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Maeda Y, Zhao P, Ehara M. Recent progress in controlling the photoluminescence properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes by oxidation and alkylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14497-14508. [PMID: 38009193 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05065c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) has received considerable attention in the last decade since highly efficient near-infrared photoluminescence (PL) has been observed to be red-shifted compared with the intrinsic PL peak of pristine SWCNTs. The PL wavelength has been manipulated using arylation reactions with aryldiazonium salts and aryl halides. Additionally, simple oxidation and alkylation reactions have proven effective in extensively adjusting the PL wavelength, with the resulting PL efficiency varying based on the chosen reaction techniques and molecular structures. This review discusses the latest developments in tailoring the PL attributes of SWCNTs by oxidation and alkylation processes. (6,5) SWCNTs exhibit intrinsic emission at 980 nm, and the PL wavelength can be controlled in the range of 1100-1320 nm by chemical modification. In addition, recent developments in chiral separation techniques have increased our understanding of the control of the PL wavelength, extending to the selection of excitation and emission wavelengths, by chemical modification of SWCNTs with different chiral indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Pei Zhao
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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2
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Konno Y, Yamada M, Suzuki M, Maeda Y. Stepwise Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Subsequent Molecular Conversion to Control Photoluminescence Properties. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301707. [PMID: 37460442 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) has attracted interest because it alters the near-infrared (NIR) photoluminescence (PL) wavelength and emission efficiency. These modifications depend on the binding configuration and degree of functionalization. Excessive functionalization reduces the emission efficiency as the integrity of the conjugated π system decreases; thus, controlling the degree of functionalization is essential. Because the binding configurations and degree of functionalization are affected by the reagent structure, a stepwise approach combining SWCNTs functionalization and subsequent reactions to introduce functional groups into the addenda could effectively control their PL properties and functionalities. We studied this approach by implementing the reductive alkylation of SWCNTs by using bromoalkanes with t-butyl carbamate (Boc)-protected amino groups and subsequent deprotection and amidation reactions. The reaction products were analyzed based on absorption, PL, and Raman spectroscopy and the Kaiser test. Depending on the structure of the reagent, deprotection and amidation reactions competed with the elimination reaction of addenda, altering the PL properties of the SWCNTs. Furthermore, the elimination reaction was inhibited in the adducts functionalized using dibromoalkane with Boc-protected amino groups, demonstrating that the use of appropriate reagents enables the molecular conversion of the functional groups of SWCNT adducts without affecting their PL properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Konno
- Division of Mathematics and Natural Science Education, The United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, 184-8501, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Yamada
- Division of Mathematics and Natural Science Education, The United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, 184-8501, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, 184-8501, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Josai University, 350-0295, Sakado, Japan
| | - Yutaka Maeda
- Division of Mathematics and Natural Science Education, The United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, 184-8501, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, 184-8501, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Maeda Y, Suzuki Y, Konno Y, Zhao P, Kikuchi N, Yamada M, Mitsuishi M, Dao ATN, Kasai H, Ehara M. Selective emergence of photoluminescence at telecommunication wavelengths from cyclic perfluoroalkylated carbon nanotubes. Commun Chem 2023; 6:159. [PMID: 37524908 PMCID: PMC10390534 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical functionalisation of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) can tune their local band gaps to induce near-infrared (NIR) photoluminescence (PL). However, tuning the PL to telecommunication wavelengths (>1300 nm) remains challenging. The selective emergence of NIR PL at the longest emission wavelength of 1320 nm was successfully achieved in (6,5) SWNTs via cyclic perfluoroalkylation. Chiral separation of the functionalised SWNTs showed that this functionalisation was also effective in SWNTs with five different chiral angles. The local band gap modulation mechanism was also studied using density functional theory calculations, which suggested the effects of the addenda and addition positions on the emergence of the longest-wavelength PL. These findings increase our understanding of the functionalised SWNT structure and methods for controlling the local band gap, which will contribute to the development and application of NIR light-emitting materials with widely extended emission and excitation wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Yui Konno
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Pei Zhao
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Kikuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Masaya Mitsuishi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Anh T N Dao
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kasai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
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Zheng Y, Alizadehmojarad AA, Bachilo SM, Weisman RB. Guanine-Specific Chemical Reaction Reveals ssDNA Interactions on Carbon Nanotube Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:2231-2236. [PMID: 35238575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the conformations of physisorbed single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) oligos on single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) surfaces is important for advancing basic nanoscience and for developing applications in biomedicine and quantum information processing. Here we report evidence that the ssDNA strands are partly desorbed from the nanotube surface under common conditions. SWCNT suspensions were prepared in eight ssDNA oligos, each containing 1 guanine and 30 thymine bases but differing in the position of the guanine within the strand. Singlet oxygen exposure then covalently functionalized the guanine to the SWCNT surface, red-shifting the nanotube fluorescence by an amount reflecting the guanine spatial density at the surface. Spectral shifts were greatest for central guanine positions and smallest for end positions. In conjunction with steered molecular dynamics simulations, the results suggest that steric interference between neighboring ssDNA strands on an individual nanotube causes significant dislocation or desorption of the strand ends while central regions remain better wrapped around the nanotube. This effect decreases with decreasing concentrations of free ssDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and the Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ali A Alizadehmojarad
- Department of Chemistry and the Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Sergei M Bachilo
- Department of Chemistry and the Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - R Bruce Weisman
- Department of Chemistry and the Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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5
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He X, Kevlishvili I, Murcek K, Liu P, Star A. [2π + 2π] Photocycloaddition of Enones to Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Creates Fluorescent Quantum Defects. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4833-4844. [PMID: 33689301 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been widely applied in biomedical fields such as drug delivery, biosensing, bioimaging, and tissue engineering. Understanding their reactivity with biomolecules is important for these applications. We describe here a photoinduced cycloaddition reaction between enones and SWCNTs. By creating covalent and tunable sp3 defects in the sp2 carbon lattice of SWCNTs through [2π + 2π] photocycloaddition, a bright red-shifted photoluminescence was gradually generated. The photocycloaddition functionalization was demonstrated with various organic molecules bearing an enone functional group, including biologically important oxygenated lipid metabolites. The mechanism of this reaction was studied empirically and using computational methods. Density functional theory calculations were employed to elucidate the identity of the reaction product and understand the origin of different substrate reactivities. The results of this study can enable engineering of the optical and electronic properties of semiconducting SWCNTs and provide understanding into their interactions with the lipid biocorona.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun He
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and §Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and §Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Katherina Murcek
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and §Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and §Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Alexander Star
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and §Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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6
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Shiraki T. Molecular Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes towards Near Infrared Photoluminescent Nanomaterials. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Shiraki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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7
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Przypis L, Krzywiecki M, Niidome Y, Aoki H, Shiraki T, Janas D. Enhancing near-infrared photoluminescence from single-walled carbon nanotubes by defect-engineering using benzoyl peroxide. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19877. [PMID: 33199740 PMCID: PMC7669876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76716-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been modified with ester groups using typical organic radical chemistry. Consequently, traps for mobile excitons have been created, which enhanced the optical properties of the material. The proposed methodology combines the benefits of mainstream approaches to create luminescent defects in SWCNTs while it simultaneously avoids their limitations. A step change was achieved when the aqueous medium was abandoned. The selection of an appropriate organic solvent enabled much more facile modification of SWCNTs. The presented technique is quick and versatile as it can engage numerous reactants to tune the light emission capabilities of SWCNTs. Importantly, it can also utilize SWCNTs sorted by chirality using conjugated polymers to enhance their light emission capabilities. Such differentiation is conducted in organic solvents, so monochiral SWCNT can be directly functionalized using the demonstrated concept in the same medium without the need to redisperse the material in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Przypis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Maciej Krzywiecki
- Institute of Physics-CSE, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Yoshiaki Niidome
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Haruka Aoki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shiraki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Dawid Janas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
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Shiraki T, Miyauchi Y, Matsuda K, Nakashima N. Carbon Nanotube Photoluminescence Modulation by Local Chemical and Supramolecular Chemical Functionalization. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1846-1859. [PMID: 32791829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been central materials in nanoscience and nanotechnologies. Single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) consisting of a cylindrical graphene show a metallic (met) or semiconducting (sc) property depending on their rolling up manner (chirality). The sc-SWCNTs show characteristic chirality-dependent optical properties of their absorption and photoluminescence (PL) in the near-infrared (NIR) region. These are derived from their highly π-conjugated structures having semiconducting crystalline sp2 carbon networks with defined nanoarchitectures that afford a strong quantum confinement and weak dielectric screening. Consequently, photoirradiation of the SWCNTs produces a stable and mobile exciton (excited electron-hole pair) even at room temperature, and the exciton properties dominate such optical phenomena in the SWCNTs. However, the mobile excitons decrease the PL efficiency due to nonradiative relaxation including collision with tube edges and relaxation to lower-lying dark states. A breakthrough regarding the efficient use of the mobile exciton for PL has recently been achieved by local chemical functionalization of the SWCNTs, in which the chemical reactions introduce local defects of oxygen and sp3 carbon atoms in the tube structures. The defect doping creates new emissive doped sites that have narrower band gaps and trap the mobile excitons, which provides locally functionalized SWCNTs (lf-SWCNTs). As a result, the localized exciton produces E11* PL with red-shifted wavelengths and enhanced PL quantum yields compared to the original E11 PL of the nonmodified SWCNTs.In this Account, we describe recently revealed fundamental properties of the lf-SWCNTs based on the analyses by photophysics, theoretical calculations, and electrochemistry combined with in situ PL spectroscopy. The new insight allows us to expand the wavelength regions of the NIR E11* PL derived from the localized exciton, in which upconversion generates a higher energy PL through thermal activation and proximal doped site formation using bis-aryldiazonium modifiers provides a much lower energy PL than typical E11* PL. Moreover, owing to the chemical reaction-dominant doping process, the molecular structure design of modifiers succeeds in producing functionalized lf-SWCNTs; namely, molecular functions are incorporated into the doped sites for their PL modulation. The wavelength changes/switching in the E11* PL selectively occurs by a supramolecular approach using molecular recognition and imine chemistry. Therefore, the local chemical functionalization of the SWCNTs is a key to designing the properties and creating their new functions of the lf-SWCNTs. Fundamental understanding of the doped site properties of the lf-SWCNTs and molecularly driven approaches for exciton and defect engineering would unveil the intrinsic natures of these materials, which is crucial for elevating the SWCNT-based nanotechnologies to the next stage. The resulting materials are of interest in the fields of high performance NIR-II imaging and sensing for bio/medical analyses and single-photon emitters in quantum information technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Shiraki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuhei Miyauchi
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazunari Matsuda
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Nakashima
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Maeda Y, Konno Y, Nishino A, Yamada M, Okudaira S, Miyauchi Y, Matsuda K, Matsui J, Mitsuishi M, Suzuki M. Sonochemical reaction to control the near-infrared photoluminescence properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:6263-6270. [PMID: 32048703 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00271b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the optical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) was investigated. Upon sonication in D2O in the presence of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) under air, red-shifted photoluminescence (PL) peaks at ∼1043 and ∼1118 nm were observed from the aqueous suspensions of (6,4) and (6,5)SWNTs, accompanied by a decrease in the intensity of the intrinsic PL peaks. Upon sonication with SDBS under an Ar atmosphere, the rate of spectral change increased with the sonication time and new PL peaks emerged at 1043, 1118, and 1221 nm. Meanwhile, upon the addition of 1-butanol, the PL peaks emerged only at 1043 nm and 1118 nm, while the emergence of the peak at 1221 nm was inhibited. On the other hand, a suspension with highly dispersed SWNTs was obtained upon sonication in the presence of sodium cholate without any change in the intrinsic optical properties of SWNTs. These experimental results reveal that the PL characteristics of SWNTs can be controlled by controlling the sonication conditions such as the type of surfactant used, the concentration of SWNTs, reaction environment, and the presence of an inhibitor such as 1-butanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Yui Konno
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Akane Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Saki Okudaira
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuhei Miyauchi
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazunari Matsuda
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Jun Matsui
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Masaya Mitsuishi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
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Maeda Y, Murakoshi H, Tambo H, Zhao P, Kuroda K, Yamada M, Zhao X, Nagase S, Ehara M. Thermodynamic control of quantum defects on single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13757-13760. [PMID: 31663535 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05623h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes with designed quantum defects are prepared and characterized. The photoluminescence (PL) of the nanotubes can be modified by thermal treatment from 1215-1224 to 1249-1268 nm. Theoretical calculations suggest that the change in the PL spectra by thermal treatment can be explained by isomerization from kinetic to thermodynamic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiyori Murakoshi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Haruto Tambo
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Pei Zhao
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Kiyonori Kuroda
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry (FIFC), Kyoto University, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
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Brozena AH, Kim M, Powell LR, Wang Y. Controlling the optical properties of carbon nanotubes with organic colour-centre quantum defects. Nat Rev Chem 2019; 3:375-392. [PMID: 32789186 PMCID: PMC7418925 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-019-0103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previously unwelcome, defects are emerging as a new frontier of research, providing a molecular focal point to study the coupling of electrons, excitons, phonons and spin in low-dimensional materials. This opportunity is particularly intriguing in semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes, in which covalently bonding organic functional groups to the sp 2 carbon lattice can produce tunable sp 3 quantum defects that fluoresce brightly in the shortwave IR, emitting pure single photons at room temperature. These novel physical properties have made such synthetic defects, or 'organic colour centres', exciting new systems for chemistry, physics, materials science, engineering and quantum technologies. This Review examines progress in this emerging field and presents a unified description of this new family of quantum emitters, as well as providing an outlook of the rapidly expanding research and applications of synthetic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H. Brozena
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Mijin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lyndsey R. Powell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park,
MD, USA
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12
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Maeda Y, Kuroda K, Tambo H, Murakoshi H, Konno Y, Yamada M, Zhao P, Zhao X, Nagase S, Ehara M. Influence of local strain caused by cycloaddition on the band gap control of functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes. RSC Adv 2019; 9:13998-14003. [PMID: 35519309 PMCID: PMC9064015 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02183c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fine control of the band gap of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has been achieved by the functionalization with dibromoalkanes, namely, 1,3-dibromopropane (1a), 1,4-dibromobutane (1b), 1,5-dibromopentane (1c), and 1,8-bis(bromomethyl)naphthalene (1d). Red-shifted photoluminescence (PL) peaks observed at 1215–1242 nm were assigned to the local band gaps of the chemically functionalized SWNTs 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations for 2a–2d suggest that “local strain” induced by cycloaddition plays an important role in tuning the local band gap energies of functionalized SWNTs. The local strain at the addition is cited as another factor controlling the emission wavelength of functionalized SWNTs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry
- Tokyo Gakugei University
- Tokyo 184-8501
- Japan
| | - Kiyonori Kuroda
- Department of Chemistry
- Tokyo Gakugei University
- Tokyo 184-8501
- Japan
| | - Haruto Tambo
- Department of Chemistry
- Tokyo Gakugei University
- Tokyo 184-8501
- Japan
| | - Hiyori Murakoshi
- Department of Chemistry
- Tokyo Gakugei University
- Tokyo 184-8501
- Japan
| | - Yui Konno
- Department of Chemistry
- Tokyo Gakugei University
- Tokyo 184-8501
- Japan
| | - Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry
- Tokyo Gakugei University
- Tokyo 184-8501
- Japan
| | - Pei Zhao
- Research Center for Computational Science
- Institute for Molecular Science
- Okazaki
- Japan
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry (FIFC)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8103
- Japan
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Research Center for Computational Science
- Institute for Molecular Science
- Okazaki
- Japan
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13
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Maeda Y, Konno Y, Yamada M, Zhao P, Zhao X, Ehara M, Nagase S. Control of near infrared photoluminescence properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes by functionalization with dendrons. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:23012-23017. [PMID: 30500038 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07983h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were functionalized by reacting them with sodium naphthalenide and dendrons to control their photoemission in the near-IR region. The functionalized SWNTs were characterized by absorption, Raman, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The degree of functionalization of the SWNTs decreased with the increasing bulkiness of the dendrons used. After functionalization, new red-shifted PL peaks could be observed at ∼1110 and ∼1210 nm where the intensities were drastically enhanced by the thermal treatment. The relative peak intensity of to that of increased with the increasing bulkiness of the dendrons. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the functionalized SWNTs with dendrons suggest that the adducts with less bulky hydroalkylated substitution are stable in Clar structures and the addition positions predominantly determine the PL peak positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
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14
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Onitsuka H, Fujigaya T, Nakashima N, Shiraki T. Control of the Near Infrared Photoluminescence of Locally Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes via Doping by Azacrown-Ether Modification. Chemistry 2018; 24:9393-9398. [PMID: 29741218 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Doped semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) through local chemical functionalization (lf-SWNTs) show fascinating photoluminescence (PL) that appears with a longer wavelength and enhanced quantum yield compared to the original PL of non-modified SWNTs. In this study, we introduce an azacrown ether moiety at the doped sites of lf-SWNTs (CR-lf-SWNTs), and observe selective PL wavelength shifts depending on different interaction modes of silver ion inclusion and protonation of the amino group in the ring. Interestingly, their different values of the wavelength shifts show a clear correlation with calculated electron density of the nitrogen atom in the azacrown moiety in case of the inclusion form and the protonated form. This newly-observed responsiveness based on molecular interactions is expected to create doped sites that can versatilely control the PL functions based on molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Onitsuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tsuyohiko Fujigaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Nakashima
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shiraki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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15
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Shiraishi T, Shiraki T, Nakashima N. Substituent effects on the redox states of locally functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes revealed by in situ photoluminescence spectroelectrochemistry. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:16900-16907. [PMID: 29077106 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05480g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with local chemical modification have been recognized as a novel near infrared (NIR) photoluminescent nanomaterial due to the emergence of a new red-shifted photoluminescence (PL) with enhanced quantum yields. As a characteristic feature of the locally functionalized SWNTs (lf-SWNTs), PL wavelength changes occur with the structural dependence of the substituent structures in the modified aryl groups, showing up to a 60 nm peak shift according to an electronic property difference of the aryl groups. Up to now, however, the structural effect on the electronic states of the lf-SWNTs has been discussed only on the basis of theoretical calculations due to the very limited amount of modifications. Herein, we describe the successfully-determined electronic states of the aryl-modified lf-SWNTs with different substituents (Ar-X SWNTs) using an in situ PL spectroelectrochemical method based on electrochemical quenching of the PL intensities analyzed by the Nernst equation. In particular, we reveal that the local functionalization of (6,5)SWNTs induced potential changes in the energy levels of the HOMO and the LUMO by -23 to -38 meV and +20 to +22 meV, respectively, compared to those of the pristine SWNTs, which generates exciton trapping sites with narrower band gaps. Moreover, the HOMO levels of the Ar-X SWNTs specifically shift in a negative potential direction by 15 meV according to an enhancement of the electron-accepting property of the substituents in the aryl groups that corresponds to an increase in the Hammet substituent constants, suggesting the importance of the dipole effect from the aryl groups on the lf-SWNTs to the level shift of the frontier orbitals. Our method is a promising way to characterize the electronic features of the lf-SWNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Shiraishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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16
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Murakami T. Photodynamic Action of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 65:629-636. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Shiraki T, Uchimura S, Shiraishi T, Onitsuka H, Nakashima N. Near infrared photoluminescence modulation by defect site design using aryl isomers in locally functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:12544-12547. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06663e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unexpected near infrared photoluminescence of locally-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes upon introducing isomeric structures in the defect sites is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Shiraki
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Shunsuke Uchimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Tomonari Shiraishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Hisashi Onitsuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Naotoshi Nakashima
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER)
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka
- Japan
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18
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Maeda Y, Takehana Y, Dang JS, Suzuki M, Yamada M, Nagase S. Effect of Substituents and Initial Degree of Functionalization of Alkylated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Their Thermal Stability and Photoluminescence Properties. Chemistry 2016; 23:1789-1794. [PMID: 27778399 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Gakugei University; Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Yuya Takehana
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Gakugei University; Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Jing-Shuang Dang
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8103 Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Gakugei University; Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Josai University; Saitama 350-0295 Japan
| | - Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Gakugei University; Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8103 Japan
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19
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Dinesh B, Bianco A, Ménard-Moyon C. Designing multimodal carbon nanotubes by covalent multi-functionalization. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:18596-18611. [PMID: 27805213 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06728j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a unique tool in nanotechnology owing to their exceptional properties that offer a variety of opportunities for applications in different fields. Nevertheless, their low dispersibility in organic solvents and in aqueous media hampers their development. The functionalization of their surface allows overcoming this issue, while exploiting and tuning their properties. Thanks to their high specific surface area, multi-functionalization strategies give the possibility to conjugate several copies of different molecules to endow the nanotubes with multiple functionalities. In this context, this review wishes to focus on the preparation of multimodal CNTs designed by covalent multi-functionalization. More specifically, we describe the different approaches that have been developed to prepare multi-functionalized CNTs through double and triple covalent functionalization of the nanotube framework. We also emphasize the strategies used to control the derivatization of multi-functionalized CNTs with molecules of interest mainly via sequential or simultaneous methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhimareddy Dinesh
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunopathology and therapeutic chemistry, UPR 3572 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Alberto Bianco
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunopathology and therapeutic chemistry, UPR 3572 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Cécilia Ménard-Moyon
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunopathology and therapeutic chemistry, UPR 3572 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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20
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Maeda Y, Sone E, Nishino A, Amagai Y, Wang WW, Yamada M, Suzuki M, Matsui J, Mitsuishi M, Okazaki T, Nagase S. Thermal Stability of Oxidized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Competitive Elimination and Decomposition Reaction Depending on the Degree of Functionalization. Chemistry 2016; 22:15373-15379. [PMID: 27624674 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The thermal stability of oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with various degrees of oxidation was investigated. The oxidized SWNTs exhibited lower absorption and radial breathing mode (RBM) peaks and a higher intensity ratio of the D band to the G band (D/G) in their absorption and Raman spectra than those of the pristine SWNTs. After the thermal treatment, the D/G ratio of the oxidized SWNTs almost recovered its original intensity, regardless of the degree of oxidation. The absorption, photoluminescence (PL), and RBM peaks could not recover their original intensities when the oxidation degree was high. The results indicate that the elimination and decomposition reactions proceeded competitively depending on the degree of oxidation. In addition, a new PL peak was observed in the near-infrared region, and the PL peak intensity increased with the subsequent thermal treatment. The theoretical calculations provided an insight into the possible pathways for the decomposition of oxidized SWNTs, showing that the O2 elimination and CO/CO2 evolution proceed competitively during thermal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Erika Sone
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Akane Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Yuri Amagai
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan
| | - Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Jun Matsui
- Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Yamagata University, Yamagata, 990-8560, Japan
| | - Masaya Mitsuishi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Toshiya Okazaki
- CNT-Application Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan.
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21
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Maeda Y, Minami S, Takehana Y, Dang JS, Aota S, Matsuda K, Miyauchi Y, Yamada M, Suzuki M, Zhao RS, Zhao X, Nagase S. Tuning of the photoluminescence and up-conversion photoluminescence properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes by chemical functionalization. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:16916-16921. [PMID: 27714120 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04214g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were subjected to alkylation using alkyl bromide and alkyl dibromide, and the photoluminescence (PL) properties of the resulting alkylated SWNTs were characterized. Two new PL peaks were observed along with the intrinsic PL peak at 976 nm when alkyl bromide was used (SWNT-Bu: ∼1095 and 1230 nm, SWNT-Bn: 1104 and 1197 nm). In contrast, the use of α,α'-dibromo-o-xylene as an alkyl dibromide primarily resulted in only one new PL peak, which was observed at 1231 nm. The results revealed that the Stokes shift of the new peaks was strongly influenced by the addition patterns of the substituents. In addition, the time-resolved PL decay profiles of the alkylated SWNTs revealed that the PL peaks possessing a larger Stokes shift had longer exciton lifetimes. The up-conversion PL (UCPL) intensity of the alkylated SWNTs at excitation wavelengths of 1100 and 1250 nm was estimated to be ∼2.38 and ∼2.35 times higher than that of the as-dispersed SWNTs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Shun Minami
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Yuya Takehana
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Jing-Shuang Dang
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Shun Aota
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazunari Matsuda
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuhei Miyauchi
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Mitsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Rui-Sheng Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and 5Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and 5Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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22
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Emergence of new red-shifted carbon nanotube photoluminescence based on proximal doped-site design. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28393. [PMID: 27345862 PMCID: PMC4921849 DOI: 10.1038/srep28393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) show unique photoluminescence (PL) in the near-infrared (NIR) region. Here we propose a concept based on the proximal modification in local covalent functionalization of SWNTs. Quantum mechanical simulations reveal that the SWNT band gap changes specifically based on the proximal doped-site design. Thus, we synthesize newly-designed bisdiazonium molecules and conduct local fucntionalisation of SWNTs. Consequently, new red-shifted PL (E112*) from the bisdiazonium-modified SWNTs with (6, 5) chirality is recognized around 1250 nm with over ~270 nm Stokes shift from the PL of the pristine SWNTs and the PL wavelengths are shifted depending on the methylene spacer lengths of the modifiers. The present study revealed that SWNT PL modulation is enable by close-proximity-local covalent modification, which is highly important for fundamental understanding of intrinsic SWNT PL properties as well as exciton engineering–based applications including photonic devices and (bio)imaging/sensing.
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23
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Shiraki T, Onitsuka H, Shiraishi T, Nakashima N. Near infrared photoluminescence modulation of single-walled carbon nanotubes based on a molecular recognition approach. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:12972-12975. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07287a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular recognition approach has achieved near infrared photoluminescence modulation on locally-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Shiraki
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Hisashi Onitsuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Tomonari Shiraishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Naotoshi Nakashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
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