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Siewert JE, Schumann A, Wellnitz T, Dankert F, Hering-Junghans C. Triphosphiranes as phosphinidene-transfer agents - synthesis of regular and chelating NHC phosphinidene adducts. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15747-15756. [PMID: 37846491 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02690f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution we describe the general use of aryl-substituted triphosphiranes (Ar3P3; Ar = Mes, Dip, Tip) as phosphinidene transfer reagents towards N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to give a library of twelve N-heterocyclic carbene phosphinidene adducts of the type ArPNHC (NHCPs), in which the NHCs have varying steric profiles, allowing a systematic evaluation of their structural and NMR-spectroscopic properties. In the next series of experiments we utilized 1,3- and 1,4-phenylene bridged bis-NHCs to access a new class of chelating bis(NHCP)s, of which three derivatives could be structurally characterized. The 1,4-phenylene derivatives were shown to be susceptible to P-CNHC bond cleavage when irradiated with an LED (396 nm), providing a rare example of phosphinidene release from NHCPs. The coordination chemistry of 1,3-phenylene bridged bis(NHCP)s towards GeCl2(dioxane) and GaI3 was investigated and revealed the formation of ion-separated cationic complexes, with significant charge transfer from the ligand to the metal center according to NBO analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Erik Siewert
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), A.-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - André Schumann
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), A.-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Tim Wellnitz
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), A.-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Dankert
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), A.-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Siewert JE, Puerta Lombardi BM, Jannsen N, Roesler R, Hering-Junghans C. Synthesis and Ligand Properties of Chelating Bis( N-heterocyclic carbene)-Stabilized Bis(phosphinidenes). Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16832-16841. [PMID: 37782848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
NHC-phosphinidene (NHCP) adducts are an emerging class of ligands with proven binding ability for main group and transition metal elements. They possess electron-rich P atoms with two lone pairs (LPs) of electrons, making them interesting platforms for the formation of multimetallic complexes. We describe herein a modular, high-yielding synthesis of bis(NHCP)s, starting from alkylidene-bridged bis(NHC)s ((IMe)2CnH2n; n = 1,3) and triphosphirane (PDip)3 (Dip = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) as phosphinidene transfer reagent. The coordination chemistry of [{DipP(IMe)}2CH2], 1, was studied in detail, and complexes [1·FeBr2] and [1·Rh(cod)]Cl were prepared, showing that the ligand has a flexible bite angle. The dicarbonyl complex [1·Rh(CO)2]Cl, with an average value for the CO stretching frequency of 2029 cm-1, indicates a strongly donating ligand when compared to related complexes. The binding ability of the remaining two phosphorus LPs was demonstrated with AuCl(SMe2), giving the heterotrimetallic complex [1·(AuCl)2·Rh(cod)]Cl. Moreover, [1·Rh(cod)]X (X- = Cl, B(3,5-(CF3)2-C6H3)4) was tested in the catalytic hydrogenation of methyl-Z-α-acetamidocinnamate (MAC) and dimethyl itaconate (ItMe2), revealing that the chloride complex was inactive, while the BArF complex demonstrated moderate activity. Additionally, [1·Rh(cod)]Cl was shown to be moderately air- and moisture-stable, slowly decomposing to the corresponding NHC-stabilized bis-dioxophosphorane, which was independently synthesized by treating the free ligand with dry O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Erik Siewert
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Braulio M Puerta Lombardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Nora Jannsen
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Roland Roesler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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3
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Philipp MSM, Bertermann R, Radius U. Activation of Ge-H and Sn-H Bonds with N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and a Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202493. [PMID: 36177710 PMCID: PMC10100474 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A study of the reactivity of several N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and the cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene 1-(2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl)-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidin-2-ylidene (cAACMe ) with the group 14 hydrides GeH2 Mes2 and SnH2 Me2 (Me=CH3 , Mes=1,3,5-(CH3 )3 C6 H2 ) is presented. The reaction of GeH2 Mes2 with cAACMe led to the insertion of cAACMe into one Ge-H bond to give cAACMe H-GeHMes2 (1). If 1,3,4,5-tetramethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene (Me2 ImMe ) was used as the carbene, NHC-mediated dehydrogenative coupling occurred, which led to the NHC-stabilized germylene Me2 ImMe ⋅GeMes2 (2). The reaction of SnH2 Me2 with cAACMe also afforded the insertion product cAACMe H-SnHMe2 (3), and reaction of two equivalents Me2 ImMe with SnH2 Me2 gave the NHC-stabilized stannylene Me2 ImMe ⋅SnMe2 (4). If the sterically more demanding NHCs Me2 ImMe , 1,3-di-isopropyl-4,5-dimethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene (iPr2 ImMe ) and 1,3-bis-(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene (Dipp2 Im) were employed, selective formation of cyclic oligomers (SnMe2 )n (5; n=5-8) in high yield was observed. These cyclic oligomers were also obtained from the controlled decomposition of cAACMe H-SnHMe2 (3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. M. Philipp
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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4
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Luo K, Zhao Y, Tang Z, Li W, Lin J, Jin Y. Visible-Light-Induced Dual C(sp 3)-H Bond Functionalization of Tertiary Amine via Hydrogen Transfer to Carbene and Subsequent Cycloaddition. Org Lett 2022; 24:6335-6340. [PMID: 35985018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the dual C(sp3)-H bond functionalization of a tertiary amine through hydride-transfer-induced dehydrogenation, followed by cycloaddition, using an easily preparable diazoester as a new type hydride-acceptor precursor under mild, redox-neutral conditions. With carbene as a hydrogen acceptor, this method was demonstrated by the preparation of a broad range of functionalized isoxazoldines in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiliang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Weina Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
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5
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Radius U, Philipp MS. A Versatile Route To Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbene‐stabilized Stibinidenes. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Udo Radius
- Universität Würzburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg GERMANY
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6
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Elser I, Andrews RJ, Stephan DW. 9-BBN and chloride catalyzed reduction of chlorophosphines to phosphines and diphosphines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1740-1743. [PMID: 35029247 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06439h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The commercially available Lewis acid, 9-BBN and Lewis basic [Et4N]Cl are used as catalysts for the reduction of chlorophosphines R2PCl in the presence of phenylsilane. Aryl-chlorophosphines afford primarily diphosphines (P2R4) while secondary phosphines predominate for alkyl-substituted precursors. Use of the combined catalysts leads to reduced reaction time and temperature, providing a rapid, scalable, and facile protocol for the preparation of diphosphines or secondary phosphines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Elser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | - Ryan J Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada.
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7
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Fang W, Carpentier A, Sun X, Zhao Y, Maron L, Zhu C. Redox-induced reversible P-P coupling in a uranium complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12175-12178. [PMID: 34726673 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04765e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A synthesized redox-active multidentate N-P ligand reacted with UCl4 in the presence of KHMDS or nBuLi, where two novel U(IV) complexes with or without P-P coupling were formed, respectively. The reversible P-P coupling in these complexes was observed in redox-induced reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Ambre Carpentier
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - Xiong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - Congqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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8
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Siewert JE, Schumann A, Hering-Junghans C. Phosphine-catalysed reductive coupling of dihalophosphanes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:15111-15117. [PMID: 34611690 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03095g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Classically tetraaryl diphosphanes have been synthesized through Wurtz-type reductive coupling of halophosphanes R2PX or more recently, through the dehydrocoupling of phosphines R2PH. Catalytic variants of the dehydrocoupling reaction have been reported, but are limited to R2PH compounds. Using PEt3 as a catalyst, we now show that TipPBr2 (Tip = 2,4,6-iPr3C6H2) is selectively coupled to give the dibromodiphosphane (TipPBr)2 (1), a compound not accessible using classic Mg reduction. Surprisingly, when using DipPBr2 (Dip = 2,6-iPr3C6H3) in the PEt3 catalysed reductive coupling the diphosphene (PDip)2 (2) with a PP double was formed selectively. In benzene solutions (PDip)2 has a half life time of ca. 28 days and can be utilized with NHCs to access NHC-phosphinidene adducts. To show that this protocol is more widely applicable, we show that Ph2PCl and Mes2PX (X = Cl, Br) are efficiently coupled using 10 mol% of PEt3 to give (Ph2P)2 and (Mes2P)2, respectively. Control experiments show that [BrPEt3]Br is a potential oxidation product in the catalytic cycle, which can be debrominated by Zn dust as a sacrificial reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Erik Siewert
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), A.-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - André Schumann
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), A.-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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9
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Barrett AN, Woof CR, Goult CA, Gasperini D, Mahon MF, Webster RL. Hydrogen/Halogen Exchange of Phosphines for the Rapid Formation of Cyclopolyphosphines. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16826-16833. [PMID: 34647448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hydrogen/halogen exchange of phosphines has been exploited to establish a truly useable substrate scope and straightforward methodology for the formation of cyclopolyphosphines. Starting from a single dichlorophosphine, a sacrificial proton "donor phosphine" makes the rapid, mild synthesis of cyclopolyphosphines possible: reactions are complete within 10 min at room temperature. Novel (aryl)cyclopentaphosphines (ArP)5 have been formed in good conversion, with the crystal structures presented. The use of catalytic quantities of iron(III) acetylacetonate provides significant improvements in conversion in the context of diphosphine (Ar2P)2 and alkyl-substituted cyclotetra- or cyclopentaphosphine ((AlkylP)n, where n = 4 or 5) formation. Both iron-free and iron-mediated reactions show high levels of selectivity for one specific ring size. Finally, investigations into the reactivity of Fe(acac)3 suggest that the iron species is acting as a sink for the hydrochloric acid byproduct of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam N Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Callum R Woof
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A Goult
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Danila Gasperini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Mary F Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth L Webster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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10
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Han Z, Gates DP. Metathesis of P=C Bonds Catalyzed by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:14594-14599. [PMID: 34459044 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic metathesis of C=C bonds is a textbook reaction that has no parallel in the widely studied area of multiple bonds involving heavier p-block elements. A high-yielding P=C bond metathesis of phosphaalkenes (ArP=CPh2 , Ar=Mes, o-Tol, Ph) has been discovered that is catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC=Me2 IMe, Me2 Ii Pr). The products are cyclic oligomers formally derived from ArP=PAr [i. e. cyclo-(ArP)n ; n=3, 4, 5, 6] and Ph2 C=CPh2 . Preliminary mechanistic studies of this remarkable transformation have established NHC=PAr (Ar=Mes, o-Tol, Ph) as key phosphinidene transfer agents. In addition, novel cyclic intermediates, such as, cyclo-(ArP)2 CPh2 and cyclo-(ArP)4 CPh2 have also been observed. This work represents a rare application of non-metal-based catalysts for transformations involving main-group elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Derek P Gates
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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11
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Philipp MSM, Krahfuss MJ, Radacki K, Radius U. N‐Heterocyclic Carbene and Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene Adducts of Antimony(III). Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. M. Philipp
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Mirjam J. Krahfuss
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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12
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Sreejyothi P, Bhattacharyya K, Kumar S, Kumar Hota P, Datta A, Mandal SK. An NHC-Stabilised Phosphinidene for Catalytic Formylation: A DFT-Guided Approach. Chemistry 2021; 27:11656-11662. [PMID: 34021640 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the applications of low-valent main group compounds have gained momentum in the field of catalysis. Owing to the accessibility of two lone pairs of electrons, NHC-stabilised phosphinidenes have been found to be excellent Lewis bases; however, they cannot yet be used as catalysts. Herein, an NHC-stabilised phosphinidene, 1,3-dimethyl-2-(phenylphosphanylidene)-2,3-dihydro-1H imidazole (1), for the activation of CO2 is reported.A closer inspection of the CO2 activation process by DFT calculations along with intrinsic bond orbital analysis shows that phosphinidene is associated with phenylsilane through a noncovalent π-π interaction between two phenyl rings which activates the Si-H bond facilitating hydride transfer to the CO2 molecule. Detailed DFT studies along with spectroscopic experiments were combined to understand the mechanism of CO2 activation and its catalytic reductive functionalisation leading to the formylation of a range of chemically inert primary amides under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sreejyothi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Kalishankar Bhattacharyya
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Pradip Kumar Hota
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
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14
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Föhrenbacher SA, Zeh V, Krahfuss MJ, Ignat'ev NV, Finze M, Radius U. Tris(pentafluoroethyl)difluorophosphorane and
N
‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: Adduct Formation and Frustrated
Lewis
Pair Reactivity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen A. Föhrenbacher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Vivien Zeh
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Mirjam J. Krahfuss
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Nikolai V. Ignat'ev
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB) Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Consultant Merck KGaA Frankfurter Straße 250 64293 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB) Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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15
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Yuvaraj K, Carpentier A, Smith CD, Maron L, Jones C. C-N and C-H Activation of an N-Heterocyclic Carbene by Magnesium(II) Hydride and Magnesium(I) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:6065-6072. [PMID: 33793217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of the hindered N-heterocyclic carbene, :C{(MesNCH)2} (IMes; Mes = mesityl), with a series of β-diketiminatomagnesium(II) hydride and dimagnesium(I) complexes were carried out at 80 °C. The reactions involving the magnesium hydrides, [{(ArNacnac)Mg(μ-H)}2] [ArNacnac = [(ArNCMe)2CH]-, where Ar = 2,6-diethylphenyl (Dep) or 2,6-diisopropylphenyl (Dip)], proceeded via activation of an exocyclic C-N bond of IMes, giving magnesium imidazolyl compounds [(ArNacnac)Mg(μ-H)(μ-Imid)Mg(ArNacnac)] (Imid = [NC2H2N(Mes)C]-) and mesitylene. A low-yield IMes methyl C-H activation product, [(DepNacnac)Mg(IMes-H)], was also obtained, via H2 elimination, from the reaction between IMes and [{(DepNacnac)Mg(μ-H)}2]. Reactions between IMes and dimagnesium(I) compounds [{(ArNacnac)Mg}2] [Ar = 2,6-dimethylphenyl (Xyl) or Mes] afforded isostructural C-H activation products [(ArNacnac)Mg(IMes-H)] but in higher yields. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the reactions do not progress via stable adduct complex intermediates, which are sterically inaccessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yuvaraj
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ambre Carpentier
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse F-31077, France
| | - Cory D Smith
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse F-31077, France
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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16
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Oberdorf K, Hanft A, Ramler J, Krummenacher I, Bickelhaupt FM, Poater J, Lichtenberg C. Bismutamide als einfache Vermittler hochselektiver Pn−Pn‐Radikal‐Kupplungsreaktionen (Pn=N, P, As). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Oberdorf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Anna Hanft
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Jacqueline Ramler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie, ACMM Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Niederlande
- Institut für Moleküle und Materialien Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen Niederlande
| | - Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB Universitat de Barcelona & ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spanien
| | - Crispin Lichtenberg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
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17
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Oberdorf K, Hanft A, Ramler J, Krummenacher I, Bickelhaupt FM, Poater J, Lichtenberg C. Bismuth Amides Mediate Facile and Highly Selective Pn-Pn Radical-Coupling Reactions (Pn=N, P, As). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6441-6445. [PMID: 33315293 PMCID: PMC7986226 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The controlled release of well-defined radical species under mild conditions for subsequent use in selective reactions is an important and challenging task in synthetic chemistry. We show here that simple bismuth amide species [Bi(NAr2 )3 ] readily release aminyl radicals [NAr2 ]. at ambient temperature in solution. These reactions yield the corresponding hydrazines, Ar2 N-NAr2 , as a result of highly selective N-N coupling. The exploitation of facile homolytic Bi-Pn bond cleavage for Pn-Pn bond formation was extended to higher homologues of the pnictogens (Pn=N-As): homoleptic bismuth amides mediate the highly selective dehydrocoupling of HPnR2 to give R2 Pn-PnR2 . Analyses by NMR and EPR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and DFT calculations reveal low Bi-N homolytic bond-dissociation energies, suggest radical coupling in the coordination sphere of bismuth, and reveal electronic and steric parameters as effective tools to control these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Oberdorf
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität, WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Anna Hanft
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität, WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Jacqueline Ramler
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität, WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität, WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, ACMMVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUBUniversitat de Barcelona & ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
| | - Crispin Lichtenberg
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität, WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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18
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Werner L, Horrer G, Philipp M, Lubitz K, Kuntze‐Fechner MW, Radius U. A General Synthetic Route to NHC‐Phosphinidenes: NHC‐mediated Dehydrogenation of Primary Phosphines. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Werner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Günther Horrer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Michael Philipp
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Katharina Lubitz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | | | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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19
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Hadlington TJ, Kostenko A, Driess M. Synthesis and Coordination Ability of a Donor-Stabilised Bis-Phosphinidene. Chemistry 2021; 27:2476-2482. [PMID: 33105041 PMCID: PMC7898926 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chelating phosphines have long been a mainstay as efficient directing ligands in transition-metal catalysis. Low-valent derivatives, namely chelating phosphinidenes, are to date unknown, and could lead to chelating complexes containing more than one metal centre due to the intrisic capacity of phosphinidenes to bind two metal fragments at one P-centre. Here we describe the synthesis of the first such chelating bis-phosphinidene ligand, XantP2 (2), generated by the reduction of a diphosphino xanthene derivative, Xant(PH2 )2 (1) with iPr NHC (iPr NHC=[:C{N(iPr)C(H)}2 ]). Initial studies have shown that this novel chelating ligand can act as a bidentate ligand towards element dihalides (i.e. FeCl2 , ZnI2 , GeCl2 , SnBr2 ), forming cationic complexes with the tetryl elements. In contrast, XantP2 demonstrates an ability to bind multiple metal centres in the reaction with CuCl, leading to a cationic Cu3 P3 ring complex, with Cu centres bridged by phosphinidene arms. Density Functional Theory calculations show that 2 indeed holds 4 lone pairs of electrons, shedding further light on the coordination capacity for this novel ligand class through observation of directionality and hybridisation of these electron pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance J. Hadlington
- Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechniche Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
- Department of ChemistryTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485748GarchingGermany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechniche Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechniche Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
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20
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Krahfuss MJ, Radius U. N-Heterocyclic silylenes as ambiphilic activators and ligands. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:6752-6765. [DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00617g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments of the use of N-heterocyclic silylenes (NHSis), higher homologues of Arduengo-carbenes, as ambiphilic activators and ligands are highlighted and a comparison of NHSi ligands with NHC and phosphine ligands is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam J. Krahfuss
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
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21
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Wellnitz T, Hering‐Junghans C. Synthesis and Reactivity of Monocyclic Homoleptic Oligophosphanes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Wellnitz
- Junior Research Groups Leibniz Institute for Catalysis Rostock (LIKAT Rostock) Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Christian Hering‐Junghans
- Junior Research Groups Leibniz Institute for Catalysis Rostock (LIKAT Rostock) Albert‐Einstein‐Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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22
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Buzsáki D, Kelemen Z, Nyulászi L. Stretching the P-C Bond. Variations on Carbenes and Phosphanes. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2660-2671. [PMID: 32159965 PMCID: PMC7307921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The stability and the structure of adducts formed between four substituted phosphanes (PX3, X:H, F, Cl, and NMe2) and 11 different carbenes have been investigated by DFT calculations. In most cases, the structure of the adducts depends strongly on the stability of the carbene itself, exhibiting a linear correlation with the increasing dissociation energy of the adduct. Carbenes of low stability form phosphorus ylides (F), which can be described as phosphane → carbene adducts supported with some back-bonding. The most stable carbenes, which have high energy lone pair, do not form stable F-type structures but carbene → phosphane adducts (E-type structure), utilizing the low-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the phosphane (with electronegative substituents), benefiting also from the carbene-pnictogen interaction. Especially noteworthy is the case of PCl3, which has an extremely low energy LUMO in its T-shaped form. Although this PCl3 structure is a transition state of rather high energy, the large stabilization energy of the complex makes this carbene-phosphane adduct stable. Most interestingly, in case of carbenes with medium stability both F- and E-type structures could be optimized, giving rise to bond-stretch isomerism. Likewise, for phosphorus ylides (F), the stability of the adducts G formed from carbenes with hypovalent phosphorus (PX-phosphinidene) is in a linear relationship with the stabilization of the carbene. Adducts of carbenes with hypervalent phosphorus (PX5) are the most stable when X is electronegative, and the carbene is highly nucleophilic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Buzsáki
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Kelemen
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Nyulászi
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-BME
Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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23
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Homo- and heterodehydrocoupling of phosphines mediated by alkali metal catalysts. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2786. [PMID: 31243267 PMCID: PMC6594957 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalytic chemistry that involves the activation and transformation of main group substrates is relatively undeveloped and current examples are generally mediated by expensive transition metal species. Herein, we describe the use of inexpensive and readily available tBuOK as a catalyst for P-P and P-E (E = O, S, or N) bond formation. Catalytic quantities of tBuOK in the presence of imine, azobenzene hydrogen acceptors, or a stoichiometric amount of tBuOK with hydrazobenzene, allow efficient homodehydrocoupling of phosphines under mild conditions (e.g. 25 °C and < 5 min). Further studies demonstrate that the hydrogen acceptors play an intimate mechanistic role. We also show that our tBuOK catalysed methodology is general for the heterodehydrocoupling of phosphines with alcohols, thiols and amines to generate a range of potentially useful products containing P-O, P-S, or P-N bonds.
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24
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Doddi A, Peters M, Tamm M. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Adducts of Main Group Elements and Their Use as Ligands in Transition Metal Chemistry. Chem Rev 2019; 119:6994-7112. [PMID: 30983327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) are nowadays ubiquitous and indispensable in many research fields, and it is not possible to imagine modern transition metal and main group element chemistry without the plethora of available NHCs with tailor-made electronic and steric properties. While their suitability to act as strong ligands toward transition metals has led to numerous applications of NHC complexes in homogeneous catalysis, their strong σ-donating and adaptable π-accepting abilities have also contributed to an impressive vitalization of main group chemistry with the isolation and characterization of NHC adducts of almost any element. Formally, NHC coordination to Lewis acids affords a transfer of nucleophilicity from the carbene carbon atom to the attached exocyclic moiety, and low-valent and low-coordinate adducts of the p-block elements with available lone pairs and/or polarized carbon-element π-bonds are able to act themselves as Lewis basic donor ligands toward transition metals. Accordingly, the availability of a large number of novel NHC adducts has not only produced new varieties of already existing ligand classes but has also allowed establishment of numerous complexes with unusual and often unprecedented element-metal bonds. This review aims at summarizing this development comprehensively and covers the usage of N-heterocyclic carbene adducts of the p-block elements as ligands in transition metal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adinarayana Doddi
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marius Peters
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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25
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Blackaby WJM, Neale SE, Isaac CJ, Sabater S, Macgregor SA, Whittlesey MK. N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Non‐Innocence in the Catalytic Hydrophosphination of Alkynes. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel E. Neale
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt University Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Connie J. Isaac
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Sara Sabater
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY UK
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26
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Kumar S. Recent Advances in the Schiff Bases and
N
‐Heterocyclic Carbenes as Ligands in the Cross‐Coupling Reactions: A Comprehensive Review. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Central University of Haryana Jant‐Pali Mahendergarh 123031 India
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27
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Hock A, Schneider H, Krahfuß MJ, Radius U. Hydride Amide and Hydride Phenolate Complexes of NHC Coordinated Aluminum. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hock
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Heidi Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Mirjam J. Krahfuß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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28
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Nesterov V, Reiter D, Bag P, Frisch P, Holzner R, Porzelt A, Inoue S. NHCs in Main Group Chemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9678-9842. [PMID: 29969239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first stable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) in the beginning of the 1990s, these divalent carbon species have become a common and available class of compounds, which have found numerous applications in academic and industrial research. Their important role as two-electron donor ligands, especially in transition metal chemistry and catalysis, is difficult to overestimate. In the past decade, there has been tremendous research attention given to the chemistry of low-coordinate main group element compounds. Significant progress has been achieved in stabilization and isolation of such species as Lewis acid/base adducts with highly tunable NHC ligands. This has allowed investigation of numerous novel types of compounds with unique electronic structures and opened new opportunities in the rational design of novel organic catalysts and materials. This Review gives a general overview of this research, basic synthetic approaches, key features of NHC-main group element adducts, and might be useful for the broad research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Dominik Reiter
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Prasenjit Bag
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Philipp Frisch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Richard Holzner
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Amelie Porzelt
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
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29
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Krachko T, Slootweg JC. N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Phosphinidene Adducts: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Krachko
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904, PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - J. Chris Slootweg
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904, PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
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30
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Canac Y. Carbeniophosphines versus Phosphoniocarbenes: The Role of the Positive Charge. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1872-1887. [PMID: 29761658 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of carbeniophosphines and phosphoniocarbenes, which have general structures derived formally from the three-component "carbene/phosphine/positive charge" association, is presented. These two complementary classes of carbon-phosphorus-based ligands, defined by the presence of an inverted cationic coordinating structure (C+ ∼P: vs. P+ ∼C:) have the common purpose of positioning a positive charge in the vicinity of the metal center. Through selected examples, the synthetic methods, coordination properties, and general reactivity of both cationic species is described. Particular emphasis is placed on the influence of the positive charge on the respective chemical behavior of the two classes of compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Canac
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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31
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Adhikari AK, Grell T, Lönnecke P, Hey-Hawkins E. Versatile Coordination Modes of Triphospha-1,4-pentadiene-2,4-diamine. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:3297-3304. [PMID: 29509417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1,3,5-Triphospha-1,4-pentadiene-2,4-diamine reacts with [M(CO)4L] (M = Mo, L = nbd (norbornadiene); M = W, L = 2 CH3CN) to give the chelate complexes [M(CO)4(PMes{C(NHCy)PMes}2-κ P1 ,P3)]. In contrast, an unusual intramolecular rearrangement occurred with [Cu(CH3CN)4]PF6 leading to the dimeric copper(I) complex [Cu(CNCy){PHMesPMesC(NHCy)PMes-κ P1 ,P3}]2(PF6)2. The mechanism of the rearrangement was supported by quantum-mechanical calculations. The transition-metal complexes were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup K Adhikari
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy , Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Johannisallee 29 , D-04103 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Toni Grell
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy , Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Johannisallee 29 , D-04103 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Peter Lönnecke
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy , Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Johannisallee 29 , D-04103 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy , Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Johannisallee 29 , D-04103 Leipzig , Germany
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32
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Dutta S, Maity B, Thirumalai D, Koley D. Computational Investigation of Carbene–Phosphinidenes: Correlation between 31P Chemical Shifts and Bonding Features to Estimate the π-Backdonation of Carbenes. Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, India
| | - Bholanath Maity
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, India
| | - D. Thirumalai
- Department of Chemistry, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore 632 115, India
| | - Debasis Koley
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, India
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33
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Szynkiewicz N, Ponikiewski Ł, Grubba R. Symmetrical and unsymmetrical diphosphanes with diversified alkyl, aryl, and amino substituents. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:16885-16894. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03775b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis, classification, and analysis of the structural, electronic and spectroscopic properties of a series of novel diphosphanes with diversified substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Szynkiewicz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Gdańsk University of Technology
- Gdansk
- Poland
| | - Łukasz Ponikiewski
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Gdańsk University of Technology
- Gdansk
- Poland
| | - Rafał Grubba
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Gdańsk University of Technology
- Gdansk
- Poland
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34
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Dostál L. Quest for stable or masked pnictinidenes: Emerging and exciting class of group 15 compounds. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Schneider H, Hock A, Bertermann R, Radius U. Reactivity of NHC Alane Adducts towards N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbenes: Ring Expansion, Ring Opening, and Al−H Bond Activation. Chemistry 2017; 23:12387-12398. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Andreas Hock
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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36
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Krachko T, Bispinghoff M, Tondreau AM, Stein D, Baker M, Ehlers AW, Slootweg JC, Grützmacher H. Facile Phenylphosphinidene Transfer Reactions from Carbene-Phosphinidene Zinc Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Krachko
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904, PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Mark Bispinghoff
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Aaron M. Tondreau
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Daniel Stein
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Matthew Baker
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Andreas W. Ehlers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904, PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry; Science Faculty; University of Johannesburg; PO Box 254, Auckland Park Johannesburg South Africa
| | - J. Chris Slootweg
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904, PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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37
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Krachko T, Bispinghoff M, Tondreau AM, Stein D, Baker M, Ehlers AW, Slootweg JC, Grützmacher H. Facile Phenylphosphinidene Transfer Reactions from Carbene-Phosphinidene Zinc Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7948-7951. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Krachko
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904, PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Mark Bispinghoff
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Aaron M. Tondreau
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Daniel Stein
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Matthew Baker
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Andreas W. Ehlers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904, PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry; Science Faculty; University of Johannesburg; PO Box 254, Auckland Park Johannesburg South Africa
| | - J. Chris Slootweg
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904, PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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38
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Schneider H, Krahfuß MJ, Radius U. To Rearrange or not to Rearrange: Reactivity of NHCs towards Chloro- and HydrostannanesR2SnCl2(R= Me, Ph) and Ph3SnH. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201600271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Mirjam J. Krahfuß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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39
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Würtemberger-Pietsch S, Schneider H, Marder TB, Radius U. Adduct Formation, B-H Activation and Ring Expansion at Room Temperature from Reactions of HBcat with NHCs. Chemistry 2016; 22:13032-6. [PMID: 27428465 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report the reactions of catecholborane (HBcat; 1) with unsaturated and saturated NHCs as well as CAAC(Me) . Mono-NHC adducts of the type HBcat⋅NHC (NHC=nPr2 Im, iPr2 Im, iPr2 Im(Me) , and Dipp2 Im) were obtained by stoichiometric reactions of HBcat with the unsaturated NHCs. The reaction of CAAC(Me) with HBcat yielded the B-H activated product CAAC(Me) (H)Bcat via insertion of the carbine-carbon atom into the B-H bond. The saturated NHC Dipp2 SIm reacted in a 2:2 ratio yielding an NHC ring-expanded product at room temperature forming a six-membered -B-C=N-C=C-N- ring via C-N bond cleavage and further migration of the hydrides from two HBcat molecules to the former carbene-carbon atom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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40
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Wild U, Federle S, Wagner A, Kaifer E, Himmel HJ. Dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions with Oxidized Guanidino-Functionalized Aromatic Compounds: Novel Options for σ-Bond Activation. Chemistry 2016; 22:11971-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Wild
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Stefanie Federle
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Arne Wagner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kaifer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Himmel
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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41
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Paul USD, Sieck C, Haehnel M, Hammond K, Marder TB, Radius U. Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbene Complexes of Rhodium and Nickel and Their Steric and Electronic Parameters. Chemistry 2016; 22:11005-14. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula S. D. Paul
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Carolin Sieck
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Martin Haehnel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Kai Hammond
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Todd B. Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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42
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Sindlinger CP, Grahneis W, Aicher FSW, Wesemann L. Access to Base Adducts of Low‐Valent Organotin‐Hydride Compounds by Controlled, Stepwise Hydrogen Abstraction from a Tetravalent Organotin Trihydride. Chemistry 2016; 22:7554-66. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201505081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian P. Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Wiebke Grahneis
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Frederik S. W. Aicher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Lars Wesemann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
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43
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Pal K, Hemming OB, Day BM, Pugh T, Evans DJ, Layfield RA. Iron- and Cobalt-Catalyzed Synthesis of Carbene Phosphinidenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:1690-3. [PMID: 26643712 PMCID: PMC5064616 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of stoichiometric or catalytic amounts of [M{N(SiMe3 )2 }2 ] (M=Fe, Co), N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) react with primary phosphines to give a series of carbene phosphinidenes of the type (NHC)⋅PAr. The formation of (IMe4 )⋅PMes (Mes=mesityl) is also catalyzed by the phosphinidene-bridged complex [(IMe4 )2 Fe(μ-PMes)]2 , which provides evidence for metal-catalyzed phosphinidene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Pal
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Oliver B Hemming
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Benjamin M Day
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Thomas Pugh
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - David J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Richard A Layfield
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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44
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Molitor S, Mahler C, Gessner VH. Synthesis and solid-state structures of gold(i) complexes of diphosphines. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00786d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of diphosphine bis(gold) complexes were synthesised and the importance of aurophilic interactions for their structure formation was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Molitor
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Christoph Mahler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
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45
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Schwedtmann K, Schoemaker R, Hennersdorf F, Bauzá A, Frontera A, Weiss R, Weigand JJ. Cationic 5-phosphonio-substituted N-heterocyclic carbenes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:11384-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01871h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cationic NHCs featuring a phosphonium moiety in the 5-position are prepared from the reaction of imidazolium salts with a tert. phosphane. They are used as ligands for the preparation of transition metal complexes, dehydrogenation reactions of prim. and sec. phosphanes and the preparation of a N-heterocyclic olefin (NHO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Schwedtmann
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- TU Dresden
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Robin Schoemaker
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- TU Dresden
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Felix Hennersdorf
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- TU Dresden
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Department of Chemistry
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- Palma de Mallorca
- Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- Palma de Mallorca
- Spain
| | - Robert Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen
- 91054 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Jan J. Weigand
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- TU Dresden
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
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46
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Würtemberger-Pietsch S, Radius U, Marder TB. 25 years of N-heterocyclic carbenes: activation of both main-group element-element bonds and NHCs themselves. Dalton Trans 2015; 45:5880-95. [PMID: 26675582 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04106f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are widely used ligands and reagents in modern inorganic synthesis as well as in homogeneous catalysis and organocatalysis. However, NHCs are not always innocent bystanders. In the last few years, more and more examples were reported of reactions of NHCs with main-group elements which resulted in modification of the NHC. Many of these reactions lead to ring expansion and the formation of six-membered heterocyclic rings involving insertion of the heteroatom into the C-N bond and migration of hydrides, phenyl groups or boron-containing fragments. Furthermore, a few related NHC rearrangements were observed some decades ago. In this Perspective, we summarise the history of NHC ring expansion reactions from the 1960s till the present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Würtemberger-Pietsch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany. u.radius@uni-wuerzburg
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47
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Pal K, Hemming OB, Day BM, Pugh T, Evans DJ, Layfield RA. Iron- and Cobalt-Catalyzed Synthesis of Carbene Phosphinidenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Pal
- School of Chemistry; The University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Oliver B. Hemming
- School of Chemistry; The University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Benjamin M. Day
- School of Chemistry; The University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Thomas Pugh
- School of Chemistry; The University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David J. Evans
- Department of Chemistry; University of Hull; Hull HU6 7RX UK
| | - Richard A. Layfield
- School of Chemistry; The University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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48
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Adhikari AK, Grell T, Lönnecke P, Hey-Hawkins E. Formation of a Carbene-Phosphinidene Adduct by NHC-Induced P-P Bond Cleavage in Sodium Tetramesityltetraphosphanediide. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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49
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King AK, Buchard A, Mahon MF, Webster RL. Facile, Catalytic Dehydrocoupling of Phosphines Using β‐Diketiminate Iron(II) Complexes. Chemistry 2015; 21:15960-3. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K. King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY (UK)
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY (UK)
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY (UK)
| | - Ruth L. Webster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY (UK)
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