1
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Wan H, Jeon G, Grason GM, Santore MM. Thermal preconditioning of membrane stress to control the shapes of ultrathin crystals. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:6984-6994. [PMID: 39171459 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00739e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
We employ the phospholipid bilayer membranes of giant unilamellar vesicles as a free-standing environment for the growth of membrane-integrated ultrathin phospholipid crystals possessing a variety of shapes with 6-fold symmetry. Crystal growth within vesicle membranes, where more elaborate shapes grow on larger vesicles is dominated by the bending energy of the membrane itself, creating a means to manipulate crystal morphology. Here we demonstrate how cooling rate preconditions the membrane tension before nucleation, in turn regulating nucleation and growth, and directing the morphology of crystals by the time they are large enough to be visualized. The crystals retain their shapes during further growth through the two phase region. Experiments demonstrate this behavior for single crystals growing within the membrane of each vesicle, ultimately comprising up to 13% of the vesicle area and length scales of up to 50 microns. A model for stress evolution, employing only physical property data, reveals how the competition between thermal membrane contraction and water diffusion from tensed vesicles produces a size- and time-dependence of the membrane tension as a result of cooling history. The tension, critical in the contribution of bending energy in the fluid membrane regions, in turn selects for crystal shape for vesicles of a given size. The model reveals unanticipated behaviors including a low steady state tension on small vesicles that allows compact domains to develop, rapid tension development on large vesicles producing flower-shaped domains, and a stress relaxation through water diffusion across the membrane with a time constant scaling as the square of the vesicle radius, consistent with measurable tensions only in the largest vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Geunwoong Jeon
- Department of Physics University of Massachusetts, 710 N Pleasant St, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Gregory M Grason
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Maria M Santore
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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2
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Brodszkij E, Städler B. Advances in block copolymer-phospholipid hybrid vesicles: from physical-chemical properties to applications. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10724-10744. [PMID: 39027291 PMCID: PMC11253165 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01444h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Hybrid vesicles, made of lipids and amphiphilic block copolymers, have become increasingly popular thanks to their versatile properties that enable the construction of intricate membranes mimicking cellular structures. This tutorial review gives an overview over the different hybrid vesicle designs, and provides a detailed analysis of their properties, including their composition, membrane fluidity, membrane homogeneity, permeability, stability. The review puts emphasis on the application of these hybrid vesicles in bottom-up synthetic biology and aims to offer an overview of design guidelines, particularly focusing on composition, to eventually realize the intended applications of these hybrid vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Brodszkij
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustave Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustave Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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3
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Brodszkij E, Ryberg C, Lyons JA, Juhl DW, Nielsen NC, Sigalas NI, Lyulin AV, Pedersen JS, Städler B. Poly(Sitosterol)-Based Hydrophobic Blocks in Amphiphilic Block Copolymers for the Assembly of Hybrid Vesicles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401934. [PMID: 38860565 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Amphiphilic block copolymer and lipids can be assembled into hybrid vesicles (HVs), which are an alternative to liposomes and polymersomes. Block copolymers that have either poly(sitostryl methacrylate) or statistical copolymers of sitosteryl methacrylate and butyl methacrylate as the hydrophobic part and a poly(carboxyethyl acrylate) hydrophilic segment are synthesized and characterized. These block copolymers assemble into small HVs with soybean L-α-phosphatidylcholine (soyPC), confirmed by electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering. The membrane's hybrid nature is illustrated by fluorescence resonance energy transfer between labeled building blocks. The membrane packing, derived from spectra when using Laurdan as an environmentally sensitive fluorescent probe, is comparable between small HVs and the corresponding liposomes with molecular sitosterol, although the former show indications of transmembrane asymmetry. Giant HVs with homogenous distribution of the block copolymers and soyPC in their membranes are assembled using the electroformation method. The lateral diffusion of both building blocks is slowed down in giant HVs with higher block copolymer content, but their permeability toward (6)-carboxy-X-rhodamine is higher compared to giant vesicles made of soyPC and molecular sitosterol. This fundamental effort contributes to the rapidly expanding understanding of the integration of natural membrane constituents with designed synthetic compounds to form hybrid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Brodszkij
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Ryberg
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Joseph A Lyons
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Universitetsbyen 81, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Dennis Wilkens Juhl
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Niels Chr Nielsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Nikolaos I Sigalas
- Soft Matter and Biological Physics Group, Department of Applied Physics, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Alexey V Lyulin
- Soft Matter and Biological Physics Group, Department of Applied Physics, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Skov Pedersen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
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4
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Landiech S, Elias M, Lapèze P, Ajiyel H, Plancke M, González-Bermúdez B, Laborde A, Mesnilgrente F, Bourrier D, Berti D, Montis C, Mazenq L, Baldo J, Roux C, Delarue M, Joseph P. Parallel on-chip micropipettes enabling quantitative multiplexed characterization of vesicle mechanics and cell aggregates rheology. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:026122. [PMID: 38894959 PMCID: PMC11184969 DOI: 10.1063/5.0193333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Micropipette aspiration (MPA) is one of the gold standards for quantifying biological samples' mechanical properties, which are crucial from the cell membrane scale to the multicellular tissue. However, relying on the manipulation of individual home-made glass pipettes, MPA suffers from low throughput and no automation. Here, we introduce the sliding insert micropipette aspiration method, which permits parallelization and automation, thanks to the insertion of tubular pipettes, obtained by photolithography, within microfluidic channels. We show its application both at the lipid bilayer level, by probing vesicles to measure membrane bending and stretching moduli, and at the tissue level by quantifying the viscoelasticity of 3D cell aggregates. This approach opens the way to high-throughput, quantitative mechanical testing of many types of biological samples, from vesicles and individual cells to cell aggregates and explants, under dynamic physico-chemical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianne Elias
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Lapèze
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Hajar Ajiyel
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Plancke
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Blanca González-Bermúdez
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain and Department of Materials Science, ETSI de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrian Laborde
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - David Bourrier
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Debora Berti
- CSGI and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Costanza Montis
- CSGI and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Laurent Mazenq
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérémy Baldo
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Clément Roux
- SoftMat, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Morgan Delarue
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Joseph
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
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5
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Otrin N, Otrin L, Bednarz C, Träger TK, Hamdi F, Kastritis PL, Ivanov I, Sundmacher K. Protein-Rich Rafts in Hybrid Polymer/Lipid Giant Unilamellar Vesicles. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:778-791. [PMID: 38190609 PMCID: PMC10865357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Considerable attention has been dedicated to lipid rafts due to their importance in numerous cell functions such as membrane trafficking, polarization, and signaling. Next to studies in living cells, artificial micrometer-sized vesicles with a minimal set of components are established as a major tool to understand the phase separation dynamics and their intimate interplay with membrane proteins. In parallel, mixtures of phospholipids and certain amphiphilic polymers simultaneously offer an interface for proteins and mimic this segregation behavior, presenting a tangible synthetic alternative for fundamental studies and bottom-up design of cellular mimics. However, the simultaneous insertion of complex and sensitive membrane proteins is experimentally challenging and thus far has been largely limited to natural lipids. Here, we present the co-reconstitution of the proton pump bo3 oxidase and the proton consumer ATP synthase in hybrid polymer/lipid giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) via fusion/electroformation. Variations of the current method allow for tailored reconstitution protocols and control of the vesicle size. In particular, mixing of protein-free and protein-functionalized nanosized vesicles in the electroformation film results in larger GUVs, while separate reconstitution of the respiratory enzymes enables higher ATP synthesis rates. Furthermore, protein labeling provides a synthetic mechanism for phase separation and protein sequestration, mimicking lipid- and protein-mediated domain formation in nature. The latter means opens further possibilities for re-enacting phenomena like supercomplex assembly or symmetry breaking and enriches the toolbox of bottom-up synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Otrin
- Process
Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute
for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lado Otrin
- Process
Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute
for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Bednarz
- Process
Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute
for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Toni K. Träger
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center HALOmem and Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Farzad Hamdi
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center HALOmem and Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Panagiotis L. Kastritis
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center HALOmem and Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
- Institute
of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research
Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Process
Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute
for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Grup
de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Kai Sundmacher
- Process
Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute
for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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6
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Chountoulesi M, Pippa N, Forys A, Trzebicka B, Pispas S. Structure-Based Evaluation of Hybrid Lipid-Polymer Nanoparticles: The Role of the Polymeric Guest. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:290. [PMID: 38276698 PMCID: PMC10818590 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The combination of phospholipids and block-copolymers yields advanced hybrid nanoparticles through the self-assembly process in an aqueous environment. The physicochemical features of the lipid/polymer components, like the lipid-polymer molar ratio, the macromolecular architecture of the block copolymer, the main transition temperature of the phospholipid, as well as the formulation and preparation protocol parameters, are some of the most crucial parameters for the formation of hybrid lipid/polymer vesicles and for the differentiation of their morphology. The morphology, along with other physicochemical nanoparticle characteristics are strictly correlated with the nanoparticle's later biological behavior after being administered, affecting interactions with cells, biodistribution, uptake, toxicity, drug release, etc. In the present study, a structural evaluation of hybrid lipid-polymer nanoparticles based on cryo-TEM studies was undertaken. Different kinds of hybrid lipid-polymer nanoparticles were designed and developed using phospholipids and block copolymers with different preparation protocols. The structures obtained ranged from spherical vesicles to rod-shaped structures, worm-like micelles, and irregular morphologies. The obtained morphologies were correlated with the formulation and preparation parameters and especially the type of lipid, the polymeric guest, and their ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chountoulesi
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece;
| | - Natassa Pippa
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece;
| | - Aleksander Forys
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (A.F.); (B.T.)
| | - Barbara Trzebicka
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (A.F.); (B.T.)
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
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7
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Wagner AM, Kostina NY, Xiao Q, Klein ML, Percec V, Rodriguez-Emmenegger C. Glycan-Driven Formation of Raft-Like Domains with Hierarchical Periodic Nanoarrays on Dendrimersome Synthetic Cells. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:366-378. [PMID: 38064646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The accurate spatial segregation into distinct phases within cell membranes coordinates vital biochemical processes and functionalities in living organisms. One of nature's strategies to localize reactivity is the formation of dynamic raft domains. Most raft models rely on liquid-ordered L0 phases in a liquid-disordered Ld phase lacking correlation and remaining static, often necessitating external agents for phase separation. Here, we introduce a synthetic system of bicomponent glycodendrimersomes coassembled from Janus dendrimers and Janus glycodendrimers (JGDs), where lactose-lactose interactions exclusively drive lateral organization. This mechanism results in modulated phases across two length scales, yielding raft-like microdomains featuring nanoarrays at the nanoscale. By varying the density of lactose and molecular architecture of JGDs, the nanoarray type and size, shape, and spacing of the domains were controlled. Our findings offer insight into the potential primordial origins of rudimentary raft domains and highlight the crucial role of glycans within the glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Wagner
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Nina Yu Kostina
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Carrer de Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Qi Xiao
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Institute of Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Michael L Klein
- Institute of Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Cesar Rodriguez-Emmenegger
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Carrer de Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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8
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Seneviratne R, Coates G, Xu Z, Cornell CE, Thompson RF, Sadeghpour A, Maskell DP, Jeuken LJC, Rappolt M, Beales PA. High Resolution Membrane Structures within Hybrid Lipid-Polymer Vesicles Revealed by Combining X-Ray Scattering and Electron Microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206267. [PMID: 36866488 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid vesicles consisting of phospholipids and block-copolymers are increasingly finding applications in science and technology. Herein, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) are used to obtain detailed structural information about hybrid vesicles with different ratios of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and poly(1,2-butadiene-block-ethylene oxide) (PBd22 -PEO14 , Ms = 1800 g mol-1 ). Using single particle analysis (SPA) the authors are able to further interpret the information gained from SAXS and cryo-ET experiments, showing that increasing PBd22 -PEO14 mole fraction increases the membrane thickness from 52 Å for a pure lipid system to 97 Å for pure PBd22 -PEO14 vesicles. Two vesicle populations with different membrane thicknesses in hybrid vesicle samples are found. As these lipids and polymers are reported to homogeneously mix, bistability is inferred between weak and strong interdigitation regimes of PBd22 -PEO14 within the hybrid membranes. It is hypothesized that membranes of intermediate structure are not energetically favorable. Therefore, each vesicle exists in one of these two membrane structures, which are assumed to have comparable free energies. The authors conclude that, by combining biophysical methods, accurate determination of the influence of composition on the structural properties of hybrid membranes is achieved, revealing that two distinct membranes structures can coexist in homogeneously mixed lipid-polymer hybrid vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Seneviratne
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Georgina Coates
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Zexi Xu
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Caitlin E Cornell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Rebecca F Thompson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Amin Sadeghpour
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Daniel P Maskell
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Lars J C Jeuken
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PC Box 9502, Leiden, 2300 RA, Netherlands
| | - Michael Rappolt
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Paul A Beales
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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9
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Phase separation in polymer-based biomimetic structures containing planar membranes. Biointerphases 2022; 17:060802. [PMID: 36575113 DOI: 10.1116/6.0002078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase separation in biological membranes is crucial for proper cellular functions, such as signaling and trafficking, as it mediates the interactions of condensates on membrane-bound organelles and transmembrane transport to targeted destination compartments. The separation of a lipid bilayer into phases and the formation of lipid rafts involve the restructuring of molecular localization, their immobilization, and local accumulation. By understanding the processes underlying the formation of lipid rafts in a cellular membrane, it is possible to reconstitute this phenomenon in synthetic biomimetic membranes, such as hybrids of lipids and polymers or membranes composed solely of polymers, which offer an increased physicochemical stability and unlimited possibilities of chemical modification and functionalization. In this article, we relate the main lipid bilayer phase transition phenomenon with respect to hybrid biomimetic membranes, composed of lipids mixed with polymers, and fully synthetic membranes. Following, we review the occurrence of phase separation in biomimetic hybrid membranes based on lipids and/or direct lipid analogs, amphiphilic block copolymers. We further exemplify the phase separation and the resulting properties and applications in planar membranes, free-standing and solid-supported. We briefly list methods leading to the formation of such biomimetic membranes and reflect on their improved overall stability and influence on the separation into different phases within the membranes. Due to the importance of phase separation and compartmentalization in cellular membranes, we are convinced that this compiled overview of this phenomenon will be helpful for any researcher in the biomimicry area.
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10
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Hamada N, Longo ML. Charged hybrid block copolymer-lipid-cholesterol vesicles: pH, ionic environment, and composition dependence of phase transitions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:184026. [PMID: 35952852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of pH, salt concentration (expressed as Debye length), and composition on the phase behavior of hybrid block copolymer-lipid-cholesterol bilayers incorporating carboxyl-terminated poly(butadiene)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer (PBdPEO1800(-)) or/and non-carboxyl-terminated PBdPEO (PBdPEO1800 or/and PBdPEO950), egg sphingomyelin (egg SM), and cholesterol were examined using fluorescence spectroscopy of laurdan. Laurdan emission spectra were decomposed into three lognormal curves as functions of energy. The ratio of the area of the mid-energy peak to the sum of the areas of all three peaks was evaluated as vesicles were cooled, yielding temperature breakpoint values (Tbreak) expected to be within the range of the phase transition temperature. Tbreak values displayed dependence on pH, Debye length, and vesicle composition consistent with an electrostatic repulsion contribution to vesicle phase behavior. Increased pH and Debye length, for which a greater dissociated fraction of PBdPEO1800(-) and a greater energy of electrostatic repulsion would be expected, resulted in Tbreak values as much as 10 °C less than at low pH or short Debye lengths. Additionally, at Debye lengths comparable to those at physiologically relevant ionic strength, Tbreak at pH 5.9 was observed to be slightly higher than at pH 7.0 for vesicles containing 50 mol% PBdPEO1800(-). Electrostatic effects observed for hybrid vesicles incorporating significant amounts of carboxyl-terminated polymer may have the ability to drive phase separation in response to pH drops-such as those observed after endocytosis-in physiologically relevant conditions, suggesting the utility of such materials for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Hamada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Marjorie L Longo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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11
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Hamada N, Longo ML. Characterization of phase separation phenomena in hybrid lipid/block copolymer/cholesterol bilayers using laurdan fluorescence with log-normal multipeak analysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183887. [PMID: 35150645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation phenomena in hybrid lipid/block copolymer/cholesterol bilayers combining polybutadiene-block-polyethylene oxide (PBdPEO), egg sphingomyelin (egg SM), and cholesterol were studied with fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy for comparison to lipid bilayers composed of palmitoyl oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC), egg SM, and cholesterol. Laurdan emission spectra were decomposed into three lognormal curves. The temperature dependence of the ratios of the areas of the middle and lowest energy peaks revealed temperature break-point (Tbreak) values that were in better agreement, compared to generalized polarization inflection temperatures, with phase transition temperatures in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). Agreement between GUV and spectroscopy results was further improved for hybrid vesicles by using the ratio of the area of the middle peak to the sum of the areas all three peaks to find the Tbreak values. For the hybrid vesicles, trends at Tbreak are hypothesized to be correlated with the mechanisms by which the phase transition takes place, supported by the compositional range as well as the morphologies of domains observed in GUVs. Low miscibility of PBdPEO and egg SM is suggested by the finding of relatively high Tbreak values at cholesterol contents greater than 30 mol%. Further, GUV phase behavior suggests stronger partitioning of cholesterol into PBdPEO than into POPC, and less miscibility of PBdPEO than POPC with egg SM. These results, summarized using a heat-map, contribute to the limited body of knowledge regarding the effect of cholesterol on hybrid membranes, with potential application toward the development of such materials for drug delivery or membrane protein reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Hamada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Marjorie L Longo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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12
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Abstract
Hierarchic self-assembly underpins much of the form and function seen in synthetic or biological soft materials. Lipids are paramount examples, building themselves in nature or synthetically in a variety of meso/nanostructures. Synthetic block copolymers capture many of lipid's structural and functional properties. Lipids are typically biocompatible and high molecular weight polymers are mechanically robust and chemically versatile. The development of new materials for applications like controlled drug/gene/protein delivery, biosensors, and artificial cells often requires the combination of lipids and polymers. The emergent composite material, a "polymer-lipid hybrid membrane", displays synergistic properties not seen in pure components. Specific examples include the observation that hybrid membranes undergo lateral phase separation that can correlate in registry across multiple layers into a three-dimensional phase-separated system with enhanced permeability of encapsulated drugs. It is timely to underpin these emergent properties in several categories of hybrid systems ranging from colloidal suspensions to supported hybrid films. In this review, we discuss the form and function of a vast number of polymer-lipid hybrid systems published to date. We rationalize the results to raise new fundamental understanding of hybrid self-assembling soft materials as well as to enable the design of new supramolecular systems and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Kyung Go
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Cecilia Leal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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13
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Ruano M, Mateos-Maroto A, Ortega F, Ritacco H, Rubio JE, Guzmán E, Rubio RG. Fabrication of Robust Capsules by Sequential Assembly of Polyelectrolytes onto Charged Liposomes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:6189-6200. [PMID: 33945690 PMCID: PMC9205565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a simple methodology for coating small unilamellar liposomes bearing different degrees of positive charge with polyelectrolyte multilayers using the sequential layer-by-layer deposition method. The liposomes were made of mixtures of 1,2-dioleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocoline and dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DODAB) and coated by alternated layers of the sodium salt of poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and poly(allylamine) (PAH) as polyanions and polycations, respectively. The results show that the zeta potential of the liposomes was not very sensitive to the mole fraction of DODAB in the membrane, XD, in the range 0.3 ≤ XD ≤ 0.8. We were able to coat the liposomes with up to four polymer bilayers. The growth of the capsule size was followed by dynamic light scattering, and in some cases, by cryo-transmission electron microscopy, with good agreement between both techniques. The thickness of the layers, measured from the hydrodynamic radius of the coated liposome, depends on the polyelectrolyte used, so that the PSS layers adopt a much more packaged conformation than the PAH layers. An interesting finding is that the PSS amount needed to reach the isoelectric point of the capsules increases linearly with the charge density of the bare liposomes, whereas the amount of PAH does not depend on it. As expected, the preparation of the multilayers has to be done in such a way that when the system is close to the isoelectric point, the capsules do not aggregate. For this, we dropped the polyelectrolyte solution quickly, stirred it fast, and used dilute liposome suspensions. The method is very flexible and not limited to liposomes or polyelectrolyte multilayers; also, coatings containing charged nanoparticles can be easily made. Once the liposomes have been coated, lipids can be easily eliminated, giving rise to polyelectrolyte nanocapsules (polyelectrosomes) with potential applications as drug delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ruano
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ana Mateos-Maroto
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Francisco Ortega
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Instituto
Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense
de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII 1, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Hernán Ritacco
- Instituto
de Física del Sur (IFISUR)-Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | - José E.
F. Rubio
- Centro
de Espectroscopía y Correlación, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Eduardo Guzmán
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Instituto
Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense
de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII 1, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ramon G. Rubio
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Instituto
Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense
de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII 1, Madrid 28040, Spain
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14
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Polyelectrolyte Multilayers on Soft Colloidal Nanosurfaces: A New Life for the Layer-By-Layer Method. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081221. [PMID: 33918844 PMCID: PMC8069484 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Layer-by-Layer (LbL) method is a well-established method for the assembly of nanomaterials with controlled structure and functionality through the alternate deposition onto a template of two mutual interacting molecules, e.g., polyelectrolytes bearing opposite charge. The current development of this methodology has allowed the fabrication of a broad range of systems by assembling different types of molecules onto substrates with different chemical nature, size, or shape, resulting in numerous applications for LbL systems. In particular, the use of soft colloidal nanosurfaces, including nanogels, vesicles, liposomes, micelles, and emulsion droplets as a template for the assembly of LbL materials has undergone a significant growth in recent years due to their potential impact on the design of platforms for the encapsulation and controlled release of active molecules. This review proposes an analysis of some of the current trends on the fabrication of LbL materials using soft colloidal nanosurfaces, including liposomes, emulsion droplets, or even cells, as templates. Furthermore, some fundamental aspects related to deposition methodologies commonly used for fabricating LbL materials on colloidal templates together with the most fundamental physicochemical aspects involved in the assembly of LbL materials will also be discussed.
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15
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Reimhult E, Virk MM. Hybrid lipopolymer vesicle drug delivery and release systems. J Biomed Res 2021; 35:301-309. [PMID: 34421006 PMCID: PMC8383167 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.35.20200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid lipopolymer vesicles are membrane vesicles that can be self-assembled on both the micro- and nano-scale. On the nanoscale, they are potential novel smart materials for drug delivery systems that could combine the relative strengths of liposome and polymersome drug delivery systems without their respective weaknesses. However, little is known about their properties and how they could be tailored. Currently, most methods of investigation are limited to the microscale. Here we provide a brief review on hybrid vesicle systems with a specific focus on recent developments demonstrating that nanoscale hybrid vesicles have different properties from their macroscale counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Reimhult
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biologically Inspired Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mudassar Mumtaz Virk
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biologically Inspired Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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16
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De Mel JU, Gupta S, Willner L, Allgaier J, Stingaciu LR, Bleuel M, Schneider GJ. Manipulating Phospholipid Vesicles at the Nanoscale: A Transformation from Unilamellar to Multilamellar by an n-Alkyl-poly(ethylene oxide). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:2362-2375. [PMID: 33570419 PMCID: PMC8023706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of an n-alkyl-PEO polymer on the structure and dynamics of phospholipid vesicles. Multilayer formation and about a 9% increase in the size in vesicles were observed by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and small-angle neutron/X-ray scattering (SANS/SAXS). The results indicate a change in the lamellar structure of the vesicles by a partial disruption caused by polymer chains, which seems to correlate with about a 30% reduction in bending rigidity per unit bilayer, as revealed by neutron spin echo (NSE) spectroscopy. Also, a strong change in lipid tail relaxation was observed. Our results point to opportunities using synthetic polymers to control the structure and dynamics of membranes, with possible applications in technical materials and also in drug and nutraceutical delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith U. De Mel
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Sudipta Gupta
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Lutz Willner
- Jülich
Center for Neutron Science (JCNS-1) and Institute of Biological Information
Processing (IBI-8) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Allgaier
- Jülich
Center for Neutron Science (JCNS-1) and Institute of Biological Information
Processing (IBI-8) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Laura R. Stingaciu
- Neutron
Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory (ORNL), POB 2008, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Markus Bleuel
- NIST
Center for Neutron Research, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8562, United States
| | - Gerald J. Schneider
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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17
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Hamada N, Gakhar S, Longo ML. Hybrid lipid/block copolymer vesicles display broad phase coexistence region. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183552. [PMID: 33444620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The fluidity and polar environment of ~100 nm hybrid vesicles combining dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and poly(1,2-butadiene)-block-polyethylene oxide (PBd-PEO, average molecular weight 950 g/mol) were studied upon vesicle heating using the fluorescence spectroscopy techniques of DPH anisotropy and laurdan generalized polarization (GP). These techniques indicated PBd-PEO membranes are less ordered than solid DPPC, but slightly more ordered than fluid DPPC or dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) membranes. We find the DPH anisotropy values are less than expected from additivity of the components' anisotropies in the fluid phase mixture of DPPC and PBd-PEO, inferring that DPPC strongly fluidizes the PBd-PEO. We use transitions in DPH anisotropy and laurdan GP to create a temperature/composition phase diagram for DPPC/PBd-PEO which we find displays a significantly broader solid/fluid phase coexistence region than DPPC/DOPC, showing that DPPC partitions less readily into fluid PBd-PEO than into fluid DOPC. The existence of a broad solid/fluid phase coexistence region in DPPC/PBd-PEO vesicles is verified by Förster resonance energy transfer results and the visualization of phase separation in giant unilamellar vesicles containing up to 95% PBd-PEO and a single phase in 100% PBd-PEO vesicles at room temperature. These results add to the limited knowledge of phase behavior and phase diagrams of hybrid vesicles, and should be useful in understanding and tailoring membrane surface architecture toward biomedical applications such as drug delivery or membrane protein reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Hamada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Sukriti Gakhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Marjorie L Longo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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18
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Fauquignon M, Ibarboure E, Le Meins JF. Membrane reinforcement in giant hybrid polymer lipid vesicles achieved by controlling the polymer architecture. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:83-89. [PMID: 33150346 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01581d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The physical properties of membranes of hybrid polymer lipid vesicles are so far relatively unknown. Since their discovery a decade ago, many studies have aimed to show their great potential in many fields of application, but so far, few systematic studies have been carried out to decipher the relationship between the molecular characteristics of the components (molar mass, chemical nature, and architecture of the copolymer), the membrane structure and its properties. In this work, we study the association of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and poly(dimethylsiloxane)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PDMS-b-PEO) diblock copolymers of different molar masses in giant hybrid vesicles and establish a complete phase diagram of the membrane structure. We also measured the mechanical properties of the giant hybrid unilamellar vesicle (GHUV) through micropipette aspiration at different lipid/polymer compositions. Thanks to a previous work using triblock PEO-b-PDMS-b-PEO copolymers, we were able to reveal the effect of the architecture of the block copolymer on membrane structure and properties. Besides, the association of diblock copolymers PDMS-b-PEO and POPC leads to the formation of hybrid vesicles with unprecedented membrane toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fauquignon
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France.
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19
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Chang HY, Tsai HC, Sheng YJ, Tsao HK. Floating and Diving Loops of ABA Triblock Copolymers in Lipid Bilayers and Stability Enhancement for Asymmetric Membranes. Biomacromolecules 2020; 22:494-503. [PMID: 33356177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid membranes of lipids and AxByAz triblock copolymers can possess better biocompatibility and mechanical stability. In this work, triblock copolymer conformations and stability of asymmetric membranes are explored by dissipative particle dynamics. The triblock copolymers in the membranes exhibit either the bridge or loop conformation. As hydrophobic B-blocks interact attractively with lipid heads, bridge-shaped copolymers are significantly inhibited and loop-shaped copolymers prefer to stay at the interface between hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers. This floating loop has a flattened conformation, consistent with the experimental findings. In contrast, for repulsive interactions between B-blocks and lipid heads, bridge-shaped copolymers are abundant and loop-shaped copolymers tend to plunge into the hydrophobic layer. This diving loop displays a random coil conformation. The asymmetric membrane in which the fractions of loop-shaped copolymers in the upper and lower leaflets are different is thermodynamically unstable. Two approaches are proposed to acquire kinetically stable asymmetric membranes. First, membrane symmetrization is arrested by eliminating bridge-shaped copolymers, which is achieved by B-block/lipid head attraction and B-block/lipid tail repulsion. Second, asymmetric triblock copolymers (x ≠ z) are used to prevent the passage of the long A-block through the hydrophobic layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chi Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jane Sheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Kwong Tsao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli 320, Taiwan
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20
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Liu D, Sun H, Xiao Y, Chen S, Cornel EJ, Zhu Y, Du J. Design principles, synthesis and biomedical applications of polymer vesicles with inhomogeneous membranes. J Control Release 2020; 326:365-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Go YK, Kambar N, Leal C. Hybrid Unilamellar Vesicles of Phospholipids and Block Copolymers with Crystalline Domains. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1232. [PMID: 32485809 PMCID: PMC7362021 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid (PL) membranes are ubiquitous in nature and their phase behavior has been extensively studied. Lipids assemble in a variety of structures and external stimuli can activate a quick switch between them. Amphiphilic block copolymers (BCPs) can self-organize in analogous structures but are mechanically more robust and transformations are considerably slower. The combination of PL dynamical behavior with BCP chemical richness could lead to new materials for applications in bioinspired separation membranes and drug delivery. It is timely to underpin the phase behavior of these hybrid systems and a few recent studies have revealed that PL-BCP membranes display synergistic structural, phase-separation, and dynamical properties not seen in pure components. One example is phase-separation in the membrane plane, which seems to be strongly affected by the ability of the PL to form lamellar phases with ordered alkyl chains. In this paper we focus on a rather less explored design handle which is the crystalline properties of the BCP component. Using a combination of confocal laser scanning microscopy and X-ray scattering we show that hybrid membranes of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) (mPEG-b-PCL) display BCP-rich and PL-rich domains when the BCP comprises crystalline moieties. The packing of the hydrophilic part of the BCP (PEG) favors mixing of DPPC at the molecular level or into nanoscale domains while semi-crystalline and hydrophobic PCL moieties bolster microscopic domain formation in the hybrid membrane plane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cecilia Leal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (Y.K.G.); (N.K.)
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22
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Khan AK, Ho JCS, Roy S, Liedberg B, Nallani M. Facile Mixing of Phospholipids Promotes Self-Assembly of Low-Molecular-Weight Biodegradable Block Co-Polymers into Functional Vesicular Architectures. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E979. [PMID: 32331448 PMCID: PMC7240622 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we have used low-molecular-weight (PEG12-b-PCL6, PEG12-b-PCL9 or PEG16-b-PLA38; MW, 1.25-3.45 kDa) biodegradable block co-polymers to construct nano- and micron-scaled hybrid (polymer/lipid) vesicles, by solvent dispersion and electroformation methods, respectively. The hybrid vesicles exhibit physical properties (size, bilayer thickness and small molecule encapsulation) of a vesicular boundary, confirmed by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, calcein leakage assay and dynamic light scattering. Importantly, we find that these low MW polymers, on their own, do not self-assemble into polymersomes at nano and micron scales. Using giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) model, their surface topographies are homogeneous, independent of cholesterol, suggesting more energetically favorable mixing of lipid and polymer. Despite this mixed topography with a bilayer thickness similar to that of a lipid bilayer, variation in surface topology is demonstrated using the interfacial sensitive phospholipase A2 (sPLA2). The biodegradable hybrid vesicles are less sensitive to the phospholipase digestion, reminiscent of PEGylated vesicles, and the degree of sensitivity is polymer-dependent, implying that the nano-scale surface topology can further be tuned by its chemical composition. Our results reveal and emphasize the role of phospholipids in promoting low MW polymers for spontaneous vesicular self-assembly, generating a functional hybrid lipid-polymer interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Khan
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore; (A.K.K.); (J.C.S.H.); (S.R.); (B.L.)
- ACM Biolabs Pte. Ltd., NTU Innovation Center, 71 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 638075, Singapore
| | - James C. S. Ho
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore; (A.K.K.); (J.C.S.H.); (S.R.); (B.L.)
| | - Susmita Roy
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore; (A.K.K.); (J.C.S.H.); (S.R.); (B.L.)
| | - Bo Liedberg
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore; (A.K.K.); (J.C.S.H.); (S.R.); (B.L.)
| | - Madhavan Nallani
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore; (A.K.K.); (J.C.S.H.); (S.R.); (B.L.)
- ACM Biolabs Pte. Ltd., NTU Innovation Center, 71 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 638075, Singapore
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23
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Seneviratne R, Jeuken LJC, Rappolt M, Beales PA. Hybrid Vesicle Stability under Sterilisation and Preservation Processes Used in the Manufacture of Medicinal Formulations. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040914. [PMID: 32326448 PMCID: PMC7240416 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterilisation and preservation of vesicle formulations are important considerations for their viable manufacture for industry applications, particular those intended for medicinal use. Here, we undertake an initial investigation of the stability of hybrid lipid-block copolymer vesicles to common sterilisation and preservation processes, with particular interest in how the block copolymer component might tune vesicle stability. We investigate two sizes of polybutadiene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) polymers (PBd12-PEO11 and PBd22-PEO14) mixed with the phospholipid 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) considering the encapsulation stability of a fluorescent cargo and the colloidal stability of vesicle size distributions. We find that autoclaving and lyophilisation cause complete loss of encapsulation stability under the conditions studied here. Filtering through 200 nm pores appears to be viable for sterilisation for all vesicle compositions with comparatively low release of encapsulated cargo, even for vesicle size distributions which extend beyond the 200 nm filter pore size. Freeze-thaw of vesicles also shows promise for the preservation of hybrid vesicles with high block copolymer content. We discuss the process stability of hybrid vesicles in terms of the complex mechanical interplay between bending resistance, stretching elasticity and lysis strain of these membranes and propose strategies for future work to further enhance the process stability of these vesicle formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Seneviratne
- School of Chemistry, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Lars J. C. Jeuken
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Michael Rappolt
- School of Food Science and Nutrition and Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Paul A. Beales
- School of Chemistry, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
- Correspondence:
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24
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Khan S, McCabe J, Hill K, Beales PA. Biodegradable hybrid block copolymer – lipid vesicles as potential drug delivery systems. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 562:418-428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Fauquignon M, Ibarboure E, Carlotti S, Brûlet A, Schmutz M, Le Meins JF. Large and Giant Unilamellar Vesicle(s) Obtained by Self-Assembly of Poly(dimethylsiloxane)- b-poly(ethylene oxide) Diblock Copolymers, Membrane Properties and Preliminary Investigation of their Ability to Form Hybrid Polymer/Lipid Vesicles. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E2013. [PMID: 31817266 PMCID: PMC6960648 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the emerging field of hybrid polymer/lipid vesicles, relatively few copolymers have been evaluated regarding their ability to form these structures and the resulting membrane properties have been scarcely studied. Here, we present the synthesis and self-assembly in solution of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) diblock copolymers (PDMS-b-PEO). A library of different PDMS-b-PEO diblock copolymers was synthesized using ring-opening polymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3) and further coupling with PEO chains via click chemistry. Self-assembly of the copolymers in water was studied using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Static Light Scattering (SLS), Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS), and Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cryo-TEM). Giant polymersomes obtained by electroformation present high toughness compared to those obtained from triblock copolymer in previous studies, for similar membrane thickness. Interestingly, these copolymers can be associated to phospholipids to form Giant Hybrid Unilamellar Vesicles (GHUV); preliminary investigations of their mechanical properties show that tough hybrid vesicles can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fauquignon
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France; (M.F.); (E.I.); (S.C.)
| | - Emmanuel Ibarboure
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France; (M.F.); (E.I.); (S.C.)
| | - Stéphane Carlotti
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France; (M.F.); (E.I.); (S.C.)
| | - Annie Brûlet
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR12 CEA-CNRS, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France;
| | - Marc Schmutz
- Institut Charles Sadron, UPR 22 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Jean-François Le Meins
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France; (M.F.); (E.I.); (S.C.)
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26
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Porras-Gomez M, Leal C. Lipid-based Liquid Crystalline Films and Solutions for the Delivery of Cargo to Cells. LIQUID CRYSTALS REVIEWS 2019; 7:167-182. [PMID: 31942262 PMCID: PMC6961842 DOI: 10.1080/21680396.2019.1666752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in the delivery of cargo (genes and/or drugs) to cells using nanostructured vehicles is the ability to safely penetrate plasma membranes by escaping the endosome before degradation, later releasing the payload into the cytoplasm or organelle of interest. Lipids are a class of bio-compatible molecules that self-assemble into a variety of liquid crystalline constructs. Most of these materials can be used to encapsulate drugs, proteins, and nucleic acids to deliver them safely into various cell types. Lipid phases offer a plethora of structures capable of forming complexes with biomolecules, most notably nucleic acids. The physichochemical characteristics of the lipid molecular building blocks, one might say the lipid primary structure, dictates how they collectively interact to assemble into various secondary structures. These include bilayers, lamellar stacks of bilayers, two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal arrays of lipid tubes, and even 3D cubic constructs. The liquid crystalline materials can be present in the form of aqueous suspensions, bulk materials or confined to a film configuration depending on the intended application (e.g. bolus vs surface-based delivery). This work compiles recent findings of different lipid-based liquid crystalline constructs both in films and particles for gene and drug delivery applications. We explore how lipid primary and secondary structures endow liquid crystalline materials with the ability to carry biomolecular cargo and interact with cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Porras-Gomez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Cecilia Leal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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27
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Zaki AM, Carbone P. Amphiphilic copolymers change the nature of the ordered-to-disordered phase transition of lipid membranes from discontinuous to continuous. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:13746-13757. [PMID: 31209450 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01293a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The phase behaviour as a function of temperature is explored for pure phospholipid (DPPC) and hybrid lipid-polymer (DPPC/Pluronic L64) bilayers with the aid of atomistic MD simulations. The range of the fixed-temperature simulations includes temperatures below and above the known melting temperature (Tm) for DPPC membranes. For the pure lipid bilayer, the main phase transition is discontinuous, as verified by the abrupt changes observed in the membrane structure, elasticity and the lipid diffusivity near the critical temperature Tm, which lies in the region 298.15-303.15 K. A pre-transition step is detected at 298.15 K which has been identified as the ripple phase (Pβ'), where ordered and disordered lipids coexist, causing thickness fluctuations. In the ordered gel phase, the positional ordering as assessed by the lipid radial distribution functions is long-range and some degree of hexagonal packing is measured. The hybrid bilayers on the other hand, transform from a more ordered to a disordered phase in a continuous manner, without finite jumps in their properties. No signs of the ripple phase are identified and the ordered phase exhibits very limited hexagonal packing and some positional ordering that decays fast. The effect of the inserted polymers in the two phases is reversed; at low temperatures, they render the membrane thinner, less cohesive and less ordered compared to the pure one, with the lipids assuming faster diffusion rates, whereas at high temperatures, the polymer interaction with the lipids acts reducing their diffusivity, but also increasing the lipid tail ordering and the membrane stiffness. The ability of the amphiphilic L64 copolymers to change the nature of the main phase transition of lipid membranes and their properties both in the ordered and the disordered phase is of vital importance for the prediction of both the efficacy of hybrid lipid/polymer nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles as well as their potential adverse implications during interactions with healthy cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi Maria Zaki
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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28
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Jefferies D, Shearer J, Khalid S. Role of O-Antigen in Response to Mechanical Stress of the E. coli Outer Membrane: Insights from Coarse-Grained MD Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:3567-3575. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Jefferies
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Jonathan Shearer
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Syma Khalid
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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29
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Sivanantham M, Feng H, Winnik F. Formation of novel thermo-responsive hybrid vesicles: influence of molar ratio of lipids and heating. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Dao TPT, Fernandes F, Fauquignon M, Ibarboure E, Prieto M, Le Meins JF. The combination of block copolymers and phospholipids to form giant hybrid unilamellar vesicles (GHUVs) does not systematically lead to "intermediate" membrane properties. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6476-6484. [PMID: 30043790 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00547h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the elasticity under stretching as well as the fluidity of Giant Hybrid Unilamellar Vesicles (GHUV) has been studied. The membrane structuration of these GHUVs has already been studied at the micro and nanoscale in a previous study of the team. These GHUVs were obtained by the association of a fluid phospholipid (POPC) and a triblock copolymer, poly(ethyleneoxide)-b-poly(dimethylsiloxane)-b-poly(ethyleneoxide). Although the architecture of triblock copolymers can facilitate vesicle formation, they have been scarcely used to generate GHUVs. We show, through micropipette aspiration and FRAP experiments, that the incorporation of a low amount of lipids in the polymer membrane leads to a significant loss of the toughness of the vesicle and subtle modification of the lateral diffusion of polymer chains. We discuss the results within the framework of the conformation of the triblock copolymer chain in the membrane and in the presence of lipid nanodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P T Dao
- University of Bordeaux, LCPO UMR 5629, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, F-33600 Pessac, France.
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31
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Wang X, Liu Y, Liu J, Chen Z. Protein-Polymer Microcapsules for PCR Technology. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1044-1048. [PMID: 29537623 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein-polymer microcapsules have attracted much attention, due to their special features and potential in biological use. How to make the most of this type of bio-abiotic hybrid material is an intriguing question. Nevertheless, several unsatisfactory technical issues significantly limited the application of these materials. For instance, introducing various biomolecules and crosslinking for the capsules remains challenging and problematic. In this report, recombinant mCherry protein was covalently linked with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) to form amphiphilic protein-polymer conjugates, which assembled into microcapsules. These microcapsules are thermoresistant and can be used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this setting, the reactant molecules can be readily and easily introduced into the microcapsules, and crosslinking and water-oil phase transition are not necessary. This protein-polymer microcapsule PCR system has potential in various biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, International Joint Research Laboratory, of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, International Joint Research Laboratory, of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Material Science and Engineering Institute, Qiqihar University, Wenhua Road 46, Qiqihaer, 161000, P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, International Joint Research Laboratory, of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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32
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A reconstitution method for integral membrane proteins in hybrid lipid-polymer vesicles for enhanced functional durability. Methods 2018; 147:142-149. [PMID: 29410153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid vesicles composed of lipids and block copolymers hold promise for increasing liposome stability and providing a stable environment for membrane proteins. Recently we reported the successful functional reconstitution of the integral membrane protein cytochrome bo3 (ubiquinol oxidase) into hybrid vesicles composed of a blend of phospholipids and a block copolymer (PBd-PEO). We demonstrated that these novel membrane environments stabilise the enzymes' activity, prolonging their functional lifetime [Chem. Commun. 52 (2016) 11020-11023]. This approach holds great promise for applications of membrane proteins where enhanced durability, stability and shelf-life will be essential to creating a viable technology. Here we present a detailed account of our methods for membrane protein reconstitution into hybrid vesicles and discuss tips and challenges when using block copolymers compared to pure phospholipid systems that are more common materials for this purpose. We also extend the characterisation of these hybrid vesicles beyond what we have previously reported and show: (i) hybrid membranes are less permeable to protons than phospholipid bilayers; (ii) extended enzyme activity data is presented over a period of 500 days, which fully reveals the truly remarkable enhancement in functional lifetime that hybrid vesicles facilitate.
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33
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Kang M, Tuteja M, Centrone A, Topgaard D, Leal C. Nanostructured Lipid-based Films for Substrate Mediated Applications in Biotechnology. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2018; 28:10.1002/adfm.201704356. [PMID: 31080383 PMCID: PMC6508631 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201704356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic in nature, lipids spontaneously self-assemble into a range of nanostructures in the presence of water. Among lipid self-assembled structures, liposomes and supported lipid bilayers have long held scientific interest for their main applications in drug delivery and plasma membrane models, respectively. In contrast, lipid-based multi-layered membranes on solid supports only recently begun drawing scientists' attention. New studies on lipid films show that the stacking of multiple bilayers on a solid support yields interestingly complex features to these systems. Namely, multiple layers exhibit cooperative structural and dynamic behavior. In addition, the materials enable compartmentalization, templating, and enhanced release of several molecules of interest. Importantly, supported lipid phases exhibit long-range periodic nano-scale order and orientation that is tunable in response to a changing environment. Herein, we summarize current and pertinent understanding of lipid-based film research focusing on how unique structural characteristics enable the emergence of new applications in biotechnology including label-free biosensors, macroscale drug delivery, and substrate-mediated gene delivery. Our very recent contributions to lipid-based films, focusing on the structural characterization at the meso, nano, and molecular-scale, using Small-Angle X-ray Scattering, Atomic Force Microscopy, Photothermal Induced Resonance, and Solid-State NMR will be also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjee Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mohit Tuteja
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Daniel Topgaard
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Leal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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34
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Zaki AM, Carbone P. How the Incorporation of Pluronic Block Copolymers Modulates the Response of Lipid Membranes to Mechanical Stress. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:13284-13294. [PMID: 29084428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We employ atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the effect that the incorporation of the nonionic amphiphilic copolymer known as Pluronic L64 has on the mechanical stability of a DPPC membrane. The simulations reveal that the incorporation of the polymer chains leads to membranes that can sustain increasing mechanical stresses. Analysis of mechanical, structural, and dynamic properties of the membrane shows that the polymer chains interact strongly with the lipids in the vicinity, restraining their mobility and imparting better mechanical stability to the membrane. The hybrid membranes under tension remain thicker, more ordered, and stiffer in comparison to their lipid analogues. Trans-bilayer lipid movements (flip-flop) are observed and appear to be triggered by the presence of the polymer chains. A careful analysis of the pore formation under high tensions reveals two distinctive mechanisms that depend on the distribution of the hydrophilic polymer blocks in the bilayer. Finally, the rate of growth of the formed membrane defects is slowed down in the presence of polymers. These findings show that Pluronic block copolymers could be exploited for the formation of optimized hybrid nanodevices with controlled elastic and dynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi Maria Zaki
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Carbone
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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35
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Kang M, Lee B, Leal C. Three-Dimensional Microphase Separation and Synergistic Permeability in Stacked Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Membranes. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017; 29:9120-9132. [PMID: 31097879 PMCID: PMC6516788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We present new structures of soft-material thin films that augment the functionality of substrate-mediated delivery systems. A hybrid material composed of phospholipids and block copolymers adopts a multilayered membrane structure supported on a solid surface. The hybrid films comprise intentional intramembrane heterogeneities that register across multilayers. These stacked domains convey unprecedented enhancement and control of permeability of solutes across micrometer-thick films. Using grazing incidence X-ray scattering, phase contrast atomic force microscopy, and confocal microscopy, we observed that in each lamella, lipid and polymers partition unevenly within the membrane plane segregating into lipid- or polymer-rich domains. Interestingly, we found evidence that like-domains align in registry across multilayers, thereby making phase separation three-dimensional. Phase boundaries exist over extended length scales to compensate the height mismatch between lipid and polymer molecules. We show that microphase separation in hybrid films can be exploited to augment the capability of drug-eluting substrates. Lipid-polymer hybrid films loaded with paclitaxel show synergistic permeability of drug compared to single-component counterparts. We present a thorough structural study of stacked lipid-polymer hybrid membranes and propose that the presence of registered domains and domain boundaries impart enhanced drug release functionality. This work offers new perspectives in designing thin films for controlled delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjee Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Cecilia Leal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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36
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Beales PA, Khan S, Muench SP, Jeuken LJC. Durable vesicles for reconstitution of membrane proteins in biotechnology. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:15-26. [PMID: 28202656 PMCID: PMC5310719 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The application of membrane proteins in biotechnology requires robust, durable reconstitution systems that enhance their stability and support their functionality in a range of working environments. Vesicular architectures are highly desirable to provide the compartmentalisation to utilise the functional transmembrane transport and signalling properties of membrane proteins. Proteoliposomes provide a native-like membrane environment to support membrane protein function, but can lack the required chemical and physical stability. Amphiphilic block copolymers can also self-assemble into polymersomes: tough vesicles with improved stability compared with liposomes. This review discusses the reconstitution of membrane proteins into polymersomes and the more recent development of hybrid vesicles, which blend the robust nature of block copolymers with the biofunctionality of lipids. These novel synthetic vesicles hold great promise for enabling membrane proteins within biotechnologies by supporting their enhanced in vitro performance and could also contribute to fundamental biochemical and biophysical research by improving the stability of membrane proteins that are challenging to work with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Beales
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Sanobar Khan
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Stephen P Muench
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Lars J C Jeuken
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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37
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Dao TPT, Fernandes F, Ibarboure E, Ferji K, Prieto M, Sandre O, Le Meins JF. Modulation of phase separation at the micron scale and nanoscale in giant polymer/lipid hybrid unilamellar vesicles (GHUVs). SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:627-637. [PMID: 27991638 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm01625a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation in giant polymer/lipid hybrid unilamellar vesicles (GHUVs) has been described over the last few years. However there is still a lack of understanding on the physical and molecular factors governing the phase separation in such systems. Among these parameters it has been suggested that in analogy to multicomponent lipid vesicles hydrophobic mismatches as well as lipid fluidity play a role. In this work, we aim to map a global picture of phase separation and domain formation in the membrane of GHUVs by using various copolymers based on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEO) with different architectures (grafted, triblock) and molar masses, combined with phospholipids in the fluid (POPC) or gel state (DPPC) at room temperature. From confocal imaging and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) techniques, the phase separation into either micro- or nano-domains within GHUVs was studied. In particular, our systematic studies demonstrate that in addition to the lipid/polymer fraction or the lipid physical state, important factors such as line tension at lipid polymer/lipid boundaries can be finely modulated by the molar mass and the architecture of the copolymer and lead to the formation of stable lipid domains with different sizes and morphologies in such GHUVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Phuong Tuyen Dao
- University of Bordeaux, LCPO UMR 5629, 16 avenue PeyBerland, F-33600 Pessac, France. and CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France and Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Fabio Fernandes
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal. and UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 32829-516, Caparica, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Emmanuel Ibarboure
- University of Bordeaux, LCPO UMR 5629, 16 avenue PeyBerland, F-33600 Pessac, France. and CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Khalid Ferji
- University of Bordeaux, LCPO UMR 5629, 16 avenue PeyBerland, F-33600 Pessac, France. and CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Manuel Prieto
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Olivier Sandre
- University of Bordeaux, LCPO UMR 5629, 16 avenue PeyBerland, F-33600 Pessac, France. and CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Jean-François Le Meins
- University of Bordeaux, LCPO UMR 5629, 16 avenue PeyBerland, F-33600 Pessac, France. and CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
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38
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Khan S, Li M, Muench SP, Jeuken LJC, Beales PA. Durable proteo-hybrid vesicles for the extended functional lifetime of membrane proteins in bionanotechnology. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:11020-3. [PMID: 27540604 PMCID: PMC5048396 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04207d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Significant enhancement of membrane protein functional durability is demonstrated when reconstituted in hybrid lipid–block copolymer vesicles compared to conventional proteoliposomes.
The full capabilities of membrane proteins in bionanotechnology can only be realised through improvements in their reconstitution environments that combine biocompatibility to support function and durability for long term stability. We demonstrate that hybrid vesicles composed of natural phospholipids and synthetic diblock copolymers have the potential to achieve these criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanobar Khan
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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39
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Wang Z, Gan Y, Yan C, Huang Y, Jiang W. Mechanism study of reversible transition between self-assembly and disassembly of ABC triblock copolymer micelles. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Gaspard J, Casey LM, Rozin M, Munoz-Pinto DJ, Silas JA, Hahn MS. Mechanical Characterization of Hybrid Vesicles Based on Linear Poly(Dimethylsiloxane-b-Ethylene Oxide) and Poly(Butadiene-b-Ethylene Oxide) Block Copolymers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 16:E390. [PMID: 26999148 PMCID: PMC4813965 DOI: 10.3390/s16030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Poly(dimethylsiloxane-ethylene oxide) (PDMS-PEO) and poly(butadiene-b-ethylene oxide) (PBd-PEO) are two block copolymers which separately form vesicles with disparate membrane permeabilities and fluidities. Thus, hybrid vesicles formed from both PDMS-PEO and PBd-PEO may ultimately allow for systematic, application-specific tuning of vesicle membrane fluidity and permeability. However, given the relatively low strength previously noted for comb-type PDMS-PEO vesicles, the mechanical robustness of the resulting hybrid vesicles must first be confirmed. Toward this end, we have characterized the mechanical behavior of vesicles formed from mixtures of linear PDMS-PEO and linear PBd-PEO using micropipette aspiration. Tension versus strain plots of pure PDMS12-PEO46 vesicles revealed a non-linear response in the high tension regime, in contrast to the approximately linear response of pure PBd33-PEO20 vesicles. Remarkably, the area expansion modulus, critical tension, and cohesive energy density of PDMS12-PEO46 vesicles were each significantly greater than for PBd33-PEO20 vesicles, although critical strain was not significantly different between these vesicle types. PDMS12-PEO46/PBd33-PEO20 hybrid vesicles generally displayed graded responses in between that of the pure component vesicles. Thus, the PDMS12-PEO46/PBd33-PEO20 hybrid vesicles retained or exceeded the strength and toughness characteristic of pure PBd-PEO vesicles, indicating that future assessment of the membrane permeability and fluidity of these hybrid vesicles may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery Gaspard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University 3122 TAMU, College Station, 77840 TX, USA.
| | - Liam M Casey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003 MA, USA.
| | - Matt Rozin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003 MA, USA.
| | - Dany J Munoz-Pinto
- Engineering Science Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, 78212 TX, USA.
| | - James A Silas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University 3122 TAMU, College Station, 77840 TX, USA.
| | - Mariah S Hahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Biotech 2434, Troy, 12180 NY, USA.
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41
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Yang PW, Lin TL, Liu IT, Hu Y, Jeng US, Gilbert EP. Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Studies on the Multilamellae Formed by Mixing Lamella-Forming Cationic Diblock Copolymers with Lipids and Their Interaction with DNA. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:1828-1835. [PMID: 26818185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the lamella-forming polystyrene-block-poly(N-methyl-4-vinylpyridinium iodine) (PS-b-P4VPQ), with similar sizes of the PS and P4VPQ blocks, can be dispersed in the aqueous solutions by forming lipid/PS-b-P4VPQ multilamellae. Using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-d62-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (d62-DPPC) in D2O, a broad correlation peak is found in the scattering profile that signifies the formation of the loosely ordered d62-DPPC/PS-b-P4VPQ multilamellae. The thicknesses of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic layers of the d62-DPPC/PS-b-P4VPQ multilamellae are close to the PS layer and the condensed brush layer thicknesses as determined from previous neutron reflectometry studies on the PS-b-P4VPQ monolayer at the air-water interface. Such well-dispersed d62-DPPC/PS-b-P4VPQ multilamellae are capable of forming multilamellae with DNA in aqueous solution. It is found that the encapsulation of DNA in the hydrophilic layer of the d62-DPPC/PS-b-P4VPQ multilamellae slightly increases the thickness of the hydrophilic layer. Adding CaCl2 can enhance the DNA adsorption in the hydrophilic brush layer, and it is similar to that observed in the neutron reflectometry study of the DNA adsorption by the PS-b-P4VPQ monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Wei Yang
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsang-Lang Lin
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - I-Ting Liu
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - U-Ser Jeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) , Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Elliot Paul Gilbert
- Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) , Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, New South Wales 2232, Australia
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Schulz M, Binder WH. Mixed Hybrid Lipid/Polymer Vesicles as a Novel Membrane Platform. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:2031-41. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schulz
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics); Institute of Chemistry; D-06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics); Institute of Chemistry; D-06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
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