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Neugebauer P, Zettl M, Moser D, Poms J, Kuchler L, Sacher S. Process analytical technology in Downstream-Processing of Drug Substances- A review. Int J Pharm 2024; 661:124412. [PMID: 38960339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Process Analytical Technology (PAT) has revolutionized pharmaceutical manufacturing by providing real-time monitoring and control capabilities throughout the production process. This review paper comprehensively examines the application of PAT methodologies specifically in the production of solid active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Beginning with an overview of PAT principles and objectives, the paper explores the integration of advanced analytical techniques such as spectroscopy, imaging modalities and others into solid API substance production processes. Novel developments in in-line monitoring at academic level are also discussed. Emphasis is placed on the role of PAT in ensuring product quality, consistency, and compliance with regulatory requirements. Examples from existing literature illustrate the practical implementation of PAT in solid API substance production, including work-up, crystallization, filtration, and drying processes. The review addresses the quality and reliability of the measurement technologies, aspects of process implementation and handling, the integration of data treatment algorithms and current challenges. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the transformative impact of PAT on enhancing pharmaceutical manufacturing processes for solid API substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Neugebauer
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Manuel Zettl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Moser
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Poms
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lisa Kuchler
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stephan Sacher
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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2
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Ranc V, Chaloupková Z. Chiral discrimination of amino acids using phosphorene assisted graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1129:69-75. [PMID: 32891392 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Discrimination of enantiomers poses a scientific challenge as the chemical and physical properties of enantiomers are nearly identical. The chiral analysis is usually performed by separation techniques, including chromatography, electrophoresis, or optical instrumentation based on an interaction of the analyzed sample with a polarized beam of light. Here we present a novel method for a chiral screening based on a combination of the black phosphorus@Graphene nanocomposite and Raman spectroscopy. The nanocomposite allows to enhance the Raman signal with factors higher than 100 asymmetrically and provide altered signals for mixtures containing varying enantiomeric ratios of target compounds. Tryptophan, Phenylalanine, DOPA, Isoleucine, and Leucine were selected as model compounds; the method allows us to discriminate between mixtures with 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100% enantiomeric purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Ranc
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 12, 77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Chaloupková
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 12, 77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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3
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Kowalska AA, Berus S, Szleszkowski Ł, Kamińska A, Kmiecik A, Ratajczak-Wielgomas K, Jurek T, Zadka Ł. Brain tumour homogenates analysed by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: Discrimination among healthy and cancer cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 231:117769. [PMID: 31787534 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenge for modern medicine is to make a discrimination among healthy and cancerous tissues. Therefore, nowadays big effort of scientist are devoted to find a new way for as fast as possible diagnosis with as much as possible accuracy in distinguishing healthy from cancerous tissues. That issues are probably the most important in the case of brain tumours, when the diagnosis time plays a great role. Herein we present the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) together with the principal component analysis (PCA) used to identify the spectra of different brain specimens, healthy and tumour tissues homogenates. The presented analyses include three sets of brain tissues as control samples taken from healthy objects (one set consists of samples from four brain lobes and both hemispheres; eight samples) and the brain tumours from five patients (two Anaplastic Astrocytoma and three Glioblastoma samples). Results prove that tumour brain samples can be discriminated well from the healthy tissues by using only three main principal components, with 96% of accuracy. The largest influence onto the calculated separation is attributed to the spectral regions corresponding in SERS spectra to vibrations of the L-Tryptophan (1450, 1278 cm-1), protein (1300 cm-1), phenylalanine and Amide-I (1005, 1654 cm-1). Therefore, the presented method may open the way for the probable application as a very fast diagnosis tool alternative for conventionally used histopathology or even more as an intraoperative diagnostic tool during brain tumour surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Aniela Kowalska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Berus
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szleszkowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Medicine Unit, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 4, 50-386 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kamińska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Kmiecik
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Histology and Embryology Division, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 6a, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ratajczak-Wielgomas
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Histology and Embryology Division, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 6a, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jurek
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Medicine Unit, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 4, 50-386 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Zadka
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Histology and Embryology Division, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 6a, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
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Rullich CC, Kiefer J. Chemometric analysis of enantioselective Raman spectroscopy data enables enantiomeric ratio determination. Analyst 2019; 144:5368-5372. [PMID: 31414107 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01205b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In-line determination of the enantiomeric ratio is still a challenge in process analytical technology (PAT). This study combines enantioselective Raman (esR) spectroscopy with partial least-squares regression (PLSR) to determine the enantiomeric fraction of the chiral molecule (5,6)-diphenyl-morpholin-2-one diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a proof-of-concept. Morpholinone derivates are potential candidates for pharmaceutical applications. The PLS weights were carefully analyzed in order to avoid misleading regression results, e.g. caused by sample impurities. A suitable PLSR model was found with two components and it was validated by a leave-one-out cross-validation. The enantiomeric fraction ef(+) could be calculated with deviations from the prepared ef(+) in the range of -0.031 and +0.052 from the esR spectra recorded at a half-wave retarder angle of 30.0°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Rullich
- Technische Thermodynamik, Universität Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Kiefer
- Technische Thermodynamik, Universität Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany. and MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, Universität Bremen, Bibliothekstr. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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5
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Rullich CC, Kiefer J. Principal component analysis to enhance enantioselective Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2019; 144:2080-2086. [PMID: 30734784 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01886c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective Raman (esR) spectroscopy is an innovative technique with a high potential for online process monitoring in chiral media, e.g. in the pharmaceutical industry. A prerequisite for an effective application is to combine the experimental approach with suitable concepts for data analysis. In this work, we present a chemometric approach to analyze the esR spectra recorded in an automatized polarization-resolved Raman set-up. It is demonstrated that the proposed method is capable of distinguishing between the enantiomers of the chiral alcohol 4-methylpentan-2-ol in a fully unsupervised fashion. Furthermore, it is shown that the difficulty of facing only small intensity differences between the esR spectra of the enantiomers can be overcome by feeding difference spectra between the pure enantiomers and the racemate into the principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm. The enantiomers are clearly discriminable along the first principal component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Rullich
- Technische Thermodynamik, Universität Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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6
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Kalachyova Y, Guselnikova O, Elashnikov R, Panov I, Žádný J, Církva V, Storch J, Sykora J, Zaruba K, Švorčík V, Lyutakov O. Helicene-SPP-Based Chiral Plasmonic Hybrid Structure: Toward Direct Enantiomers SERS Discrimination. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:1555-1562. [PMID: 30525385 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Achieving chiral plasmon response based on the combination of achiral plasmonic nanostructures with highly chiral surrounding medium represents an attractive way for creation of hybrid optically active plasmonic materials. In this work, we present an attractive design and fabrication of chiral plasmon substrates based on a surface plasmon-polariton-supported structure coupled with extremely optically active helicene enantiomers. Such approach allows us to excite chiral plasmon waves and to design optically active surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates. Its further combination with standard Raman spectroscopy makes possible enantioselective detection/recognition of optical enantiomers with detection limits below those of standard spectral techniques. The chiral optical response of new plasmonic system was observed and controlled by the optical rotation of helicenes. Without necessity of previous chiral separation or implementation of sophisticated experimental equipment, we were able to estimate the concentration of enantiomers in their mixture by using left- or right-handed chiral plasmon substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya Kalachyova
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences , Tomsk Polytechnic University , Lenina avn. 30 , 634 050 Tomsk , Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Illia Panov
- Group of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals , Czech Academy of Sciences , Rozvojová 135 , 165 02 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Žádný
- Group of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals , Czech Academy of Sciences , Rozvojová 135 , 165 02 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Církva
- Group of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals , Czech Academy of Sciences , Rozvojová 135 , 165 02 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Storch
- Group of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals , Czech Academy of Sciences , Rozvojová 135 , 165 02 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Sykora
- Group of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals , Czech Academy of Sciences , Rozvojová 135 , 165 02 Prague , Czech Republic
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Rullich CC, Kiefer J. Enantioselective Raman spectroscopy (esR) for distinguishing between the enantiomers of 2-butanol. Analyst 2018; 143:3040-3048. [PMID: 29878000 DOI: 10.1039/c8an00705e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The first experimental application of enantioselective Raman spectroscopy (esR) is demonstrated using the example of the chiral alcohol 2-butanol. Samples of the neat enantiomers and the racemic mixture were analyzed in a self-built Raman set-up. The Raman spectrum allows the discrimination of the chemical species. It is shown that the optical rotation of a Raman peak with a small depolarization ratio can be measured. In addition, without any sample modification, e.g. chiral solvent, the enantiomers are distinguishable at a suitable half-wave retarder angle detecting only the vertically polarized component of the Raman signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Rullich
- University of Bremen, Technische Thermodynamik, Badgasteiner Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kiefer
- University of Bremen, Technische Thermodynamik, Badgasteiner Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany and University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
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8
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Kiefer J. Simultaneous Acquisition of the Polarized and Depolarized Raman Signal with a Single Detector. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5725-5728. [PMID: 28485926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polarization-resolved Raman spectroscopy provides much more information than its conventional counterpart. However, it usually either requires a complicated setup with two spectrographs and detectors or two measurements must be performed sequentially. This study presents a simple and straightforward approach to recording both polarization components simultaneously with a single spectrograph and detector. The vertically and a horizontally polarized laser beam exiting a Wollaston prism are focused into the sample with a small spatial separation. The scattered light from both beams is imaged onto the slit of an imaging spectrograph as two spatially separated signals, i.e., the polarized and the depolarized Raman signal. Eventually, both spectra are acquired on a single CCD chip simultaneously. Experimental data of ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide are shown as proof-of-concept. The new method has a number of advantages, for example, laser intensity fluctuations and the polarization dependence of the diffraction grating do not play a role. The proposed approach will be useful for an improved structural analysis and it will be the enabling technology for temporally resolved enantioselective Raman (esR) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kiefer
- Technische Thermodynamik and MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, Universität Bremen , Badgasteiner Strasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany.,School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen AB24 3UE, United Kingdom.,Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Koch H, Polepil S, Eisen K, Will S. Raman microspectroscopy and multivariate data analysis: optical differentiation of aqueous d- and l-tryptophan solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:30533-30539. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02321a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The combination of Raman spectroscopy as a sensitive and selective optical measurement technique and multivariate data analysis forms a powerful tool for probing intermolecular interactions between enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Koch
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik (LTT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91052 Erlangen
| | - S. Polepil
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik (LTT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - K. Eisen
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik (LTT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91052 Erlangen
| | - S. Will
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik (LTT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91052 Erlangen
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Koch H, Noack K, Will S. Raman excess spectroscopy vs. principal component analysis: probing the intermolecular interactions between chiral molecules and imidazolium-based ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:28370-28375. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04372k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PCA: Optical separation of glucose enantiomers based on enantioselective interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Koch
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik (LTT) and Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - K. Noack
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik (LTT) and Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - S. Will
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik (LTT) and Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
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