1
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Lim HY, Dolzhenko AV. 1,3,5-Triazine as a promising scaffold in the development of therapeutic agents against breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 276:116680. [PMID: 39018924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
1,3,5-Triazine scaffold has garnered considerable interest due to its wide-ranging pharmacological properties, particularly in the field of cancer research. Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women. Approximately one in eight women will receive a diagnosis of invasive breast cancer during their lifetime. The five-year survival rate for invasive breast cancer is less than 30 %, indicating a need to develop a more effective therapeutic agent targeting breast cancer. This review discusses bioactive 1,3,5-triazines targeting breast cancer cells by the inhibition of different enzymes, which include PI3K, mTOR, EGFR, VEGFR, FAK, CDK, DHFR, DNA topoisomerase, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, and matrix metalloproteinase. The anticancer agent search in some drug discovery programs is based on compound screening for antiproliferative activity. Often, multiple targets contribute to the anticancer effect of 1,3,5-triazines and this approach allows identification of active molecules prior to identification of their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yin Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Anton V Dolzhenko
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Malaysia; Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western, Bentley, 6845, Australia
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2
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Gowdru Srinivasa M, B C R, Prabhu A, Rani V, Ghate SD, Kumar B R P. Development of novel thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives as PPAR-γ agonists through design, synthesis, computational docking, MD simulation, and comprehensive in vitro and in vivo evaluation. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2401-2416. [PMID: 37974963 PMCID: PMC10650958 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00273j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to develop new novel 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives (3h-3j) as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) modulators for antidiabetic activity. The objective was to overcome the adverse effects of existing thiazolidinediones while maintaining their pharmacological benefits. The synthesized compounds were elucidated based on FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and MS techniques. Molecular docking was utilized to investigate the interaction binding modes, binding free energy, and amino acids engaged in the compounds' interactions with the target protein. Subsequently, molecular dynamics modelling was used to assess the stability of the top-docked complexes and an assay was utilized to assess the cytotoxicity of the compounds to C2C12 myoblasts. Compounds 3h-3j exhibited PPAR-γ modulatory activity and demonstrated significant hypoglycaemic effects when compared to the reference drug pioglitazone. The new compounds were evaluated for their in vivo blood glucose-lowering potential by using a dexamethasone-induced diabetic rat model. All the compounds showed a hypoglycaemic effect of 108.04 ± 4.39, 112.55 ± 6.10, and 117.48 ± 43.93, respectively, along with pioglitazone (153.93 ± 4.61) compared to the diabetic control. Additionally, all the compounds significantly reduced AST and ALT levels and did not cause liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Gowdru Srinivasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nitte (Deemed to be University), NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS) Mangalore India
| | - Revanasiddappa B C
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nitte (Deemed to be University), NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS) Mangalore India
| | - Ashwini Prabhu
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University) Deralakatte Mangalore 575 018 Karnataka India
| | - Vinitha Rani
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University) Deralakatte Mangalore 575 018 Karnataka India
| | - Sudeep D Ghate
- Center for Bioinformatics, Nitte (Deemed to be University) Deralakatte Mangalore Karnataka - 575 018 India
| | - Prashantha Kumar B R
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Mysuru-570015 Karnataka India
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3
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Gupta A, Bhat HR, Singh UP. Discovery of imeglimin-inspired novel 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as antidiabetic agents in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Wistar rats via inhibition of DPP-4. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1512-1536. [PMID: 37593577 PMCID: PMC10429709 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00085k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel 1,3,5-triazine derivatives bearing oxazine have been synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit a panel of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4, 8, and 9 enzymes. In a comparative inhibitory assay, the molecules showed potent inhibition of DPP-4 ranging from IC50 of 4.2 ± 0.30-260.5 ± 0.42 nM, with no activity against DPP-8 and DPP-9. Among the tested series, compound 8c demonstrated the strongest DPP-4 inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 4.2 ± 0.30 nM. It also showed the greatest binding affinity during docking studies with DPP-4 with a docking score of -8.956 and a glide energy of -78.546 kcal mol-1 and was found oriented in the S1 and S2 pockets of the DPP-4 active site, which is composed of the catalytic triad Ser 630, Asp 710, and His 740. The in vivo pharmacological assay revealed that compound 8c in a dose-dependent manner improved the insulin level, body weight, antioxidants, and HDL, and reduced the levels of blood glucose, LDL, and VLDL in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Wistar rats. Our study demonstrated the discovery and development of novel 1,3,5-triazine derivatives bearing oxazine as a novel class of anti-diabetic agents via inhibition of DPP-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Gupta
- Drug Design and Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shalom Institute of Health and Allied Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh India 211007
- United Institute of Pharmacy Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh India 211008
| | - Hans Raj Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University Dibrugarh Assam India 786004
| | - Udaya Pratap Singh
- Drug Design and Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shalom Institute of Health and Allied Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh India 211007
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4
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Song M, Chen Y. Local anaesthetic procaine derivatives protect rat against diabetic nephropathy via inhibition of DPP-4, inflammation and oxidative stress. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:26-37. [PMID: 37076428 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious devastating disease. However, the current clinical options to treat DN are not adequate. Thus, in the present study, we intend to develop novel series of procaine-embedded thiazole-pyrazoles as protective agent against DN. The compounds were tested for inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4, -8, and - 9 enzyme subtypes, where they selectively and potently inhibit DPP-4 as compared to other subtypes. The top three ranked DPP-4 inhibitors (8i, 8e and 8k) were further screened for inhibitory activity against NF-ĸB transcription. Among these three, compound 8i was identified as the most potent NF-ĸB inhibitor. The pharmacological benefit of compound 8i was further established in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats. Compound 8i showed marked improvements in blood glucose, ALP, ALT, total protein, serum lipid profile such as total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL levels and renal functions such as urine volume, urinary protein excretion, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine clearance as compared to nontreated diabetic control group. It also reduces oxidative stress (MDA, SOD and GPx) and inflammation (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) in the rats as compared to disease control group rats. This study demonstrated the discovery of procaine-embedded thiazole-pyrazole compounds as a novel class of agent against diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Gupta A, Bhat HR, Singh UP. Discovery of novel 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as an antidiabetic agent in Wistar rats via inhibition of DPP-4. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:829-852. [PMID: 37307171 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To develop imeglimin-inspired novel 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as antidiabetic agents. Materials & methods: These derivatives were synthesized and tested against DPP enzymes. Compound 8c was tested for in vivo antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Wistar rats by estimating various biochemical parameters. Docking experiments were also performed. Results: Compound 8c was identified as a selective and potent DPP-4 inhibitor. It was proficiently docked into the catalytic triad of Ser 630, Asp 710 and His740 in S1 and S2 pockets of DPP-4. In experimental animals, it also showed dose-dependent improvement in blood glucose, blood insulin, bodyweight, lipid profile and kidney and liver antioxidant profiles. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the discovery of imeglimin-inspired novel 1,3,5-triazines as a potent antidiabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Design & Discovery Laboratory, Shalom Institute of Health and Allied Sciences (SIHAS), Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHUATS), Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 211007, India
- United Institute of Pharmacy, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 211008, India
| | - Hans Raj Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh Assam, 786004, India
| | - Udaya Pratap Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Design & Discovery Laboratory, Shalom Institute of Health and Allied Sciences (SIHAS), Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHUATS), Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 211007, India
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6
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Adhikari N, Choudhury AAK, Shakya A, Ghosh SK, Patgiri SJ, Singh UP, Bhat HR. Design and development of novel
N
‐(4‐aminobenzoyl)‐
l
‐glutamic acid conjugated 1,3,5‐triazine derivatives as
Pf
‐DHFR inhibitor: An
in‐silico
and
in‐vitro
study. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 37:e23290. [PMID: 36541419 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a library of 120 compounds was prepared using various aliphatic and aromatic amines. Finally, 10 compounds were selected through in silico screening carrying 4-aminobenzoyl-l-glutamic acid and 1,3,5-triazine moiety. The docking results of compounds 4d16 and 4d38 revealed higher binding interaction with amino acids Asp54 (-537.96 kcal/mol) and Asp54, Phe116 (-618.22 kcal/mol) against wild (1J3I) and quadruple mutant (1J3K) type of Pf-DHFR inhibitors and were comparable to standard WR99210. These compounds were developed by facile and microwave-assisted synthesis via nucleophilic substitution reaction and characterized by different spectroscopic methods. In vitro antimalarial assay results also suggested that these two compounds were having higher antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) strain out of the ten synthesized compounds with IC50 13.25 μM and 14.72 μM, respectively. These hybrid scaffolds might be useful in the lead discovery of a new class of Pf-DHFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayana Adhikari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Dibrugarh University Dibrugarh Assam India
| | | | - Anshul Shakya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Dibrugarh University Dibrugarh Assam India
| | - Surajit K. Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Dibrugarh University Dibrugarh Assam India
| | - Saurav J. Patgiri
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Dibrugarh Assam India
| | - Udaya P. Singh
- Drug Design & Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Hans R. Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Dibrugarh University Dibrugarh Assam India
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7
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Mohammad BD, Baig MS, Bhandari N, Siddiqui FA, Khan SL, Ahmad Z, Khan FS, Tagde P, Jeandet P. Heterocyclic Compounds as Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitors with Special Emphasis on Oxadiazoles as Potent Anti-Diabetic Agents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27186001. [PMID: 36144735 PMCID: PMC9502781 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors, often known as gliptins, have been used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). They may be combined with other medications as an additional treatment or used alone as a monotherapy. In addition to insulin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and metformin, these molecules appear as possible therapeutic options. Oxadiazole rings have been employed in numerous different ways during drug development efforts. It has been shown that including them in the pharmacophore increases the amount of ligand that may be bound. The exceptional hydrogen bond acceptor properties of oxadiazoles and the distinct hydrocarbon bonding potential of their regioisomers have been established. Beside their anti-diabetic effects, oxadiazoles display a wide range of pharmacological properties. In this study, we made the assumption that molecules containing oxadiazole rings may afford a different approach to the treatment of diabetes, not only for controlling glycemic levels but also for preventing atherosclerosis progression and other complications associated with diabetes. It was observed that oxadiazole fusion with benzothiazole, 5-(2,5,2-trifluoroethoxy) phenyl, β-homophenylalanine, 2-methyl-2-{5-(4-chlorophenyl), diamine-bridged bis-coumarinyl, 5-aryl-2-(6′-nitrobenzofuran-2′-yl), nitrobenzofuran, and/or oxindole leads to potential anti-diabetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badrud Duza Mohammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, G R T Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, GRT Mahalakshmi Nagar, Tiruttani 631209, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mirza Shahed Baig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Y. B. Chavan College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad 431001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neeraj Bhandari
- Arni School of Pharmacy, Arni University, Kathgarh, Indora 176401, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Falak A. Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, N.B.S. Institute of Pharmacy, Ausa 413520, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sharuk L. Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, N.B.S. Institute of Pharmacy, Ausa 413520, Maharashtra, India
- Correspondence: (S.L.K.); (P.J.)
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Biology Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Dehran Al-Junub, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farhat S. Khan
- Biology Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Dehran Al-Junub, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Priti Tagde
- Patel College of Pharmacy, Madhyanchal Professional University, Bhopal 462044, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, University of Reims, USC INRAe 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51687 Reims, France
- Correspondence: (S.L.K.); (P.J.)
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8
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Tuersuntuoheti T, Pan F, Zhang M, Wang Z, Han J, Sun Z, Song W. Prediction of
DPP‐IV
Inhibitory Potentials of Polyphenols Existed in Qingke Barley Fresh Noodles: In
Vitro
and In
Silico
Analyses. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuohetisayipu Tuersuntuoheti
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives Beijing Technology and Business University 100048 Beijing China
- Pony Testing International Group Co., Ltd. 100095 Beijing China
| | - Fei Pan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives Beijing Technology and Business University 100048 Beijing China
| | - Min Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives Beijing Technology and Business University 100048 Beijing China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives Beijing Technology and Business University 100048 Beijing China
| | - Jianxun Han
- Pony Testing International Group Co., Ltd. 100095 Beijing China
| | - Zhaozeng Sun
- Pony Testing International Group Co., Ltd. 100095 Beijing China
| | - Wei Song
- Pony Testing International Group Co., Ltd. 100095 Beijing China
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9
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Mondal J, Sivaramakrishna A. Functionalized Triazines and Tetrazines: Synthesis and Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:34. [PMID: 35737142 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecules possessing triazine and tetrazine moieties belong to a special class of heterocyclic compounds. Both triazines and tetrazines are building blocks and have provided a new dimension to the design of biologically important organic molecules. Several of their derivatives with fine-tuned electronic properties have been identified as multifunctional, adaptable, switchable, remarkably antifungal, anticancer, antiviral, antitumor, cardiotonic, anti-HIV, analgesic, anti-protozoal, etc. The objective of this review is to comprehensively describe the recent developments in synthesis, coordination properties, and various applications of triazine and tetrazine molecules. The rich literature demonstrates various synthetic routes for a variety of triazines and tetrazines through microwave-assisted, solid-phase, metal-based, [4+2] cycloaddition, and multicomponent one-pot reactions. Synthetic approaches contain linear, angular, and fused triazine and tetrazine heterocycles through a combinatorial method. Notably, the triazines and tetrazines undergo a variety of organic transformations, including electrophilic addition, coupling, nucleophilic displacement, and intramolecular cyclization. The mechanistic aspects of these heterocycles are discussed in a detailed way. The bioorthogonal application of these polyazines with various strained alkenes and alkynes provides a new prospect for investigations in chemical biology. This review systematically encapsulates the recent developments and challenges in the synthesis and possible potential applications of various triazine and tetrazine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydip Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India
| | - Akella Sivaramakrishna
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India.
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10
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Sun J, Liu HY, Zhang YH, Fang ZY, Lv PC. Design, synthesis and bioactivity evaluation of thiazolidinedione derivatives as partial agonists targeting PPARγ. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105342. [PMID: 34536928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidinedione (TZD) is a novel peroxides proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist with many side effects. Herein, we developed a series of novel TZD analogues as partial agonists targeting PPARγ. The study of anti-hyperglycemic activity and anti-inflammatory activity enabled us to identify a novel compound, 4 g, which quickly recover the blood glucose of mice at the concentration of 100 mg/kg, and show similar anti-inflammatory activity to ibuprofen at the concentration of 20 mg/kg. The competitive binding assay confirmed direct binding of 4 g to the LBD of PPARγ with IC50 being 1790 nM, and dose-dependently increased the transcriptional activity of PPARγ. Besides, through computer-aided drug design software simulation docking, it was found that compound 4 g showed the best binding ability to target protein PPARγ. Furthermore, because of the introduction of benzene containing group at N3 position, the stability of H12 in the active pocket is reduced and the stability of H3 and β-fold is increased, showing the characteristics of some PPARγ agonists, based on the docking model analysis. Together, these results suggest that 4 g is a promising PPARγ agonist that deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sun
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Yu Liu
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele Univeristy for Gene Interference and Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Heng Zhang
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Yu Fang
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Cheng Lv
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele Univeristy for Gene Interference and Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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11
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Kumar S, Mittal A, Mittal A. A review upon medicinal perspective and designing rationale of DPP-4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116354. [PMID: 34428715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the highly prevalence disorder and increasing day by day worldwidely. T2DM is a metabolic disorder, which is characterized by deficiency in insulin or resistance to insulin and thus increases the glucose levels in the blood. Various approaches are there to treat diabetes but still there is no cure for this disease. DPP-4 inhibitor is a privileged target in the field of drug discovery and provides various opportunities in exploring this target for development of molecules as antidiabetic agents. DPP-4 acts by inhibiting the incretin action and thus decreases the level of blood glucose by imparting minimal side effects. Sitagliptin, vildagliptin, linagliptin etc. are the different DPP-4 based drugs approved throughout the world for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Cyanopyrrolidines, triazolopiperazine amide, pyrrolidines are basic core nucleus present in various DPP-4 inhibitors and has potential effects. In the past few years, researchers had applied various approaches to synthesize potent DPP-4 inhibitors as antidiabetic agent without side effects like weight gain, cardiovascular risks, retinopathy etc. This review will also emphasize the recent strategies and rationale utilized by researchers for the development of DPP-4 inhibitors. This review also reveals about the various other approaches like molecular modelling, ligand based drug designing, high throughput screening etc. are used by the various research group for the development of potential DPP-4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, PCTE Group of Institutes, Campus-2, Near Baddowal Cantt. Ferozepur Road, Ludhiana 142021, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Anu Mittal
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University College, Patti, Distt. Tarn Taran, India
| | - Amit Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India.
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12
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Kashyap A, Choudhury AAK, Saha A, Adhikari N, Ghosh SK, Shakya A, Patgiri SJ, Bhattacharyya DR, Singh UP, Bhat HR. Microwave-assisted synthesis of hybrid PABA-1,3,5-triazine derivatives as an antimalarial agent. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22860. [PMID: 34313355 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present manuscript deals with the development of novel p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) associated 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as antimalarial agents. The molecules were developed via microwave-assisted synthesis and structures of compounds were ascertained via numerous analytical and spectroscopic techniques. The synthesized compounds were also subjected to ADMET analysis. In a docking analysis, the title compounds showed high and diverse binding affinities towards wild (-162.45 to -369.38 kcal/mol) and quadruple mutant (-165.36 to -209.47 kcal/mol) Pf-DHFR-TS via interacting with Phe58, Arg59, Ser111, Ile112, Phe116. The in vitro antimalarial activity suggested that compounds 4e, 4b, and 4h showed IC50 ranging from 4.18 to 8.66 μg/ml against the chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Moreover, compounds 4g, 4b, 4e, and 4c showed IC50 ranging from 8.12 to 12.09 μg/ml against chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) strain. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the development of hybrid PABA substituted 1,3,5-triazines as a novel class of Pf-DHFR inhibitor for antimalarial drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Kashyap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Ayesha A K Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Ashmita Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Nayana Adhikari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Surajit K Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Anshul Shakya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Saurav J Patgiri
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Dibya R Bhattacharyya
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Udaya P Singh
- Drug Design and Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hans R Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
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Singh M, Jamra R, Mehra S, Rattan S, Singh V. Potassium
Tert
‐Butoxide‐Promoted Synthesis of Fluorescent β‐Carboline Tethered 1,3,5‐Triazines and Assessment of Their Luminescent Properties. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry Dr B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT) Jalandhar Punjab 144011 India
| | - Rahul Jamra
- Department of Chemistry Dr B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT) Jalandhar Punjab 144011 India
- Department of Chemistry Central University of Punjab Bathinda Punjab 151401 India
| | - Saloni Mehra
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences Amity University Noida 201313 India
| | - Sunita Rattan
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences Amity University Noida 201313 India
| | - Virender Singh
- Department of Chemistry Dr B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT) Jalandhar Punjab 144011 India
- Department of Chemistry Central University of Punjab Bathinda Punjab 151401 India
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14
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Dong L, Fang L, Dai X, Zhang J, Wang J, Xu P. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of valproic acid-pyrazole conjugates as a potential agent against periodontitis. Drug Dev Res 2021; 83:131-141. [PMID: 34227156 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a serious global concern. Therefore, in the present study, we intend to synthesize novel valproic-acid pyrazole conjugates as a novel agent against periodontitis. The molecules were developed in a facile synthetic route and obtained in excellent yields. The entire set of molecules were screened for antibacterial activity against a battery of micro-organisms responsible for periodontitis such as P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, F. nucleatum, and E. coli, where they exhibit considerable inhibitory activity. The most potent compound among the tested series, compound 7c showed bactericidal activity in the time-kill curve against E. coli. Compound 7c also showed inhibition of NF-ĸB transcriptional activity in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells with IC50 of 19.23 μM. The effect of compound 7c was also investigated in experimentally induced periodontitis in rats on various indices of oxidative stress (MDA, SOD, and GSH), inflammation (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), and apoptosis. It has been found that compound 7c significantly inhibits oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Compound 7c also inhibits the expression of COX-2 and iNOS as shown by western blot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dong
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical College, Heifei, Anhui, China
| | - Ling Fang
- Department of Stomatology, Huangshan City People's Hospital Huangshan, Anhui, China
| | - Xinxiang Dai
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Anqing Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical College, Heifei, Anhui, China
| | - Jia Wang
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical College, Heifei, Anhui, China
| | - Pei Xu
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical College, Heifei, Anhui, China
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Shah BM, Modi P, Trivedi P. Recent Medicinal Chemistry Approach for the Development of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3595-3621. [PMID: 33045957 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666201012153255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes, a metabolic disease, occurs due to a decreased or no effect of insulin on the blood glucose level. The current oral medications stimulate insulin release, increase glucose absorption and its utilization, and decrease hepatic glucose output. Two major incretin hormones like Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagonlike peptide - 1 (GLP-1) stimulate insulin release after a meal, but their action is inhibited by enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase- IV. OBJECTIVE The activity of endogenous GLP-1 and GIP prolongs and extends with DPP IV inhibitors, which are responsible for the stimulation of insulin secretion and regulation of blood glucose level. DPP IV inhibitors have shown effectiveness and endurability with a neutral effect on weight as well as less chances of hypoglycemia in the management of type 2 diabetes. These journeys started from Sitagliptin (marketed in 2006) to Evogliptin (marketed in 2015, Korea). CONCLUSION Treatment of type 2 diabetes includes lifestyle changes, oral medications, and insulin. Newer and superior therapies are needed more than currently prescribed drugs. Various heterocyclic derivatives have been tried, but due to masking of DASH proteins, CYP enzymes, and hERG channel, they showed side effects. Based on these, the study has been focused on the development of safe, influential, selective, and long-lasting inhibitors of DPP IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumi M Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382023, India
| | - Palmi Modi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.J. Institutes of Pharmacy, Sarkhej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382210, India
| | - Priti Trivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382023, India
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Petrou A, Fesatidou M, Geronikaki A. Thiazole Ring-A Biologically Active Scaffold. Molecules 2021; 26:3166. [PMID: 34070661 PMCID: PMC8198555 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiazole is a good pharmacophore nucleus due to its various pharmaceutical applications. Its derivatives have a wide range of biological activities such as antioxidant, analgesic, and antimicrobial including antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anticancer, antiallergic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and antipsychotic. Indeed, the thiazole scaffold is contained in more than 18 FDA-approved drugs as well as in numerous experimental drugs. OBJECTIVE To summarize recent literature on the biological activities of thiazole ring-containing compounds Methods: A literature survey regarding the topics from the year 2015 up to now was carried out. Older publications were not included, since they were previously analyzed in available peer reviews. RESULTS Nearly 124 research articles were found, critically analyzed, and arranged regarding the synthesis and biological activities of thiazoles derivatives in the last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Athina Geronikaki
- School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.P.); (M.F.)
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Singh S, Mandal MK, Masih A, Saha A, Ghosh SK, Bhat HR, Singh UP. 1,3,5-Triazine: A versatile pharmacophore with diverse biological activities. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2000363. [PMID: 33760298 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1,3,5-Triazine and its derivatives have been the epicenter of chemotherapeutic molecules due to their effective biological activities, such as antibacterial, fungicidal, antimalarial, anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiamoebic, and antitubercular activities. The present review represents a summarized report of the crucial biological activities possessed by substituted 1,3,5-triazine derivatives, with special attention to the most potent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Singh
- Drug Design and Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology, and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Milan K Mandal
- Drug Design and Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology, and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anup Masih
- Drug Design and Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology, and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashmita Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Surajit K Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Hans R Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Udaya P Singh
- Drug Design and Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology, and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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18
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Guan B, Jiang C. Design and development of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as protective agent against spinal cord injury in rat via inhibition of NF-ĸB. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 41:127964. [PMID: 33744436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a chronic disease causing motor and sensory loss in the affected individuals. The SCI has a huge impact on the lives of patients that makes them susceptible to life-long disability. However, the current clinical modalities are ineffective to cope the aftermath of SCI. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to develop a series of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as a protective agent against SCI. The molecules were developed by facile synthetic route and obtained in excellent yield. The compounds were tested for their efficacy to inhibit the transcription of NF-κB in RAW 264.7 cells, where they displayed mild to potent activity. Compound 8a was identified as most potent NF-κB inhibitor among the tested analogues. The effect of compound 8a was further scrutinized against the SCI injury in rats induced by contusion injury. It has been found that compound 8a improves motor function of rats together with reduction in inflammation and edema in spinal cord of rats. It also showed to inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation in the SCI rats. In a western blot analysis, after SCI induction, compound 8a inhibited NF-κB and its upstream regulator TLR4 in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, our study provides a novel class of agent that provide protective action against SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binggang Guan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tian Jin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Chang Jiang
- Department of Bone Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian, Liaoning 116011, China.
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Masih A, Agnihotri AK, Srivastava JK, Pandey N, Bhat HR, Singh UP. Discovery of novel 1,3,5-triazine as adenosine A 2A receptor antagonist for benefit in Parkinson's disease. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 35:e22659. [PMID: 33156955 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neuro-degenerative ailment characterized by impairment in various motor and nonmotor functions of the body. In the past few years, adenosine A2 A receptor (A2 AR) antagonists have attracted much attention due to significant relief in PD. Therefore, in the current study, we intend to disclose the development of novel 1,3,5-triazines as A2 AR antagonist. The radioligand binding and selectivity of analogs were tested in HEK293 (human embryonic kidney) and the cells were transfected with pcDNA 3.1(+) containing full-length human A2 AR cDNA and pcDNA 3.1(+) containing full-length human A1 R cDNA, where they exhibit selective affinity for A2 AR. Molecular docking analysis was also conducted to rationalize the probable mode of action, binding affinity, and orientation of the most potent molecule (7c) at the active site of A2 AR. It has been shown that compound 7c form numerous nonbonded interactions in the active site of A2 AR by interacting with Ala59, Ala63, Ile80, Val84 Glu169, Phe168, Met270, and Ile274. The study revealed 1,3,5-triazines as a novel class of A2 AR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Masih
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Design & Discovery Laboratory, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amol K Agnihotri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Design & Discovery Laboratory, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendra K Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Design & Discovery Laboratory, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhi Pandey
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Hans R Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Udaya P Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Design & Discovery Laboratory, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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20
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Masih A, Shrivastava JK, Bhat HR, Singh UP. Potent antibacterial activity of dihydydropyrimidine-1,3,5-triazines via inhibition of DNA gyrase and antifungal activity with favourable metabolic profile. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 96:861-869. [PMID: 32333828 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The compounds were tested against panel of three Gram-positive, viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and three Gram-negative bacterial strains viz. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris where they showed significant to moderate antibacterial activity. The compound also showed considerable antibiofilm activity against S. aureus and B. subtilis. The most potent compounds 7l and 7m found bacteriostatic in time-kill assay via inhibition of DNA gyrase enzyme and interacting with Glu58, Val130, Ile175 and Ile186 via numerous H-bonds as revealed by docking. In S. aureus-induced murine infection model, compound 7m showed dose-dependent reduction of viability of bacteria with maximum activity in 25 mg/kg treated group. The antifungal activity against human fungal pathogens was also estimated, where these compounds showed considerable inhibitory activity as compared to standard. The metabolic liability of compound 7m was determined using RS-Predictor and MetaPrint 2D React. The molecules were proved as effective antibacterial agent via inhibition of DNA gyrase as a mechanism together with significant antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Masih
- Drug Design & Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Shrivastava
- Drug Design & Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, India
| | - Hans Raj Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Udaya Pratap Singh
- Drug Design & Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, India
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21
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Bhat HR, Masih A, Shakya A, Ghosh SK, Singh UP. Design, synthesis, anticancer, antibacterial, and antifungal evaluation of 4‐aminoquinoline‐1,3,5‐triazine derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Raj Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesDibrugarh University Dibrugarh Assam India
| | - Anup Masih
- Drug Design and Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesSam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences Allahabad India
| | - Anshul Shakya
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesDibrugarh University Dibrugarh Assam India
| | - Surajit Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesDibrugarh University Dibrugarh Assam India
| | - Udaya Pratap Singh
- Drug Design and Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesSam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences Allahabad India
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22
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Liu H, Long S, Rakesh KP, Zha GF. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) of triazine derivatives: Promising antimicrobial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 185:111804. [PMID: 31675510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of drug resistance has created unmet medical need for the development of new classes of antibiotics. Innovation of new antibacterial agents with new mode of action remains a high priority universally. Triazines are six-membered, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic scaffold with a wide range of pharmaceutical properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidants, antitubercular, antimalarial, anti-HIV, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, and analgesic activities. The present review focuses on the recent developments in the area of medicinal chemistry to discover various chemical structures as potential antimicrobial agents and their structure-activity relationships (SAR) studies are also discussed for further rational design of this kind of derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Sihui Long
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - K P Rakesh
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China.
| | - Gao-Feng Zha
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China; Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Hong Kong.
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23
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Kellert M, Worm DJ, Hoppenz P, Sárosi MB, Lönnecke P, Riedl B, Koebberling J, Beck-Sickinger AG, Hey-Hawkins E. Modular triazine-based carborane-containing carboxylic acids - synthesis and characterisation of potential boron neutron capture therapy agents made of readily accessible building blocks. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:10834-10844. [PMID: 31246208 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02130b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Based on a modular combination of s-triazine, the well-known 9-mercapto-1,7-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12) and commercially available carboxylic acids, namely thioglycolic acid, glycine, and Nα-Boc-l-lysine, several carboxylic acid derivatives were synthesised and fully characterised. The thioglycolic acid derivative was introduced into a peptide hormone by solid phase peptide synthesis. High activity and selective internalisation into peptide receptor-expressing cells was observed. With a very high boron content of twenty boron atoms, these derivatives are interesting as selective Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kellert
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Dennis J Worm
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul Hoppenz
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Menyhárt B Sárosi
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Peter Lönnecke
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Bernd Riedl
- Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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24
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Hussain H, Abbas G, Green IR, Ali I. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors as a potential target for diabetes: patent review (2015-2018). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:535-553. [PMID: 31203700 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1632290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) belongs to the family of serine proteases and is involved in the degradation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which enhance the production and release of insulin. Targeting DPP-4 inhibitors is increasingly being considered as promising paradigms to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and therefore DPP-4 inhibitors are being considered as promising antidiabetic drugs. AREAS COVERE This review provides an overview of published patents describing natural and synthetic DPP-4 inhibitors from January 2015 to December 2018. EXPERT OPINION A fair number of new synthetic and natural DPP-4 inhibitors have been reported in the last four years which describe the progress in the development of various heterocyclic scaffolds or heterocyclic hybrid compounds. As a result of this, many marketed DPP-4 inhibitors that have been approved by the appropriate governing bodies during the past decade, have been introduced as inhibitors. Molecular hybridization is an emerging idea in medicinal chemistry and therefore hybrid compounds of DPP-4 inhibitors with other DPP-4 inhibitors or with antidiabetic drugs should be formulated for a comprehensive evaluation. More detailed pharmacovigilance of DPP-4 inhibitors is required because this will address the pancreas-related adverse events as well as their impact on cardiovascular outcomes via long-term studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidayat Hussain
- a Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- b Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry , College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa , Nizwa , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Ivan R Green
- c Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , University of Stellenbosch , Matieland, Stellenbosch , South Africa
| | - Iftikhar Ali
- d Department of Chemistry , Karakoram International University , Gilgit, Gilgit-Baltistan , Pakistan
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25
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Yan W, Zhao Y, He J. Anti‑breast cancer activity of selected 1,3,5‑triazines via modulation of EGFR‑TK. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4175-4184. [PMID: 30152850 PMCID: PMC6172377 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of certain 1,3,5‑triazine derivatives on epidermal growth factor receptor‑tyrosine kinase (EGFR‑TK). The results suggested that 1,3,5‑triazine derivatives exhibited optimal drug likeness via molinspiration and proved to be effective drug candidates as potential anticancer agents. The molecules were demonstrated to interact with key catalytic residues of EGFR, including Asn818, Lys721, Leu694, Val702 and Met742 as demonstrated in molecular docking experiments. Compound 1d was demonstrated to be the most potent analogue with an inhibitory constant of 0.44 nM, against EGFR‑TK in in‑vitro enzyme inhibition assay. Compound 1d was further evaluated for its effect on the cellular viability of three breast cancer cell lines, including highly metastatic MDAMB231, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2‑positive BT474 and estrogen receptorpositive MCF7 cells, using an MTT assay and apoptosis analysis. Western blot analysis was performed to examine the levels of β‑catenin in the control and treated cells. Based on the findings of the current study, the chemical 1,3,5‑triazine series are potential novel inhibitors of EGFR‑TK and β‑catenin signaling, and may be potent anti‑breast cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Yan
- State Key Lab of Mechanical System and Vibration, Robotics Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Yiyang Zhao
- State Key Lab of Mechanical System and Vibration, Robotics Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Jianrong He
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
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Kerru N, Singh-Pillay A, Awolade P, Singh P. Current anti-diabetic agents and their molecular targets: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 152:436-488. [PMID: 29751237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a medical condition characterized by the body's loss of control over blood sugar. The frequency of diagnosed cases and consequential increases in medical costs makes it a rapidly growing chronic disease that threatens human health worldwide. In addition, its unnerving statistical projections are perilous to both the economy of the nation and man's life expectancy. Type-I and type-II diabetes are the two clinical forms of diabetes mellitus. Type-II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is illustrated by the abnormality of glucose homeostasis in the body, resulting in hyperglycemia. Although significant research attention has been devoted to the development of diabetes regimens, which demonstrates success in lowering blood glucose levels, their efficacies are unsustainable due to undesirable side effects such as weight gain and hypoglycemia. Over the years, heterocyclic scaffolds have been the basis of anti-diabetic chemotherapies; hence, in this review we consolidate the use of bioactive scaffolds, which have been evaluated for their biological response as inhibitors against their respective anti-diabetic molecular targets over the past five years (2012-2017). Our investigation reveals a diverse target set which includes; protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 B (PTP1B), dipeptidly peptidase-4 (DPP-4), free fatty acid receptors 1 (FFAR1), G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2), α-glucosidase, aldose reductase, glycogen phosphorylase (GP), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), glucagon receptor (GCGr) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). This review offers a medium on which future drug design and development toward diabetes management may be modelled (i.e. optimization via structural derivatization), as many of the drug candidates highlighted show promise as an effective anti-diabetic chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraju Kerru
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ashona Singh-Pillay
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Paul Awolade
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Parvesh Singh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, South Africa.
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Wang X, Yi Y, Lv Q, Zhang J, Wu K, Wu W, Zhang W. Novel 1,3,5-triazine derivatives exert potent anti-cervical cancer effects by modulating Bax, Bcl2 and Caspases expression. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 91:728-734. [PMID: 29068538 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop novel 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as potent anti-cervical cancer agents. The compounds were synthesized in short steps with an excellent yield and characterized via various spectroscopic and analytical methods. A structure-activity relationship study suggested that electron-withdrawing substituents showed greater anticancer activity than electron-donating groups. Compound 7p (p-fluoro) showed the highest activity against cervical cancer cells. In a nude mouse xenograft model inoculated with HeLa cells, 7p showed dose-dependent inhibition of cervical tumour growth. Histopathological examination of excised tumour-bearing tissues showed that 7p improved the microstructure in a dose-dependent manner. Compound 7p also increased the proportions of HeLa cells in G0/G1 and S-phase and significantly decreased that of G2/M-phase. The effects of 7p on C-caspase-3, C-caspase-9, Bcl-2 and Bax expression in HeLa cells were also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuexiong Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiongying Lv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kejia Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanrong Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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28
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Ahmadi F, Mirzaei P, Bazgir A. Cobalt-catalyzed isocyanide insertion cyclization to dihydrobenzoimidazotriazins. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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29
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Zheng XZ, Zhou JL, Ye J, Guo PP, Lin CS. Cardioprotective effect of novel sulphonamides-1,3,5-triazine conjugates against ischaemic-reperfusion injury via selective inhibition of MMP-9. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 88:756-765. [PMID: 27317634 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zhu Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology; Zhejiang Hospital; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
- Department of Anesthesiology; Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Jia-Li Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology; Zhejiang Hospital; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology; Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Pei-Pei Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology; Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Chun-Shui Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology; Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
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30
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Mao ZW, Li QL, Wang P, Sun YL, Liu Y. Design and Development of Novel 4-(4-(1H-Tetrazol-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-6-morpholino-N-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine as Cardiotonic Agent via Inhibition of PDE3. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2016; 349:268-76. [PMID: 26934198 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Mao
- Department of Cardiovasology; Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Ling Li
- Department of Kidney Rheumatology; The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Cardiovasology; Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan P. R. China
| | - Yang-Li Sun
- Department of Cardiovasology; Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Cardiovasology; Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan P. R. China
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31
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Gao HD, Liu P, Yang Y, Gao F. Sulfonamide-1,3,5-triazine–thiazoles: discovery of a novel class of antidiabetic agents via inhibition of DPP-4. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15948f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a novel class of antidiabetic drugs used for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-De Gao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Splenic Medicine
- Affiliated Hospital
- Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force
- Tianjin 300162
- China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Splenic Medicine
- Affiliated Hospital
- Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force
- Tianjin 300162
- China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Splenic Medicine
- Affiliated Hospital
- Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force
- Tianjin 300162
- China
| | - Fang Gao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Splenic Medicine
- Affiliated Hospital
- Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force
- Tianjin 300162
- China
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32
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Guo W. Direct oxidative coupling of amidine hydrochlorides and methylarenes: TBHP-mediated synthesis of substituted 1,3,5-triazines under metal-free conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10285-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01799h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Various 2,4,6-trisubstituted 1,3,5-triazines were smoothly formed via TBHP-mediated direct oxidative coupling of amidine and methylarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510641
- People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province
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