstituted olefin formation and cyclization. Specifically, ABT and H-rubicenes were comprehensively investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy, UV-vis absorption, cyclic voltammetry, transient absorption, and single-crystal OFET measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Shi
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Changfu Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China
| | - Yishi Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Wu
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Aidong Peng
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hongbing Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China
| | - Zengqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Simon B Blakey
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hui Huang
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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7
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Shi Q, Shi X, Feng C, Wu Y, Zheng N, Liu J, Wu X, Chen H, Peng A, Li J, Jiang L, Fu H, Xie Z, Marder SR, Blakey SB, Huang H. Synthetic Routes for Heteroatom‐Containing Alkylated/Arylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Shi
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xiaosong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Changfu Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
| | - Yishi Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Wu
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Aidong Peng
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Hongbing Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
| | - Zengqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Seth R. Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Simon B. Blakey
- Department of Chemistry Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Hui Huang
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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8
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Jacobse PH, McCurdy RD, Jiang J, Rizzo DJ, Veber G, Butler P, Zuzak R, Louie SG, Fischer FR, Crommie MF. Bottom-up Assembly of Nanoporous Graphene with Emergent Electronic States. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13507-13514. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Jacobse
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ryan D. McCurdy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel J. Rizzo
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gregory Veber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul Butler
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rafał Zuzak
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Center for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, PL 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Steven G. Louie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael F. Crommie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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9
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Dey S. Recent Progress in Molecular Design of Fused Ring Electron Acceptors for Organic Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900134. [PMID: 30989808 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The quest for sustainable energy sources has led to accelerated growth in research of organic solar cells (OSCs). A solution-processed bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) OSC generally contains a donor and expensive fullerene acceptors (FAs). The last 20 years have been devoted by the OSC community to developing donor materials, specifically low bandgap polymers, to complement FAs in BHJs. The current improvement from ≈2.5% in 2013 to 17.3% in 2018 in OSC performance is primarily credited to novel nonfullerene acceptors (NFA), especially fused ring electron acceptors (FREAs). FREAs offer unique advantages over FAs, like broad absorption of solar radiation, and they can be extensively chemically manipulated to tune optoelectronic and morphological properties. Herein, the current status in FREA-based OSCs is summarized, such as design strategies for both wide and narrow bandgap FREAs for BHJ, all-small-molecule OSCs, semi-transparent OSC, ternary, and tandem solar cells. The photovoltaics parameters for FREAs are summarized and discussed. The focus is on the various FREA structures and their role in optical and morphological tuning. Besides, the advantages and drawbacks of both FAs and NFAs are discussed. Finally, an outlook in the field of FREA-OSCs for future material design and challenges ahead is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Chemistry & Earth Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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10
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Zhang G, Zhao J, Chow PCY, Jiang K, Zhang J, Zhu Z, Zhang J, Huang F, Yan H. Nonfullerene Acceptor Molecules for Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells. Chem Rev 2018; 118:3447-3507. [PMID: 29557657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The bulk-heterojunction blend of an electron donor and an electron acceptor material is the key component in a solution-processed organic photovoltaic device. In the past decades, a p-type conjugated polymer and an n-type fullerene derivative have been the most commonly used electron donor and electron acceptor, respectively. While most advances of the device performance come from the design of new polymer donors, fullerene derivatives have almost been exclusively used as electron acceptors in organic photovoltaics. Recently, nonfullerene acceptor materials, particularly small molecules and oligomers, have emerged as a promising alternative to replace fullerene derivatives. Compared to fullerenes, these new acceptors are generally synthesized from diversified, low-cost routes based on building block materials with extraordinary chemical, thermal, and photostability. The facile functionalization of these molecules affords excellent tunability to their optoelectronic and electrochemical properties. Within the past five years, there have been over 100 nonfullerene acceptor molecules synthesized, and the power conversion efficiency of nonfullerene organic solar cells has increased dramatically, from ∼2% in 2012 to >13% in 2017. This review summarizes this progress, aiming to describe the molecular design strategy, to provide insight into the structure-property relationship, and to highlight the challenges the field is facing, with emphasis placed on most recent nonfullerene acceptors that demonstrated top-of-the-line photovoltaic performances. We also provide perspectives from a device point of view, wherein topics including ternary blend device, multijunction device, device stability, active layer morphology, and device physics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangye Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon, Hong Kong , China.,HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing first RD, Hi-tech Park , Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057 , China
| | - Jingbo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon, Hong Kong , China
| | - Philip C Y Chow
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon, Hong Kong , China.,HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing first RD, Hi-tech Park , Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057 , China
| | - Kui Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon, Hong Kong , China.,HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing first RD, Hi-tech Park , Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057 , China
| | - Jianquan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon, Hong Kong , China.,HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing first RD, Hi-tech Park , Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057 , China
| | - Zonglong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon, Hong Kong , China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon, Hong Kong , China.,HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing first RD, Hi-tech Park , Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057 , China.,Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
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11
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Holliday S, Li Y, Luscombe CK. Recent advances in high performance donor-acceptor polymers for organic photovoltaics. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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12
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Acenaphtho[1, 2-k]fluoranthene-Fused Diimide Derivatives: An Investigation of the Relationship Between Molecular Structure and Device Performance. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Xiao B, Tang A, Yang J, Wei Z, Zhou E. P3HT-Based Photovoltaic Cells with a High Voc of 1.22 V by Using a Benzotriazole-Containing Nonfullerene Acceptor End-Capped with Thiazolidine-2,4-dione. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:410-414. [PMID: 35610843 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel A2-A1-D-A1-A2-type nonfullerene acceptor, using thiazolidine-2,4-dione (TD) as the terminal acceptor (A2) for the first time, was designed and synthesized. The final molecule, BTA2, shows a high-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of -3.38 eV and a wide optical band gap of 2.00 eV. Fullerene-free organic solar cells based on P3HT:BTA2 realized a high open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.22 V with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.50%. These values are significantly higher than those of the PC61BM-based control device (Voc = 0.61 V, PCE = 3.67%), which indicates the feasibility of thiazolidine-2,4-dione to construct nonfullerene small-molecule acceptors with high Voc and PCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiao
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center
for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ailing Tang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center
for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center
for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhixiang Wei
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center
for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Erjun Zhou
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center
for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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14
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Baran D, Kirchartz T, Wheeler S, Dimitrov S, Abdelsamie M, Gorman J, Ashraf RS, Holliday S, Wadsworth A, Gasparini N, Kaienburg P, Yan H, Amassian A, Brabec CJ, Durrant JR, McCulloch I. Reduced voltage losses yield 10% efficient fullerene free organic solar cells with >1 V open circuit voltages. ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2016; 9:3783-3793. [PMID: 28066506 PMCID: PMC5171224 DOI: 10.1039/c6ee02598f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of the energy levels at the donor-acceptor interface of organic solar cells has driven their efficiencies to above 10%. However, further improvements towards efficiencies comparable with inorganic solar cells remain challenging because of high recombination losses, which empirically limit the open-circuit voltage (Voc) to typically less than 1 V. Here we show that this empirical limit can be overcome using non-fullerene acceptors blended with the low band gap polymer PffBT4T-2DT leading to efficiencies approaching 10% (9.95%). We achieve Voc up to 1.12 V, which corresponds to a loss of only Eg/q - Voc = 0.5 ± 0.01 V between the optical bandgap Eg of the polymer and Voc. This high Voc is shown to be associated with the achievement of remarkably low non-geminate and non-radiative recombination losses in these devices. Suppression of non-radiative recombination implies high external electroluminescence quantum efficiencies which are orders of magnitude higher than those of equivalent devices employing fullerene acceptors. Using the balance between reduced recombination losses and good photocurrent generation efficiencies achieved experimentally as a baseline for simulations of the efficiency potential of organic solar cells, we estimate that efficiencies of up to 20% are achievable if band gaps and fill factors are further optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Baran
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK . ; IEK5-Photovoltaics , Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich , Germany .
| | - T Kirchartz
- IEK5-Photovoltaics , Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich , Germany . ; Faculty of Engineering and CENIDE , University of Duisburg-Essen , Carl-Benz-Straße 199 , 47057 Duisburg , Germany
| | - S Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - S Dimitrov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - M Abdelsamie
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , KSC , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - J Gorman
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - R S Ashraf
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , KSC , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - S Holliday
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - A Wadsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - N Gasparini
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (I-MEET) , Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - P Kaienburg
- IEK5-Photovoltaics , Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich , Germany .
| | - H Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
| | - A Amassian
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , KSC , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - C J Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (I-MEET) , Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - J R Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - I McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK . ; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , KSC , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
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15
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Qin Y, Uddin MA, Chen Y, Jang B, Zhao K, Zheng Z, Yu R, Shin TJ, Woo HY, Hou J. Highly Efficient Fullerene-Free Polymer Solar Cells Fabricated with Polythiophene Derivative. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:9416-9422. [PMID: 27600932 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient fullerene-free polymer solar cell (PSC) based on PDCBT, a polythiophene derivative substituted with alkoxycarbonyl, achieves an impressive power conversion efficiency of 10.16%, which is the best result in PSCs based on polythiophene derivatives to date. In comparison with a poly(3-hexylthiophene):ITIC-based device, the photovoltaic and morphological properties of the PDCBT:ITIC-based device are carefully investigated and interpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer, Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Biology Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mohammad Afsar Uddin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer, Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Bomee Jang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer, Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer, Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Runnan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer, Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST Central Research Facility (UCRF), UNIST, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianhui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer, Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Biology Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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16
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Stoltzfus DM, Donaghey JE, Armin A, Shaw PE, Burn PL, Meredith P. Charge Generation Pathways in Organic Solar Cells: Assessing the Contribution from the Electron Acceptor. Chem Rev 2016; 116:12920-12955. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dani M. Stoltzfus
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Jenny E. Donaghey
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Ardalan Armin
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Paul E. Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Paul L. Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Paul Meredith
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
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17
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Park YS, Dibble DJ, Kim J, Lopez RC, Vargas E, Gorodetsky AA. Synthesis of Nitrogen-Containing Rubicene and Tetrabenzopentacene Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young S. Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - David J. Dibble
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Juhwan Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Robert C. Lopez
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Eriberto Vargas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Alon A. Gorodetsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
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18
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Park YS, Dibble DJ, Kim J, Lopez RC, Vargas E, Gorodetsky AA. Synthesis of Nitrogen-Containing Rubicene and Tetrabenzopentacene Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3352-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young S. Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - David J. Dibble
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Juhwan Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Robert C. Lopez
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Eriberto Vargas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Alon A. Gorodetsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
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19
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Electron affinities of [5,6]-open and [5,6]-closed adducts of trifluoromethylfullerene Cs-C70(CF3)8: even one bond matters! Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Nielsen CB, Holliday S, Chen HY, Cryer SJ, McCulloch I. Non-fullerene electron acceptors for use in organic solar cells. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:2803-12. [PMID: 26505279 PMCID: PMC4652276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
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The active
layer in a solution processed organic photovoltaic device
comprises a light absorbing electron donor semiconductor, typically
a polymer, and an electron accepting fullerene acceptor. Although
there has been huge effort targeted to optimize the absorbing, energetic,
and transport properties of the donor material, fullerenes remain
as the exclusive electron acceptor in all high performance devices.
Very recently, some new non-fullerene acceptors have been demonstrated
to outperform fullerenes in comparative devices. This Account describes
this progress, discussing molecular design considerations and the
structure–property relationships that are emerging. The
motivation to replace fullerene acceptors stems from their
synthetic inflexibility, leading to constraints in manipulating frontier
energy levels, as well as poor absorption in the solar spectrum range,
and an inherent tendency to undergo postfabrication crystallization,
resulting in device instability. New acceptors have to address these
limitations, providing tunable absorption with high extinction coefficients,
thus contributing to device photocurrent. The ability to vary and
optimize the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level
for a specific donor polymer is also an important requirement, ensuring
minimal energy loss on electron transfer and as high an internal voltage
as possible. Initially perylene diimide acceptors were evaluated as
promising acceptor materials. These electron deficient aromatic molecules
can exhibit good electron transport, facilitated by close packed herringbone
crystal motifs, and their energy levels can be synthetically tuned.
The principal drawback of this class of materials, their tendency
to crystallize on too large a length scale for an optimal heterojunction
nanostructure, has been shown to be overcome through introduction
of conformation twisting through steric effects. This has been primarily
achieved by coupling two units together, forming dimers with a large
intramolecular twist, which suppresses both nucleation and crystal
growth. The generic design concept of rotationally symmetrical aromatic
small molecules with extended π orbital delocalization, including
polyaromatic hydrocarbons, phthalocyanines, etc., has also provided
some excellent small molecule acceptors. In most cases, additional
electron withdrawing functionality, such as imide or ester groups,
can be incorporated to stabilize the LUMO and improve properties.
New calamitic acceptors have been developed, where molecular orbital
hybridization of electron rich and poor segments can be judiciously
employed to precisely control energy levels. Conformation and intermolecular
associations can be controlled by peripheral functionalization leading
to optimization of crystallization length scales. In particular, the
use of rhodanine end groups, coupled electronically through short
bridged aromatic chains, has been a successful strategy, with promising
device efficiencies attributed to high lying LUMO energy levels and
subsequently large open circuit voltages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Holliday
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hung-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J. Cryer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955−6900, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Chaolumen, Murata M, Sugano Y, Wakamiya A, Murata Y. Electron-Deficient Tetrabenzo-Fused Pyracylene and Conversions into Curved and Planar π-Systems Having Distinct Emission Behaviors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9308-12. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Chaolumen, Murata M, Sugano Y, Wakamiya A, Murata Y. Electron-Deficient Tetrabenzo-Fused Pyracylene and Conversions into Curved and Planar π-Systems Having Distinct Emission Behaviors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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