1
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Sun Z, Liu R, Su T, Huang H, Kawamoto K, Liang R, Liu B, Zhong M, Alexander-Katz A, Ross CA, Johnson JA. Emergence of layered nanoscale mesh networks through intrinsic molecular confinement self-assembly. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:273-280. [PMID: 36624206 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymer self-assembly is a powerful tool for two-dimensional nanofabrication; however, the extension of this self-assembly concept to complex three-dimensional network structures is limited. Here we report a simple method to experimentally generate three-dimensional layered mesh morphologies through intrinsic molecular confinement self-assembly. We designed triblock bottlebrush polymers with two Janus domains: one perpendicular and one parallel to the polymer backbone. The former enforces a lamellar superstructure that intrinsically confines the intralayer self-assembly of the latter, giving rise to a mesh-like monoclinic (54°) M15 network substructure with excellent long-range order, as well as a tetragonal (90°) T131 mesh. Numerical simulations show that the spatial constraints exerted on the polymer backbone drive the assembly of M15 and yield T131 in the strong segregation regime. This work demonstrates that intrinsic molecular confinement is a viable path to bottom-up assembly of new geometrical phases of soft matter, extending the capabilities of block copolymer nanofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Runze Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tingyu Su
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hejin Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ken Kawamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ruiqi Liang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mingjiang Zhong
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alfredo Alexander-Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caroline A Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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2
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Liberman L, Coughlin ML, Weigand S, Bates FS, Lodge TP. Phase Behavior of Linear-Bottlebrush Block Polymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Liberman
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - McKenzie L. Coughlin
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Steven Weigand
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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3
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Chiu PT, Sung YC, Yang KC, Tsai JC, Wang HF, Ho RM. Curving and Twisting in Self-Assembly of Triblock Terpolymers Driven by a Chiral End Block. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ting Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62142, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chieh Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Cherng Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62142, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Fang Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Rong-Ming Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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4
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Reddy A, Feng X, Thomas EL, Grason GM. Block Copolymers beneath the Surface: Measuring and Modeling Complex Morphology at the Subdomain Scale. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhiram Reddy
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Xueyan Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Gregory M. Grason
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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5
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Glagolev MK, Glagoleva AA, Vasilevskaya VV. Microphase separation in helix-coil block copolymer melts: computer simulation. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:8331-8342. [PMID: 34550153 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00759a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
By means of molecular dynamics simulation, the process of the microphase separation in the melts of diblock helix-coil copolymers comprising a flexible and a helical block was studied. The resulting microstructures were examined, and the spatial distribution of the blocks and molecular packing were investigated. The phase diagram was built in terms of the fraction of the helical block and the incompatibility parameter of the blocks. The comparison of the diagrams for helix-coil and the classic coil-coil copolymer blends was carried out. It was shown that the total region where the ordering into distinctive microstructures takes place is similar for both diagrams. But for the helix-coil copolymers the area of the cylinders splits into the region of those with circular and elliptical cross-sections; the bicontinuous phase area is much wider; in the lamellar phases, the helical blocks were oriented precisely perpendicular to the lamellar interface, forming a cohesive interlocked structure of densely packed helices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Glagolev
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova ul. 28, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - A A Glagoleva
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova ul. 28, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - V V Vasilevskaya
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova ul. 28, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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6
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Liu HK, Ma YL, Ren LJ, Kübel C, Wang W. Symmetry and Topology of Twin Boundaries and Five-Fold Twin Boundaries in Soft Crystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:10291-10297. [PMID: 34410133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heteroclusters constructed by tethering dissimilar nanoclusters using organic linkers resemble lipids and self-assemble into cubosomes, namely, microparticles of soft crystals composed of unique nanochannel lattices with a defined symmetry and topology. The internal porous crystal structures can be accurately characterized using transmission electron microscopy. We herein describe twin boundaries and five-fold twin boundaries in cubosomes with a double-diamond Pn3̅m structure. Our analysis indicates a clear distinction in the conformation of the skeletal unit: a centrosymmetric staggered conformation with point group D3d for the normal skeletal unit and a mirror-symmetric eclipsed one with point group D3h for the skeletal unit on the twin boundary. This symmetry distinction causes the channels to change direction and elongate slightly as they pass through the twin boundary, but the topology is maintained. For cubosomes containing five-fold twin boundaries, one of the channels is in the center of the particles seamlessly connecting the five blocks. Our conclusion is that the two distinct channel systems are still continuous. This fundamental understanding will contribute to the development of soft crystals with defined shapes and special inner nanostructures for advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Kai Liu
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Yong-Li Ma
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Li-Jun Ren
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Christian Kübel
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility and Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Joint Research Laboratory Nanomaterials, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
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7
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Mao W, Bao C, Han L. Electron Crystallographic Investigation of Crystals on the Mesostructural Scale. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:1-11. [PMID: 34190039 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621012149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The precise structural solution of crystals on a mesostructural scale is challenging due to the difficulties in obtaining electron diffraction and the complicated relationship between the crystal structure factors (CSFs) and the conventional underfocus phase-contrast transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images due to the large unit cell and the complex structures. Here, we present the structural investigation of mesostructured crystals via the combination of electron crystallographic Fourier synthesis and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) that only relies on the mass-thickness contrast. The three-dimensional electrostatic potential is reconstructed from the amplitudes and phases extracted from the Fourier transforms of the corresponding HAADF-STEM images and merged into a set of CSFs. This method is verified on silica scaffolds following a shifted double-diamond surface network with space group I41/amd. The results indicate that electron crystallography reconstruction by HAADF-STEM images is more suitable and accurate in determining the structure in comparison with conventional TEM electron crystallography reconstruction. This approach transfers the contrast of mesostructured crystals to images more accurately and the relationship between the Fourier transforms of HAADF-STEM images and the CSFs is more intuitive. It shows great advantages for the structural solution of crystals on the mesostructural scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Mao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Chao Bao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Lu Han
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
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8
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Takagi H, Yamamoto K. Effect of Block Copolymer Composition and Homopolymer Molecular Weight on Ordered Bicontinuous Double-Diamond Structures in Binary Blends of Polystyrene–Polyisoprene Block Copolymer and Polyisoprene Homopolymer. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Takagi
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI (the Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Life Science & Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555 Japan
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9
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Novak S, Zhang J, Kentzinger E, Rücker U, Portale G, Jung N, Jonas U, Myung JS, Winkler RG, Gompper G, Dhont JKG, Stiakakis E. DNA Self-Assembly Mediated by Programmable Soft-Patchy Interactions. ACS NANO 2020; 14:13524-13535. [PMID: 33048544 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Adding shape and interaction anisotropy to a colloidal particle offers exquisitely tunable routes to engineer a rich assortment of complex-architected structures. Inspired by the hierarchical self-assembly concept with block copolymers and DNA liquid crystals and exploiting the unique assembly properties of DNA, we report here the construction and self-assembly of DNA-based soft-patchy anisotropic particles with a high degree of modularity in the system's design. By programmable positioning of thermoresponsive polymeric patches on the backbone of a stiff DNA duplex with linear and star-shaped architecture, we reversibly drive the DNA from a disordered ensemble to a diverse array of long-range ordered multidimensional nanostructures with tunable lattice spacing, ranging from lamellar to bicontinuous double-gyroid and double-diamond cubic morphologies, through the alteration of temperature. Our results demonstrate that the proposed hierarchical self-assembly strategy can be applied to any kind of DNA nanoarchitecture, highlighting the design principles for integration of self-assembly concepts from the physics of liquid crystals, block copolymers, and patchy colloids into the continuously growing interdisciplinary research field of structural DNA nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Novak
- Biomacromolecular Systems and Processes, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jing Zhang
- Biomacromolecular Systems and Processes, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Kentzinger
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS and Peter Grünberg Institut PGI, JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rücker
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS and Peter Grünberg Institut PGI, JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Zernike Institute of Advanced Materials Macromolecular Chemistry & New Polymer Materials, University of Groningen, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niklas Jung
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Department Chemistry-Biology, University of Siegen, D-57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Jonas
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Department Chemistry-Biology, University of Siegen, D-57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Jin S Myung
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-5) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Roland G Winkler
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-5) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Gompper
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-5) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jan K G Dhont
- Biomacromolecular Systems and Processes, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Stiakakis
- Biomacromolecular Systems and Processes, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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10
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von Tiedemann P, Yan J, Barent RD, Spontak RJ, Floudas G, Frey H, Register RA. Tapered Multiblock Star Copolymers: Synthesis, Selective Hydrogenation, and Properties. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp von Tiedemann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudinger Weg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Olden Street, Princeton, 08544 New Jersey, United States
| | - Jiaqi Yan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695 North Carolina, United States
| | - Ramona D. Barent
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Graduate Center, Forum Universitatis 2, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Richard J. Spontak
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695 North Carolina, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695 North Carolina, United States
| | - George Floudas
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Richard A. Register
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Olden Street, Princeton, 08544 New Jersey, United States
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11
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Yan J, Yan S, Tilly JC, Ko Y, Lee B, Spontak RJ. Ionic complexation of endblock-sulfonated thermoplastic elastomers and their physical gels for improved thermomechanical performance. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 567:419-428. [PMID: 32088505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) composed of nonpolar triblock copolymers constitute a broadly important class of (re)processable network-forming macromolecules employed in ubiquitous commercial applications. Physical gelation of these materials in the presence of a low-volatility oil that is midblock-selective yields tunably soft TPE gels (TPEGs) that are suitable for emergent technologies ranging from electroactive, phase-change and shape-memory responsive media to patternable soft substrates for flexible electronics and microfluidics. Many of the high-volume TPEs used for these purposes possess styrenic endblocks that are inherently limited by a relatively low glass transition temperature. To mitigate this shortcoming, we sulfonate and subsequently complex (and physically crosslink) the endblocks with trivalent Al3+ ions. Doing so reduces the effective hydrophilicity of the sulfonated endblocks, as evidenced by water uptake measurements, while concurrently enhancing the thermomechanical stability of the corresponding TPEGs. Chemical modification results, as well as morphological and property development, are investigated as functions of the degree of sulfonation, complexation and TPEG composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Yan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Shaoyi Yan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Joseph C Tilly
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Yeongun Ko
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Richard J Spontak
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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12
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Takagi W, Suzuki J, Aoyama Y, Mihira T, Takano A, Matsushita Y. Bicontinuous Double-Diamond Structures Formed in Ternary Blends of AB Diblock Copolymers with Block Chains of Different Lengths. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Takagi
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Jiro Suzuki
- Computing Research Center, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- Information System Section, J-PARC Center, 2-4 Shirakatashirane, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Aoyama
- JEOL Limited, 1-2 Musashino, 3-Chome Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Mihira
- JEOL Limited, 1-2 Musashino, 3-Chome Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takano
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yushu Matsushita
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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13
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Zeng X, Poppe S, Lehmann A, Prehm M, Chen C, Liu F, Lu H, Ungar G, Tschierske C. A Self‐Assembled Bicontinuous Cubic Phase with a Single‐Diamond Network. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7375-7379. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Silvio Poppe
- Institute of ChemistryMartin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Anne Lehmann
- Institute of ChemistryMartin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Marko Prehm
- Institute of ChemistryMartin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Changlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Huanjun Lu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield S1 3JD UK
- Present address: College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou China
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield S1 3JD UK
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of ChemistryMartin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2 06120 Halle Germany
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14
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Zeng X, Poppe S, Lehmann A, Prehm M, Chen C, Liu F, Lu H, Ungar G, Tschierske C. A Self‐Assembled Bicontinuous Cubic Phase with a Single‐Diamond Network. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Silvio Poppe
- Institute of ChemistryMartin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Anne Lehmann
- Institute of ChemistryMartin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Marko Prehm
- Institute of ChemistryMartin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Changlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Huanjun Lu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield S1 3JD UK
- Present address: College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou China
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield S1 3JD UK
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of ChemistryMartin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2 06120 Halle Germany
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15
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Chiu PT, Chien YC, Georgopanos P, Sun YS, Avgeropoulos A, Ho RM. Examination of well ordered nanonetwork materials by real- and reciprocal-space imaging. IUCRJ 2019; 6:259-266. [PMID: 30867923 PMCID: PMC6400199 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252518018389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of well ordered nanonetwork materials (in particular gyroid-structured materials) has been investigated using a block-copolymer template for templated electroless plating as an example system for the examination of network formation using X-ray scattering. By taking advantage of the nucleation and growth mechanism of templated electroless plating, gyroid-structured Au was successfully fabricated through the development of Au nanoparticles, then tripods and branched tripods, and finally an ordered network. Each stage in the development of the network phase could then be examined by combining real-space transmission electron microscopy observations with reciprocal-space small-angle X-ray scattering results. The fingerprint scattering profile of the building block for the network (i.e. the tripod of the gyroid) could be well fitted with the form factor of an effective sphere, and the diffraction results from the ordered network could thus be reasonably addressed. As a result, the examination of well ordered network materials can be simplified as the scattering from the form factor of a sphere convoluted with the nodes of its structure factor, providing a facile method of identifying the network phases from X-ray scattering data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ting Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chien
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Prokopios Georgopanos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina 45110, Greece
- Institute of Polymer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Ya-Sen Sun
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, No. 300 Zhongda Road, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Rong-Ming Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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16
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Chu CY, Pei RY, Chen HL. Order–Order Transition from Ordered Bicontinuous Double Diamond to Hexagonally Packed Cylinders in Stereoregular Diblock Copolymer/Homopolymer Blends. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Che-Yi Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Rou-Yuan Pei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lung Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu 30013, Taiwan
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17
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Voggel M, Meinusch RM, Siewert V, Kunkel M, Wittmann V, Polarz S. Sweet surfactants: packing parameter-invariant amphiphiles as emulsifiers and capping agents for morphology control of inorganic particles. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:7214-7227. [PMID: 30132500 PMCID: PMC6136268 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01091a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are not only pivotal constituents in any biological organism in the form of phospholipids, they are also essential for numerous applications benefiting from a large, internal surface, such as in detergents, for emulsification purposes, phase transfer catalysis or even nanoparticle stabilization. A particularly interesting, green class of surfactants contains glycoside head groups. Considering the variability of glycosides, a large number of surfactant isomers become accessible. According to established models in surfactant science such as the packing parameter or the hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB), they do not differ from each other and should, thus, have similar properties. Here, we present the preparation of a systematic set of glycoside surfactants and in particular isomers. We investigate to which extent they differ in several key features such as critical aggregation concentration, thermodynamic parameters, etc. Analytical methods like isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), tensiometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), small angle-X-ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and others were applied. It was found that glycosurfactant isomers vary in their emulsification properties by up to two orders of magnitude. Finally, we have investigated the role of the surfactants in a microemulsion-based technique for the generation of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. We found that the choice of the carbohydrate head has a marked effect on the shape of the formed inorganic nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Voggel
- University of Konstanz
, Department of Chemistry
,
Universitätsstraße 10
, 78457 Konstanz
, Germany
.
;
| | - Rebecca M. Meinusch
- University of Konstanz
, Department of Chemistry
,
Universitätsstraße 10
, 78457 Konstanz
, Germany
.
;
| | - Vanessa Siewert
- University of Konstanz
, Department of Chemistry
,
Universitätsstraße 10
, 78457 Konstanz
, Germany
.
;
| | - Marius Kunkel
- University of Konstanz
, Department of Chemistry
,
Universitätsstraße 10
, 78457 Konstanz
, Germany
.
;
| | - Valentin Wittmann
- University of Konstanz
, Department of Chemistry
,
Universitätsstraße 10
, 78457 Konstanz
, Germany
.
;
| | - Sebastian Polarz
- University of Konstanz
, Department of Chemistry
,
Universitätsstraße 10
, 78457 Konstanz
, Germany
.
;
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18
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19
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Berlepsch HV, Thota BNS, Wyszogrodzka M, de Carlo S, Haag R, Böttcher C. Controlled self-assembly of stomatosomes by use of single-component fluorinated dendritic amphiphiles. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:5256-5269. [PMID: 29888366 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00243f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel non-ionic amphiphiles with dendritic oligoglycerol head groups of different generations ([G1]-[G3]) and lipophilic/fluorophilic tail segments, comprising single or double tail alkyl chains, C8F17-perfluoro rod segments as well as flexible spacer groups of different lengths were designed and synthesized. We expected that the differences in the size of the dendritic head groups in combination with perfluorinated segments would have an impact on the supramolecular structures formed in aqueous solution if compared with the hydrogenated analogues. Investigating the self-assembly behavior mainly by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) we found as a new result the formation of perforated bilayer vesicles (stomatosomes) and bicontinuous network structures. Surprisingly, we have observed stomatosome formation by self-assembly of single component fluorinated dendritic amphiphiles. These assembly structures turned out to be extremely robust against harsh conditions, although there are strong indications that they represent non-equilibrium structures, which eventually transform into a bicontinuous cubic network structure of double diamond symmetry. In general, the molecular asymmetry of amphiphiles tuned by chemical design induced the expected trend from spherical micelles through worm-like micelles to perforated bilayers and three-dimensional network structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- H V Berlepsch
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 36a, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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20
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21
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Wang YC, Wakabayashi M, Hasegawa H, Takenaka M. 3D-TEM study on the novel bicontinuous microdomain structure. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8824-8828. [PMID: 29138788 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01688c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An ordered bicontinuous double-diamond (OBDD) morphology was found in polystyrene-block-(poly-4-vinylphenyldimethylvinylsilane-graft-polyisoprene), PS-b-(PVS-g-PI), block-graft copolymer. We obtained a 3D image of the microdomain structure formed in PS-b-(PVS-g-PI) using 3D-TEM. The 3D image shows that the polystyrene (PS) phase consists of two independent and interwoven networks. The structures of the two networks are identical and include tetrapod units that form planar six-membered rings. The features of the networks agree with those in the OBDD morphology, indicating that PS-b-(PVS-g-PI) exhibits ordered three-dimensional OBDD networks with the PS phase in the polyisoprene (PI) matrix phase. The grafted PI chains induce the frustration of the PS chains; thus, the effects of the specific interface are more dominant than those of packing frustration in the formation of the morphology, and the OBDD phase is stabilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chin Wang
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.
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22
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Liu CY, Chen HL. Undulating the Lamellar Interface of Polymer–Surfactant Complex by Dendrimer. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of
Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lung Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of
Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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23
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Asai Y, Suzuki J, Aoyama Y, Nishioka H, Takano A, Matsushita Y. Tricontinuous Double Diamond Network Structure from Binary Blends of ABC Triblock Terpolymers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Asai
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Jiro Suzuki
- Computing
Research Center, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- Information
System Section, J-PARC Center, 2-4 Shirakatashirane, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Aoyama
- JEOL Ltd., 1-2 Musashino, 3-Chome Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Hideo Nishioka
- JEOL Ltd., 1-2 Musashino, 3-Chome Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takano
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yushu Matsushita
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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24
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Sun T, Tang P, Qiu F, Yang Y, Shi AC. Formation of Single Gyroid Nanostructure by Order-Order Phase Transition Path in ABC Triblock Terpolymers. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201700023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers; Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials; Department of Macromolecular Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Ping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers; Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials; Department of Macromolecular Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Feng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers; Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials; Department of Macromolecular Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yuliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers; Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials; Department of Macromolecular Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - An-Chang Shi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
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25
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Wang YC, Inoue A, Hasegawa H, Takenaka M. The Formation of OTDD Network Structure in PS-b
-PI-b
-PDMS Triblock Terpolymer. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chin Wang
- Department of Polymer Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Ayano Inoue
- Department of Polymer Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hasegawa
- Department of Polymer Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Mikihito Takenaka
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
- Structural Materials Science Laboratory; SPring-8 Center; RIKEN Harima Institute Research; 1-1-1, Kouto Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun Hyogo 679-5148 Japan
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26
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Non-equilibrium disordered micelles observed after melting of crystalline-amorphous alternating lamellar structure in crystalline-amorphous block copolymers forming spherical morphology. Colloid Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-016-3851-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Jennings J, Bassett SP, Hermida-Merino D, Portale G, Bras W, Knight L, Titman JJ, Higuchi T, Jinnai H, Howdle SM. How does dense phase CO2 influence the phase behaviour of block copolymers synthesised by dispersion polymerisation? Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01823d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Using a CO2 continuous phase for dispersion synthesis of block copolymers can provide a useful handle to control phase behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Jennings
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
| | - S. P. Bassett
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
| | - D. Hermida-Merino
- DUBBLE@ESRF
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (N.W.O.)
- Grenoble
- France
| | - G. Portale
- DUBBLE@ESRF
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (N.W.O.)
- Grenoble
- France
| | - W. Bras
- DUBBLE@ESRF
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (N.W.O.)
- Grenoble
- France
| | - L. Knight
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
| | - J. J. Titman
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
| | - T. Higuchi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM)
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8577
- Japan
| | - H. Jinnai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM)
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8577
- Japan
| | - S. M. Howdle
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
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28
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Oka T. Transformation between Inverse Bicontinuous Cubic Phases of a Lipid from Diamond to Gyroid. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:11353-11359. [PMID: 26425878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The transformation between inverse bicontinuous cubic phases of a lipid from diamond (QII(D)) to gyroid (QII(G)) in the single crystal region of monoolein was studied. X-ray diffraction data indicate that the single orientation of the QII(D) phase was converted into an almost single orientation of the QII(G) phase. The [111] and [11̅0] directions of a single crystal of the QII(D) phase corresponded to the [202] and [04̅0] directions of the QII(G) phase, respectively. This orientation relationship indicated that one direction in the four-branched water channels of the QII(D) phase was preserved in the three-branched water channels of the QII(G) phase. Using this relationship, a transformation model was constructed in which one direction of the water channels was preserved while another direction appeared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Oka
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Nanomaterials Research Division, Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University , Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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29
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Squires AM, Akbar S, Tousley ME, Rokhlenko Y, Singer JP, Osuji CO. Experimental Evidence for Proposed Transformation Pathway from the Inverse Hexagonal to Inverse Diamond Cubic Phase from Oriented Lipid Samples. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:7707-7711. [PMID: 26146884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A macroscopically oriented inverse hexagonal phase (HII) of the lipid phytantriol in water is converted to an oriented inverse double diamond bicontinuous cubic phase (QII(D)). The initial HII phase is uniaxially oriented about the long axis of a capillary with the cylinders parallel to the capillary axis. The HII phase is converted by cooling to a QII(D) phase which is also highly oriented, where the cylindrical axis of the former phase has been converted to a ⟨110⟩ axis in the latter, as demonstrated by small-angle X-ray scattering. This epitaxial relationship allows us to discriminate between two competing proposed geometric pathways to convert HII to QII(D). Our findings also suggest a new route to highly oriented cubic phase coatings, with applications as nanomaterial templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Squires
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, Reading, U.K. RG6 6AD
| | - Samina Akbar
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, Reading, U.K. RG6 6AD
| | - Marissa E Tousley
- ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Yekaterina Rokhlenko
- ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jonathan P Singer
- ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Chinedum O Osuji
- ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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