1
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Zou M, Zhou H, Gu L, Zhang J, Fang L. Therapeutic Target Identification and Drug Discovery Driven by Chemical Proteomics. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:555. [PMID: 39194493 DOI: 10.3390/biology13080555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Throughout the human lifespan, from conception to the end of life, small molecules have an intrinsic relationship with numerous physiological processes. The investigation into small-molecule targets holds significant implications for pharmacological discovery. The determination of the action sites of small molecules provide clarity into the pharmacodynamics and toxicological mechanisms of small-molecule drugs, assisting in the elucidation of drug off-target effects and resistance mechanisms. Consequently, innovative methods to study small-molecule targets have proliferated in recent years, with chemical proteomics standing out as a vanguard development in chemical biology in the post-genomic age. Chemical proteomics can non-selectively identify unknown targets of compounds within complex biological matrices, with both probe and non-probe modalities enabling effective target identification. This review attempts to summarize methods and illustrative examples of small-molecule target identification via chemical proteomics. It delves deeply into the interactions between small molecules and human biology to provide pivotal directions and strategies for the discovery and comprehension of novel pharmaceuticals, as well as to improve the evaluation of drug safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Haiyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Letian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jingzi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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2
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Tsumagari K, Isobe Y, Imami K, Arita M. Exploring protein lipidation by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. J Biochem 2024; 175:225-233. [PMID: 38102731 PMCID: PMC10908362 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvad109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein lipidation is a common co- or post-translational modification that plays a crucial role in regulating the localization, interaction and function of cellular proteins. Dysregulation of lipid modifications can lead to various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and infectious diseases. Therefore, the identification of proteins undergoing lipidation and their lipidation sites should provide insights into many aspects of lipid biology, as well as providing potential targets for therapeutic strategies. Bottom-up proteomics using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry is a powerful technique for the global analysis of protein lipidation. Here, we review proteomic methods for profiling protein lipidation, focusing on the two major approaches: the use of chemical probes, such as lipid alkyne probes, and the use of enrichment techniques for endogenous lipid-modified peptides. The challenges facing these methods and the prospects for developing them further to achieve a comprehensive analysis of lipid modifications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Tsumagari
- Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yosuke Isobe
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
- Cellular and Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Koshi Imami
- Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Makoto Arita
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
- Cellular and Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Human Biology-Microbiome-Quantum Research Center (WPI-Bio2Q), Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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3
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Ritzefeld M, Zhang L, Xiao Z, Andrei SA, Boyd O, Masumoto N, Rodgers UR, Artelsmair M, Sefer L, Hayes A, Gavriil ES, Raynaud FI, Burke R, Blagg J, Rzepa HS, Siebold C, Magee AI, Lanyon-Hogg T, Tate EW. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Inhibitors of Hedgehog Acyltransferase. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1061-1078. [PMID: 38198226 PMCID: PMC10823475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling is involved in embryonic development and cancer growth. Functional activity of secreted Hedgehog signaling proteins is dependent on N-terminal palmitoylation, making the palmitoyl transferase Hedgehog acyltransferase (HHAT), a potential drug target and a series of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridines have been identified as HHAT inhibitors. Based on structural data, we designed and synthesized 37 new analogues which we profiled alongside 13 previously reported analogues in enzymatic and cellular assays. Our results show that a central amide linkage, a secondary amine, and (R)-configuration at the 4-position of the core are three key factors for inhibitory potency. Several potent analogues with low- or sub-μM IC50 against purified HHAT also inhibit Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) palmitoylation in cells and suppress the SHH signaling pathway. This work identifies IMP-1575 as the most potent cell-active chemical probe for HHAT function, alongside an inactive control enantiomer, providing tool compounds for validation of HHAT as a target in cellular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ritzefeld
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Leran Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Zhangping Xiao
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | | | - Olivia Boyd
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Naoko Masumoto
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Ursula R. Rodgers
- National
Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Markus Artelsmair
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Lea Sefer
- Division
of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K.
| | - Angela Hayes
- Division
of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | | | - Florence I. Raynaud
- Division
of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Rosemary Burke
- Division
of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Julian Blagg
- Division
of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Henry S. Rzepa
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division
of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K.
| | - Anthony I. Magee
- National
Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | | | - Edward W. Tate
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
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4
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Protein Lipidation Types: Current Strategies for Enrichment and Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042365. [PMID: 35216483 PMCID: PMC8880637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications regulate diverse activities of a colossal number of proteins. For example, various types of lipids can be covalently linked to proteins enzymatically or non-enzymatically. Protein lipidation is perhaps not as extensively studied as protein phosphorylation, ubiquitination, or glycosylation although it is no less significant than these modifications. Evidence suggests that proteins can be attached by at least seven types of lipids, including fatty acids, lipoic acids, isoprenoids, sterols, phospholipids, glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, and lipid-derived electrophiles. In this review, we summarize types of protein lipidation and methods used for their detection, with an emphasis on the conjugation of proteins with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). We discuss possible reasons for the scarcity of reports on PUFA-modified proteins, limitations in current methodology, and potential approaches in detecting PUFA modifications.
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5
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Kallemeijn WW, Lanyon-Hogg T, Panyain N, Goya Grocin A, Ciepla P, Morales-Sanfrutos J, Tate EW. Proteome-wide analysis of protein lipidation using chemical probes: in-gel fluorescence visualization, identification and quantification of N-myristoylation, N- and S-acylation, O-cholesterylation, S-farnesylation and S-geranylgeranylation. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:5083-5122. [PMID: 34707257 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein lipidation is one of the most widespread post-translational modifications (PTMs) found in nature, regulating protein function, structure and subcellular localization. Lipid transferases and their substrate proteins are also attracting increasing interest as drug targets because of their dysregulation in many disease states. However, the inherent hydrophobicity and potential dynamic nature of lipid modifications makes them notoriously challenging to detect by many analytical methods. Chemical proteomics provides a powerful approach to identify and quantify these diverse protein modifications by combining bespoke chemical tools for lipidated protein enrichment with quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Here, we report a robust and proteome-wide approach for the exploration of five major classes of protein lipidation in living cells, through the use of specific chemical probes for each lipid PTM. In-cell labeling of lipidated proteins is achieved by the metabolic incorporation of a lipid probe that mimics the specific natural lipid, concomitantly wielding an alkyne as a bio-orthogonal labeling tag. After incorporation, the chemically tagged proteins can be coupled to multifunctional 'capture reagents' by using click chemistry, allowing in-gel fluorescence visualization or enrichment via affinity handles for quantitative chemical proteomics based on label-free quantification (LFQ) or tandem mass-tag (TMT) approaches. In this protocol, we describe the application of lipid probes for N-myristoylation, N- and S-acylation, O-cholesterylation, S-farnesylation and S-geranylgeranylation in multiple cell lines to illustrate both the workflow and data obtained in these experiments. We provide detailed workflows for method optimization, sample preparation for chemical proteomics and data processing. A properly trained researcher (e.g., technician, graduate student or postdoc) can complete all steps from optimizing metabolic labeling to data processing within 3 weeks. This protocol enables sensitive and quantitative analysis of lipidated proteins at a proteome-wide scale at native expression levels, which is critical to understanding the role of lipid PTMs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter W Kallemeijn
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Thomas Lanyon-Hogg
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nattawadee Panyain
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Goya Grocin
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Paulina Ciepla
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Morales-Sanfrutos
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
- Proteomics Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK.
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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6
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Li G, Peng X, Guo Y, Gong S, Cao S, Qiu F. Currently Available Strategies for Target Identification of Bioactive Natural Products. Front Chem 2021; 9:761609. [PMID: 34660543 PMCID: PMC8515416 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.761609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, biologically active natural products have gradually become important agents in the field of drug research and development because of their wide availability and variety. However, the target sites of many natural products are yet to be identified, which is a setback in the pharmaceutical industry and has seriously hindered the translation of research findings of these natural products as viable candidates for new drug exploitation. This review systematically describes the commonly used strategies for target identification via the application of probe and non-probe approaches. The merits and demerits of each method were summarized using recent examples, with the goal of comparing currently available methods and selecting the optimum techniques for identifying the targets of bioactive natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuling Peng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yajing Guo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaoxuan Gong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shijie Cao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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7
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Suazo KF, Park KY, Distefano MD. A Not-So-Ancient Grease History: Click Chemistry and Protein Lipid Modifications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7178-7248. [PMID: 33821625 PMCID: PMC8820976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein lipid modification involves the attachment of hydrophobic groups to proteins via ester, thioester, amide, or thioether linkages. In this review, the specific click chemical reactions that have been employed to study protein lipid modification and their use for specific labeling applications are first described. This is followed by an introduction to the different types of protein lipid modifications that occur in biology. Next, the roles of click chemistry in elucidating specific biological features including the identification of lipid-modified proteins, studies of their regulation, and their role in diseases are presented. A description of the use of protein-lipid modifying enzymes for specific labeling applications including protein immobilization, fluorescent labeling, nanostructure assembly, and the construction of protein-drug conjugates is presented next. Concluding remarks and future directions are presented in the final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiall F. Suazo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Keun-Young Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Mark D. Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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8
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Caimano M, Lospinoso Severini L, Loricchio E, Infante P, Di Marcotullio L. Drug Delivery Systems for Hedgehog Inhibitors in the Treatment of SHH-Medulloblastoma. Front Chem 2021; 9:688108. [PMID: 34164380 PMCID: PMC8215655 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.688108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a highly aggressive pediatric tumor of the cerebellum. Hyperactivation of the Hedgehog (HH) pathway is observed in about 30% of all MB diagnoses, thereby bringing out its pharmacological blockade as a promising therapeutic strategy for the clinical management of this malignancy. Two main classes of HH inhibitors have been developed: upstream antagonists of Smoothened (SMO) receptor and downstream inhibitors of GLI transcription factors. Unfortunately, the poor pharmacological properties of many of these molecules have limited their investigation in clinical trials for MB. In this minireview, we focus on the drug delivery systems engineered for SMO and GLI inhibitors as a valuable approach to improve their bioavailability and efficiency to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), one of the main challenges in the treatment of MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Caimano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elena Loricchio
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Infante
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Di Marcotullio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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9
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Discovery of pseudolaric acid A as a new Hsp90 inhibitor uncovers its potential anticancer mechanism. Bioorg Chem 2021; 112:104963. [PMID: 33991836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pseudolaric acid A (PAA), one of the main bioactive ingredients in traditional medicine Pseudolarix cortex, exhibits remarkable anticancer activities. Yet its mechanism of action and molecular target have not been investigated and remain unclear. In this work, mechanistic study showed that PAA induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and promoted cell death through caspase-8/caspase-3 pathway, demonstrating potent antiproliferation and anticancer activities. PAA was discovered to be a new Hsp90 inhibitor and multiple biophysical experiments confirmed that PAA directly bind to Hsp90. Active PAA-probe was designed, synthesized and biological evaluated. It was subsequently employed to verify the cellular interaction with Hsp90 in HeLa cells through photoaffinity labeling approach. Furthermore, NMR experiments showed that N-terminal domain of Hsp90 and essential groups in PAA are important for the protein-inhibitor recognition. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed the correlation between its Hsp90 inhibitory activity with anticancer activity. This work proposed a potential mechanism involved with the anticancer activity of PAA and will improve the appreciation of PAA as a potential cancer therapy candidate.
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10
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Losada de la Lastra A, Hassan S, Tate EW. Deconvoluting the biology and druggability of protein lipidation using chemical proteomics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 60:97-112. [PMID: 33221680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are indispensable cellular building blocks, and their post-translational attachment to proteins makes them important regulators of many biological processes. Dysfunction of protein lipidation is also implicated in many pathological states, yet its systematic analysis presents significant challenges. Thanks to innovations in chemical proteomics, lipidation can now be readily studied by metabolic tagging using functionalized lipid analogs, enabling global profiling of lipidated substrates using mass spectrometry. This has spearheaded the first deconvolution of their full scope in a range of contexts, from cells to pathogens and multicellular organisms. Protein N-myristoylation, S-acylation, and S-prenylation are the most well-studied lipid post-translational modifications because of their extensive contribution to the regulation of diverse cellular processes. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the study of these post-translational modifications, with an emphasis on how novel mass spectrometry methods have elucidated their roles in fundamental biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Losada de la Lastra
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Sarah Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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11
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Engineered biomimetic nanoparticle for dual targeting of the cancer stem-like cell population in sonic hedgehog medulloblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24205-24212. [PMID: 32934143 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911229117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The sonic hedgehog subtype of medulloblastoma (SHH MB) is associated with treatment failure and poor outcome. Current strategies utilizing whole brain radiation therapy result in deleterious off-target effects on the normal developing childhood brain. Most conventional chemotherapies remain limited by ineffective blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrance. These challenges signify an unmet need for drug carriers that can cross the BBB and deliver drugs to targeted sites with high drug-loading efficiency and long-term stability. We herein leverage the enhanced stability and targeting ability of engineered high-density lipoprotein-mimetic nanoparticles (eHNPs) to cross the BBB and deliver a SHH inhibitor effectively to the cancer stem-like cell population in SHH MB. Our microfluidic technology enabled highly reproducible production of multicomponent eHNPs incorporated with apolipoprotein A1, anti-CD15, and a SHH inhibitor (LDE225). We demonstrate the dual-targeted delivery and enhanced therapeutic effect of eHNP-A1-CD15-LDE225 via scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) and CD15 on brain SHH MB cells in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Moreover, we show that eHNP-A1 not only serves as a stable drug carrier, but also has a therapeutic effect itself through SR-B1-mediated intracellular cholesterol depletion in SHH MB cells. Through the facilitated and targeted cellular uptake of drugs and direct therapeutic role of this engineered biomimetic nanocarrier in SHH MB, our multifunctional nanoparticle provides intriguing therapeutic promise as an effective and potent nanomedicine for the treatment of SHH MB.
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12
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Salaun C, Greaves J, Tomkinson NCO, Chamberlain LH. The linker domain of the SNARE protein SNAP25 acts as a flexible molecular spacer that ensures efficient S-acylation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7501-7515. [PMID: 32317281 PMCID: PMC7247313 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
S-Acylation of the SNARE protein SNAP25 (synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa) is mediated by a subset of Golgi zinc finger DHHC-type palmitoyltransferase (zDHHC) enzymes, particularly zDHHC17. The ankyrin repeat domain of zDHHC17 interacts with a short linear motif known as the zDHHC ankyrin repeat-binding motif (zDABM) in SNAP25 (112VVASQP117), which is downstream of its S-acylated, cysteine-rich domain (85CGLCVCPC92). Here, we investigated the importance of a flexible linker region (amino acids 93-111, referred to hereafter as the "mini-linker" region) that separates the zDABM and S-acylated cysteines in SNAP25. Shortening the mini-linker did not affect the SNAP25-zDHHC17 interaction but blocked S-acylation. Insertion of additional flexible glycine-serine repeats had no effect on S-acylation, but extended and rigid alanine-proline repeats perturbed it. A SNAP25 mutant in which the mini-linker region was substituted with a flexible glycine-serine linker of the same length underwent efficient S-acylation. Furthermore, this mutant displayed the same intracellular localization as WT SNAP25, indicating that the amino acid composition of the mini-linker is not important for SNAP25 localization. Using the results of previous peptide array experiments, we generated a SNAP25 mutant predicted to have a higher-affinity zDABM. This mutant interacted with zDHHC17 more strongly but was S-acylated with reduced efficiency in HEK293T cells, implying that a lower-affinity interaction of the SNAP25 zDABM with zDHHC17 is optimal for S-acylation efficiency. These results show that amino acids 93-111 in SNAP25 act as a flexible molecular spacer that ensures efficient coupling of the SNAP25-zDHHC17 interaction and S-acylation of SNAP25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Salaun
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Jennifer Greaves
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas C O Tomkinson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
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13
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Chen X, Wang Y, Ma N, Tian J, Shao Y, Zhu B, Wong YK, Liang Z, Zou C, Wang J. Target identification of natural medicine with chemical proteomics approach: probe synthesis, target fishing and protein identification. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:72. [PMID: 32435053 PMCID: PMC7239890 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are an important source of new drugs for the treatment of various diseases. However, developing natural product-based new medicines through random moiety modification is a lengthy and costly process, due in part to the difficulties associated with comprehensively understanding the mechanism of action and the side effects. Identifying the protein targets of natural products is an effective strategy, but most medicines interact with multiple protein targets, which complicate this process. In recent years, an increasing number of researchers have begun to screen the target proteins of natural products with chemical proteomics approaches, which can provide a more comprehensive array of the protein targets of active small molecules in an unbiased manner. Typically, chemical proteomics experiments for target identification consist of two key steps: (1) chemical probe design and synthesis and (2) target fishing and identification. In recent decades, five different types of chemical proteomic probes and their respective target fishing methods have been developed to screen targets of molecules with different structures, and a variety of protein identification approaches have been invented. Presently, we will classify these chemical proteomics approaches, the application scopes and characteristics of the different types of chemical probes, the different protein identification methods, and the advantages and disadvantages of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, and College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, and College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jing Tian
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, and College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yurou Shao
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, and College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, and College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yin Kwan Wong
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
| | - Chang Zou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
| | - Jigang Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
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14
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Zhang CY, Jiang ZM, Ma XF, Li Y, Liu XZ, Li LL, Wu WH, Wang T. Saikosaponin-d Inhibits the Hepatoma Cells and Enhances Chemosensitivity Through SENP5-Dependent Inhibition of Gli1 SUMOylation Under Hypoxia. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1039. [PMID: 31616295 PMCID: PMC6764240 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensitivity is one of the key factors affecting the therapeutic effect on cancer, but the clinical application of corresponding drugs is rare. Hypoxia, a common feature of many solid tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has been associated with resistance to chemotherapy in part through the activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHh) pathway. Hypoxia has also been associated with the increased SUMOylation of multiple proteins, including GLI family proteins, which are key mediators of SHh signaling, and has become a promising target to develop drug-resistant drugs for cancer treatment. However, there are few target drugs to abrogate chemotherapy resistance. Saikosaponin-d (Ssd), one of the main bioactive components of Radix bupleuri, has been reported to exert multiple biological effects, including anticancer activity. Here, we first found that Ssd inhibits the malignant phenotype of HCC cells while increasing their sensitivity to the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (HSVtk/GCV) drug system under hypoxia in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we had explored that GLI family activation and extensive protein SUMOylation were characteristics of HCC cells, and hypoxia could activate the SHh pathway and promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and chemosensitivity in HCC cells. SUMOylation is required for hypoxia-dependent activation of GLI proteins. Finally, we found that Ssd could reverse the effects promoted by hypoxia, specifically active sentrin/small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-specific protease 5 (SENP5), a SUMO-specific protease, in a time- and dose-dependent manner while inhibiting the expression of SUMO1 and GLI proteins. Together, these findings confirm the important role of Ssd in the chemoresistance of liver cancer, provide some data support for further understanding the molecular mechanisms of Ssd inhibition of malignant transformation of HCC cells, and provide a new perspective for the application of traditional Chinese medicine in the chemical resistance of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Binhai New Area Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhong-Min Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Ma
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Binhai New Area Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Zhi Liu
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Li-Li Li
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen-Han Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of General Surgery, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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15
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Chandrasekaran KS, Rentmeister A. Clicking a Fish: Click Chemistry of Different Biomolecules in Danio rerio. Biochemistry 2018; 58:24-30. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Subramanian Chandrasekaran
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea Rentmeister
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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16
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Jiang H, Zhang X, Chen X, Aramsangtienchai P, Tong Z, Lin H. Protein Lipidation: Occurrence, Mechanisms, Biological Functions, and Enabling Technologies. Chem Rev 2018; 118:919-988. [PMID: 29292991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein lipidation, including cysteine prenylation, N-terminal glycine myristoylation, cysteine palmitoylation, and serine and lysine fatty acylation, occurs in many proteins in eukaryotic cells and regulates numerous biological pathways, such as membrane trafficking, protein secretion, signal transduction, and apoptosis. We provide a comprehensive review of protein lipidation, including descriptions of proteins known to be modified and the functions of the modifications, the enzymes that control them, and the tools and technologies developed to study them. We also highlight key questions about protein lipidation that remain to be answered, the challenges associated with answering such questions, and possible solutions to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xiao Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Pornpun Aramsangtienchai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhen Tong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hening Lin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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17
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Lanyon-Hogg T, Faronato M, Serwa RA, Tate EW. Dynamic Protein Acylation: New Substrates, Mechanisms, and Drug Targets. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:566-581. [PMID: 28602500 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational attachment of lipids to proteins is found in all organisms, and is important for many biological processes. Acylation with myristic and palmitic acids are among the most common lipid modifications, and understanding reversible protein palmitoylation dynamics has become a particularly important goal. Linking acyltransferase enzymes to disease states can be challenging due to a paucity of robust models, compounded by functional redundancy between many palmitoyl transferases; however, in cases such as Wnt or Hedgehog signalling, small molecule inhibitors have been identified, with some progressing to clinical trials. In this review, we present recent developments in our understanding of protein acylation in human health and disease through use of chemical tools, global profiling of acylated proteomes, and functional studies of specific protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lanyon-Hogg
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Monica Faronato
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Remigiusz A Serwa
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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18
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Lanyon-Hogg T, Patel NV, Ritzefeld M, Boxall KJ, Burke R, Blagg J, Magee AI, Tate EW. Microfluidic Mobility Shift Assay for Real-Time Analysis of Peptide N-Palmitoylation. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2017; 22:418-424. [PMID: 28296537 PMCID: PMC5453399 DOI: 10.1177/2472555216689529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog pathway is a key developmental signaling pathway but is also implicated in many types of cancer. The extracellular signaling protein Sonic hedgehog (Shh) requires dual lipidation for functional signaling, whereby N-terminal palmitoylation is performed by the enzyme Hedgehog acyltransferase (Hhat). Hhat is an attractive target for small-molecule inhibition to arrest Hedgehog signaling, and methods for assaying Hhat activity are central to understanding its function. However, all existing assays to quantify lipidation of peptides suffer limitations, such as safety hazards, high costs, extensive manual handling, restriction to stopped-assay measurements, or indirect assessment of lipidation. To address these limitations, we developed a microfluidic mobility shift assay (MSA) to analyze Shh palmitoylation. MSA allowed separation of fluorescently labeled Shh amine-substrate and palmitoylated Shh amide-product peptides based on differences in charge and hydrodynamic radius, coupled with online fluorescence intensity measurements for quantification. The MSA format was employed to study Hhat-catalyzed reactions, investigate Hhat kinetics, and determine small-molecule inhibitor IC50 values. Both real-time and stopped assays were performed, with the latter achieved via addition of excess unlabeled Shh peptide. The MSA format therefore allows direct and real-time fluorescence-based measurement of acylation and represents a powerful alternative technique in the study of N-lipidation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neki V. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Katherine J. Boxall
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Rosemary Burke
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Julian Blagg
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anthony I. Magee
- Molecular Medicine Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Edward W. Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
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19
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Tallman KA, Kim HYH, Korade Z, Genaro-Mattos TC, Wages PA, Liu W, Porter NA. Probes for protein adduction in cholesterol biosynthesis disorders: Alkynyl lanosterol as a viable sterol precursor. Redox Biol 2017; 12:182-190. [PMID: 28258022 PMCID: PMC5333532 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of lipid electrophile-protein adducts is associated with many disorders that involve perturbations of cellular redox status. The identities of adducted proteins and the effects of adduction on protein function are mostly unknown and an increased understanding of these factors may help to define the pathogenesis of various human disorders involving oxidative stress. 7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), the immediate biosynthetic precursor to cholesterol, is highly oxidizable and gives electrophilic oxysterols that adduct proteins readily, a sequence of events proposed to occur in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), a human disorder resulting from an error in cholesterol biosynthesis. Alkynyl lanosterol (a-Lan) was synthesized and studied in Neuro2a cells, Dhcr7-deficient Neuro2a cells and human fibroblasts. When incubated in control Neuro2a cells and control human fibroblasts, a-Lan completed the sequence of steps involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and alkynyl-cholesterol (a-Chol) was the major product formed. In Dhcr7-deficient Neuro2a cells or fibroblasts from SLOS patients, the biosynthetic transformation was interrupted at the penultimate step and alkynyl-7-DHC (a-7-DHC) was the major product formed. When a-Lan was incubated in Dhcr7-deficient Neuro2a cells and the alkynyl tag was used to ligate a biotin group to alkyne-containing products, protein-sterol adducts were isolated and identified. In parallel experiments with a-Lan and a-7-DHC in Dhcr7-deficient Neuro2a cells, a-7-DHC was found to adduct to a larger set of proteins (799) than a-Lan (457) with most of the a-Lan protein adducts (423) being common to the larger a-7-DHC set. Of the 423 proteins found common to both experiments, those formed from a-7-DHC were more highly enriched compared to a DMSO control than were those derived from a-Lan. The 423 common proteins were ranked according to the enrichment determined for each protein in the a-Lan and a-7-DHC experiments and there was a very strong correlation of protein ranks for the adducts formed in the parallel experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri A Tallman
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Hye-Young H Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Thiago C Genaro-Mattos
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Phillip A Wages
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States.
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20
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Tomkiel AM, Siergiejczyk L, Naróg D, Płoszyńska J, Sobkowiak A, Morzycki JW. Electrochemical cholesterylation of sugars with cholesteryl diphenylphosphate. Steroids 2017; 117:44-51. [PMID: 27263439 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical cholesterylation of various sugars with cholesteryl diphenylphosphate was studied. The reaction afforded mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-cholesterylated products using equivalent amounts of the reagent. The reactions turned out to be completely stereoselective with respect to both sugar and steroid but only partially regioselective - primary and anomeric hydroxyl groups in sugars were the most reactive ones while no substantial differences in reactivity was found for different secondary hydroxyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta M Tomkiel
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Leszek Siergiejczyk
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Dorota Naróg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, P. O. Box 85, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Jolanta Płoszyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, P. O. Box 85, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sobkowiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, P. O. Box 85, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Jacek W Morzycki
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland.
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21
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Rodgers U, Lanyon-Hogg T, Masumoto N, Ritzefeld M, Burke R, Blagg J, Magee AI, Tate EW. Characterization of Hedgehog Acyltransferase Inhibitors Identifies a Small Molecule Probe for Hedgehog Signaling by Cancer Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:3256-3262. [PMID: 27779865 PMCID: PMC5349656 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway plays a critical role during embryonic development and cancer progression. N-terminal palmitoylation of Shh by Hedgehog acyltransferase (Hhat) is essential for efficient signaling, raising interest in Hhat as a novel drug target. A recently identified series of dihydrothienopyridines has been proposed to function via this mode of action; however, the lead compound in this series (RUSKI-43) was subsequently shown to possess cytotoxic activity unrelated to canonical Shh signaling. To identify a selective chemical probe for cellular studies, we profiled three RUSKI compounds in orthogonal cell-based assays. We found that RUSKI-43 exhibits off-target cytotoxicity, masking its effect on Hhat-dependent signaling, hence results obtained with this compound in cells should be treated with caution. In contrast, RUSKI-201 showed no off-target cytotoxicity, and quantitative whole-proteome palmitoylation profiling with a bioorthogonal alkyne-palmitate reporter demonstrated specific inhibition of Hhat in cells. RUSKI-201 is the first selective Hhat chemical probe in cells and should be used in future studies of Hhat catalytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula
R. Rodgers
- Molecular
Medicine Section, National Heart & Lung
Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Thomas Lanyon-Hogg
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Naoko Masumoto
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Ritzefeld
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Burke
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The
Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Blagg
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The
Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony I. Magee
- Molecular
Medicine Section, National Heart & Lung
Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Edward W. Tate
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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22
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Hentschel A, Zahedi RP, Ahrends R. Protein lipid modifications--More than just a greasy ballast. Proteomics 2016; 16:759-82. [PMID: 26683279 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Covalent lipid modifications of proteins are crucial for regulation of cellular plasticity, since they affect the chemical and physical properties and therefore protein activity, localization, and stability. Most recently, lipid modifications on proteins are increasingly attracting important regulatory entities in diverse signaling events and diseases. In all cases, the lipid moiety of modified proteins is essential to allow water-soluble proteins to strongly interact with membranes or to induce structural changes in proteins that are critical for elemental processes such as respiration, transport, signal transduction, and motility. Until now, roughly about ten lipid modifications on different amino acid residues are described at the UniProtKB database and even well-known modifications are underrepresented. Thus, it is of fundamental importance to develop a better understanding of this emerging and so far under-investigated type of protein modification. Therefore, this review aims to give a comprehensive and detailed overview about enzymatic and nonenzymatic lipidation events, will report their role in cellular biology, discuss their relevancy for diseases, and describe so far available bioanalytical strategies to analyze this highly challenging type of modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hentschel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - René P Zahedi
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Robert Ahrends
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
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23
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Wei X, Song H, Yin L, Rizzo MG, Sidhu R, Covey DF, Ory DS, Semenkovich CF. Fatty acid synthesis configures the plasma membrane for inflammation in diabetes. Nature 2016; 539:294-298. [PMID: 27806377 PMCID: PMC5671339 DOI: 10.1038/nature20117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fat promotes pathological insulin resistance through chronic inflammation. The inactivation of inflammatory proteins produced by macrophages improves diet-induced diabetes, but how nutrient-dense diets induce diabetes is unknown. Membrane lipids affect the innate immune response, which requires domains that influence high-fat-diet-induced chronic inflammation and alter cell function based on phospholipid composition. Endogenous fatty acid synthesis, mediated by fatty acid synthase (FAS), affects membrane composition. Here we show that macrophage FAS is indispensable for diet-induced inflammation. Deleting Fasn in macrophages prevents diet-induced insulin resistance, recruitment of macrophages to adipose tissue and chronic inflammation in mice. We found that FAS deficiency alters membrane order and composition, impairing the retention of plasma membrane cholesterol and disrupting Rho GTPase trafficking-a process required for cell adhesion, migration and activation. Expression of a constitutively active Rho GTPase, however, restored inflammatory signalling. Exogenous palmitate was partitioned to different pools from endogenous lipids and did not rescue inflammatory signalling. However, exogenous cholesterol, as well as other planar sterols, did rescue signalling, with cholesterol restoring FAS-induced perturbations in membrane order. Our results show that the production of endogenous fat in macrophages is necessary for the development of exogenous-fat-induced insulin resistance through the creation of a receptive environment at the plasma membrane for the assembly of cholesterol-dependent signalling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Wei
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Haowei Song
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Li Yin
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Michael G Rizzo
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Rohini Sidhu
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Clay F Semenkovich
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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24
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Byrne EF, Sircar R, Miller PS, Hedger G, Luchetti G, Nachtergaele S, Tully MD, Mydock-McGrane L, Covey DF, Rambo RP, Sansom MSP, Newstead S, Rohatgi R, Siebold C. Structural basis of Smoothened regulation by its extracellular domains. Nature 2016; 535:517-522. [PMID: 27437577 PMCID: PMC4970916 DOI: 10.1038/nature18934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Developmental signals of the Hedgehog (Hh) and Wnt families are transduced across the membrane by Frizzledclass G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) composed of both a heptahelical transmembrane domain (TMD) and an extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD). How the large extracellular domains of GPCRs regulate signalling by the TMD is unknown. We present crystal structures of the Hh signal transducer and oncoprotein Smoothened, a GPCR that contains two distinct ligand-binding sites: one in its TMD and one in the CRD. The CRD is stacked a top the TMD, separated by an intervening wedge-like linker domain. Structure-guided mutations show that the interface between the CRD, linker domain and TMD stabilizes the inactive state of Smoothened. Unexpectedly, we find a cholesterol molecule bound to Smoothened in the CRD binding site. Mutations predicted to prevent cholesterol binding impair the ability of Smoothened to transmit native Hh signals. Binding of a clinically used antagonist, vismodegib, to the TMD induces a conformational change that is propagated to the CRD, resulting in loss of cholesterol from the CRD-linker domain-TMD interface. Our results clarify the structural mechanism by which the activity of a GPCR is controlled by ligand-regulated interactions between its extracellular and transmembrane domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon F.X. Byrne
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ria Sircar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Paul S. Miller
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - George Hedger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Giovanni Luchetti
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sigrid Nachtergaele
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Tully
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science &Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Laurel Mydock-McGrane
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Douglas F. Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Robert P. Rambo
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science &Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | | | - Simon Newstead
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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25
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Lanyon-Hogg T, Masumoto N, Bodakh G, Konitsiotis AD, Thinon E, Rodgers UR, Owens RJ, Magee AI, Tate EW. Click chemistry armed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure palmitoylation by hedgehog acyltransferase. Anal Biochem 2015; 490:66-72. [PMID: 26334609 PMCID: PMC4615133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling is critical for correct embryogenesis and tissue development. However, on maturation, signaling is also found to be aberrantly activated in many cancers. Palmitoylation of the secreted signaling protein sonic hedgehog (Shh) by the enzyme hedgehog acyltransferase (Hhat) is required for functional signaling. To quantify this important posttranslational modification, many in vitro Shh palmitoylation assays employ radiolabeled fatty acids, which have limitations in terms of cost and safety. Here we present a click chemistry armed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (click-ELISA) for assessment of Hhat activity through acylation of biotinylated Shh peptide with an alkyne-tagged palmitoyl-CoA (coenzyme A) analogue. Click chemistry functionalization of the alkyne tag with azido-FLAG peptide allows analysis through an ELISA protocol and colorimetric readout. This assay format identified the detergent n-dodecyl β-d-maltopyranoside as an improved solubilizing agent for Hhat activity. Quantification of the potency of RU-SKI small molecule Hhat inhibitors by click-ELISA indicated IC50 values in the low- or sub-micromolar range. A stopped assay format was also employed that allows measurement of Hhat kinetic parameters where saturating substrate concentrations exceed the binding capacity of the streptavidin-coated plate. Therefore, click-ELISA represents a nonradioactive method for assessing protein palmitoylation in vitro that is readily expandable to other classes of protein lipidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lanyon-Hogg
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Naoko Masumoto
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - George Bodakh
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Antonio D Konitsiotis
- Molecular Medicine Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Emmanuelle Thinon
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ursula R Rodgers
- Molecular Medicine Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Raymond J Owens
- Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK; OPPF-UK, The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Anthony I Magee
- Molecular Medicine Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Edward W Tate
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, UK.
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26
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Quantitative Lipoproteomics in Clostridium difficile Reveals a Role for Lipoproteins in Sporulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:1562-1573. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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27
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Callahan BP, Wang C. Hedgehog Cholesterolysis: Specialized Gatekeeper to Oncogenic Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:2037-53. [PMID: 26473928 PMCID: PMC4695875 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7040875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Discussions of therapeutic suppression of hedgehog (Hh) signaling almost exclusively focus on receptor antagonism; however, hedgehog's biosynthesis represents a unique and potentially targetable aspect of this oncogenic signaling pathway. Here, we review a key biosynthetic step called cholesterolysis from the perspectives of structure/function and small molecule inhibition. Cholesterolysis, also called cholesteroylation, generates cholesterol-modified Hh ligand via autoprocessing of a hedgehog precursor protein. Post-translational modification by cholesterol appears to be restricted to proteins in the hedgehog family. The transformation is essential for Hh biological activity and upstream of signaling events. Despite its decisive role in generating ligand, cholesterolysis remains conspicuously unexplored as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Callahan
- Chemistry Department, Binghamton University 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Biology Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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28
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Serwa RA, Abaitua F, Krause E, Tate EW, O'Hare P. Systems Analysis of Protein Fatty Acylation in Herpes Simplex Virus-Infected Cells Using Chemical Proteomics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:1008-17. [PMID: 26256475 PMCID: PMC4543063 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein fatty acylation regulates diverse aspects of cellular function and organization and plays a key role in host immune responses to infection. Acylation also modulates the function and localization of virus-encoded proteins. Here, we employ chemical proteomics tools, bio-orthogonal probes, and capture reagents to study myristoylation and palmitoylation during infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV). Using in-gel fluorescence imaging and quantitative mass spectrometry, we demonstrate a generalized reduction in myristoylation of host proteins, whereas palmitoylation of host proteins, including regulators of interferon and tetraspanin family proteins, was selectively repressed. Furthermore, we found that a significant fraction of the viral proteome undergoes palmitoylation; we identified a number of virus membrane glycoproteins, structural proteins, and kinases. Taken together, our results provide broad oversight of protein acylation during HSV infection, a roadmap for similar analysis in other systems, and a resource with which to pursue specific analysis of systems and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remigiusz A Serwa
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Fernando Abaitua
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1QN, UK
| | - Eberhard Krause
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle Street 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Peter O'Hare
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1QN, UK.
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29
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Nickel S, Serwa RA, Kaschani F, Ninck S, Zweerink S, Tate EW, Kaiser M. Chemoproteomic Evaluation of the Polyacetylene Callyspongynic Acid. Chemistry 2015; 21:10721-8. [PMID: 26079733 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyacetylenes are a class of alkyne-containing natural products. Although potent bioactivities and thus possible applications as chemical probes have already been reported for some polyacetylenes, insights into the biological activities or molecular mode of action are still rather limited in most cases. To overcome this limitation, we describe the application of the polyacetylene callyspongynic acid in the development of an experimental roadmap for characterizing potential protein targets of alkyne-containing natural products. To this end, we undertook the first chemical synthesis of callyspongynic acid. We then used in situ chemical proteomics methods to demonstrate extensive callyspongynic acid-mediated chemical tagging of endoplasmic reticulum-associated lipid-metabolizing and modifying enzymes. We anticipate that an elucidation of protein targets of natural products may serve as an effective guide to the development of subsequent biological assays that aim to identify chemical phenotypes and bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Nickel
- Chemische Biologie, ZMB, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen (Germany)
| | - Remigiusz A Serwa
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ (UK)
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- Chemische Biologie, ZMB, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen (Germany)
| | - Sabrina Ninck
- Chemische Biologie, ZMB, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen (Germany)
| | - Susanne Zweerink
- Chemische Biologie, ZMB, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen (Germany)
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ (UK)
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Chemische Biologie, ZMB, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen (Germany).
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30
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Abstract
Cholesterylation is a post-translational attachment of sterol to proteins. This modification has been a characteristic of a single family of hedgehog proteins (Hh). Hh is a well-established morphogenic molecule important in embryonic development. It was also found to be involved in the progression of many cancer types. Herein, we describe the mechanism of biosynthesis of cholesterylated Hh, the role of this unusual modification on protein functions and novel chemical probes, which could be used to specifically target this modification, both in vitro and in vivo.
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31
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Tate EW, Kalesh KA, Lanyon-Hogg T, Storck EM, Thinon E. Global profiling of protein lipidation using chemical proteomic technologies. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 24:48-57. [PMID: 25461723 PMCID: PMC4319709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein lipidation is unique amongst post-translational modifications (PTMs) in enabling direct interaction with cell membranes, and is found in every form of life. Lipidation is important in normal function and in disease, but its intricate interplay with disease context presents a challenging for drug development. Global whole-proteome profiling of protein lipidation lies beyond the range of standard methods, but is well-suited to metabolic tagging with small 'clickable' chemical reporters that do not disrupt metabolism and function; chemoselective reactions are then used to add multifunctional labels exclusively to tagged-lipidated proteins. This chemical proteomic technology has opened up the first quantitative whole-proteome studies of the known major classes of protein lipidation, and the first insights into their full scope in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Karunakaran A Kalesh
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Thomas Lanyon-Hogg
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Elisabeth M Storck
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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